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Hui D, Ye C, Cao X, Hu Y, Chen S, Yang W, Hu L, Pan G. Unraveling the Molecular Weight Dependence of High Magnetic Field to Manipulate the Semiconducting Polymer Molecular Orientation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 38709947 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c00334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
The magnetic alignment of molecules, which exploits the anisotropy of diamagnetic susceptibility, provides a clean and versatile approach to the structural manipulation of semiconducting polymers. Here, the magnetic-alignment dynamics of two molecular-weight (MW) batches of a diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)-based copolymer (PDVT-8) were investigated. Microstructural characterizations revealed that the magnetically aligned, high-MW (Mn = 53.7 kDa) PDVT-8 film exhibited a higher degree of backbone chain alignment and film crystallinity compared with the low-MW (Mn = 17.6 kDa) PDVT-8 film grown via the same magnetic alignment method. We found that as the MW increases, the degree of preaggregation of the polymer molecules in solution significantly increases and the aggregation mode changes from H-aggregation to J-aggregation through a cooperative assembly mechanism. These events improved the responsiveness of high-MW polymer molecules to magnetic fields. Field-effect transistors based on the magnetic aligned high-MW PDVT-8 films exhibited a 6.8-fold increase in hole mobility compared to the spin-coated films, along with a mobility anisotropy ratio of 12.6. This work establishes a significant correlation among chain aggregation behavior in solution, polymer film microstructures, magnetic responsiveness, and carrier transport performance in donor-acceptor polymer systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Hui
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China
| | - Chun Ye
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics at Extreme Conditions, High Magnetic Field Laboratory (HMFL), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China
| | - Xian Cao
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics at Extreme Conditions, High Magnetic Field Laboratory (HMFL), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China
| | - Yanna Hu
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China
| | - Shichao Chen
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China
| | - Wenqiang Yang
- Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, 301 S. Main Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Lin Hu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics at Extreme Conditions, High Magnetic Field Laboratory (HMFL), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China
| | - Guoxing Pan
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics at Extreme Conditions, High Magnetic Field Laboratory (HMFL), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China
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2
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Nguyen H, Lima RLS, Neto NMB, Araujo PT. What is the significance of the chloroform stabilizer C 5H 10 and its association with MeOH in concentration-dependent polymeric solutions? SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 310:123886. [PMID: 38245968 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.123886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The understanding of excitonic transitions associated with polymeric aggregates is fundamental, as such transitions have implications on coherence lengths, coherence numbers and inter- and intra-chain binding parameters. In this context, the investigation of efficient solvents and other ways to control polymer aggregate formation is key for their consolidation as materials for new technologies. In this manuscript, we use Poly(3-hexothiophene) (P3HT) as a probe to investigate the significance of amylene (C5H10) and its association with methanol (MeOH) in both pure and C5H10-stabilized chloroform (CHCl3)-based polymeric solutions. Using the intensity ratio between the first and second vibronic transitions of the P3HT H-aggregates formed, values for their exciton bandwidths and interchain interactions are obtained and correlated with the presence of C5H10 and MeOH as agents determining the CHCl3 quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Nguyen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - Ruan L S Lima
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Federal University of Para, Belem, PA, Brazil
| | | | - Paulo T Araujo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA.
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3
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Xu M, Wei C, Zhang Y, Chen J, Li H, Zhang J, Sun L, Liu B, Lin J, Yu M, Xie L, Huang W. Coplanar Conformational Structure of π-Conjugated Polymers for Optoelectronic Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2301671. [PMID: 37364981 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202301671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Hierarchical structure of conjugated polymers is critical to dominating their optoelectronic properties and applications. Compared to nonplanar conformational segments, coplanar conformational segments of conjugated polymers (CPs) demonstrate favorable properties for applications as a semiconductor. Herein, recent developments in the coplanar conformational structure of CPs for optoelectronic devices are summarized. First, this review comprehensively summarizes the unique properties of planar conformational structures. Second, the characteristics of the coplanar conformation in terms of optoelectrical properties and other polymer physics characteristics are emphasized. Five primary characterization methods for investigating the complanate backbone structures are illustrated, providing a systematical toolbox for studying this specific conformation. Third, internal and external conditions for inducing the coplanar conformational structure are presented, offering guidelines for designing this conformation. Fourth, the optoelectronic applications of this segment, such as light-emitting diodes, solar cells, and field-effect transistors, are briefly summarized. Finally, a conclusion and outlook for the coplanar conformational segment regarding molecular design and applications are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & School of Chemistry and Life Sciences & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Chuanxin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & School of Chemistry and Life Sciences & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yunlong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & School of Chemistry and Life Sciences & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jiefeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & School of Chemistry and Life Sciences & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & School of Chemistry and Life Sciences & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jingrui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & School of Chemistry and Life Sciences & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Lili Sun
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Bin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & School of Chemistry and Life Sciences & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jinyi Lin
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Mengna Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & School of Chemistry and Life Sciences & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Linghai Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & School of Chemistry and Life Sciences & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & School of Chemistry and Life Sciences & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE) & Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
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4
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Kashani S, Wang Z, Risko C, Ade H. Relating reorganization energies, exciton diffusion length and non-radiative recombination to the room temperature UV-vis absorption spectra of NF-SMA. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:443-453. [PMID: 36515185 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh01228f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Understanding excited-state reorganization energies, exciton diffusion lengths and non-radiative (NR) recombination, and the overall optoelectronic responses of nonfullerene small molecule acceptors (NF-SMAs) is important in order to rationally design new materials with controlled properties. While the effects of structural modifications on the optical gaps and electron affinities of NF-SMAs have been studied extensively, analyses of their absorption spectra that carefully characterize electronic and vibrational contributions that allow comparisons of reorganization energies and their implications for exciton diffusion lengths and NR recombination have yet to be reported. Here, we study the room temperature absorption spectra of three structural classes of NF-SMAs in dilute solutions through multiparameter Franck Condon (MFC) analyses and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. We show that the absorption spectra of these NF-SMAs can be categorized based on molecular structure-spectra correlation. The absorption spectra of curved, Y6-like structures can be described using an MFC model with two electronic transitions and two effective vibrational modes. The results of MFC/DFT analyses reveal that Y6 exhibits the smallest intra-molecular reorganization energy among the materials studied. Linear ITIC-like molecular structures reveal larger reorganization energies and reduced conformational uniformity compared to Y6. Meanwhile structures such as IDTBR and IEICO, which have an extra π-conjugated moiety between the donor and acceptor moieties, have large excited-state reorganization energies and low degrees of conformational uniformity. Since the intra-molecular reorganization energy is correlated with exciton diffusion length and nonradiative voltage losses (ΔVnr), our results highlight the power of RT absorption spectroscopy and DFT calculations as simple tools to designing improved OSCs materials with small reorganization energies, small ΔVnr, large exciton diffusion length and low energetic disorder (due to a strongly dominant conformation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Kashani
- Department of Physics and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Physics and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
| | - Chad Risko
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Applied Energy Research (CAER), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40506, USA
| | - Harald Ade
- Department of Physics and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
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5
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Temperature-Dependent Conformation Behavior of Isolated Poly(3-hexylthiopene) Chains. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14030550. [PMID: 35160539 PMCID: PMC8840214 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We use atomistic as well as coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations to study the conformation of a single poly(3-hexylthiopene) chain as a function of temperature. We find that mainly bundle and toroid structures appear with bundles becoming more abundant for decreasing temperatures. We compare an atomistic and a Martini-based coarse-grained model which we find in very good agreement. We further illustrate how the temperature dependence of P3HT can be connected to that of simple Lennard–Jones model polymers in a vacuum. Upon adding solvent (THF) we observe the occurrence of a prominent swelling of the molecular size at a temperature of about 220 K. This swelling is in close agreement with the interpretation of recent spectroscopic experiments which allows us to explain the experimental observations by an increased frequency of bundle structures.
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Beer P, Reichstein PM, Schötz K, Raithel D, Thelakkat M, Köhler J, Panzer F, Hildner R. Disorder in P3HT Nanoparticles Probed by Optical Spectroscopy on P3HT- b-PEG Micelles. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:10165-10173. [PMID: 34797986 PMCID: PMC8647091 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c08377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We employ photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy on individual nanoscale aggregates of the conjugated polymer poly(3-hexylthiophene), P3HT, at room temperature (RT) and at low temperature (LT) (1.5 K), to unravel different levels of structural and electronic disorder within P3HT nanoparticles. The aggregates are prepared by self-assembly of the block copolymer P3HT-block-poly(ethylene glycol) (P3HT-b-PEG) into micelles, with the P3HT aggregates constituting the micelles' core. Irrespective of temperature, we find from the intensity ratio between the 0-1 and 0-0 peaks in the PL spectra that the P3HT aggregates are of H-type nature, as expected from π-stacked conjugated thiophene backbones. Moreover, the distributions of the PL peak ratios demonstrate a large variation of disorder between micelles (inter-aggregate disorder) and within individual aggregates (intra-aggregate disorder). Upon cooling from RT to LT, the PL spectra red-shift by 550 cm-1, and the energy of the (effective) carbon-bond stretch mode is reduced by 100 cm-1. These spectral changes indicate that the P3HT backbone in the P3HT-b-PEG copolymer does not fully planarize before aggregation at RT and that upon cooling, partial planarization occurs. This intra-chain torsional disorder is ultimately responsible for the intra- and inter-aggregate disorder. These findings are supported by temperature-dependent absorption spectra on thin P3HT films. The interplay between intra-chain, intra-aggregate, and inter-aggregate disorder is key for the bulk photophysical properties of nanoparticles based on conjugated polymers, for example, in hierarchical (super-) structures. Ultimately, these properties determine the usefulness of such structures in hybrid organic-inorganic materials, for example, in (bio-)sensing and optoelectronics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Beer
- Spectroscopy of Soft Matter, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Paul M Reichstein
- Applied Functional Polymers, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Konstantin Schötz
- Soft Matter Optoelectronics, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Dominic Raithel
- Spectroscopy of Soft Matter, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Mukundan Thelakkat
- Applied Functional Polymers, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany.,Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany.,Bayreuther Institut für Makromolekülforschung (BIMF), University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Jürgen Köhler
- Spectroscopy of Soft Matter, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany.,Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany.,Bayreuther Institut für Makromolekülforschung (BIMF), University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Fabian Panzer
- Soft Matter Optoelectronics, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Richard Hildner
- Spectroscopy of Soft Matter, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany.,Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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7
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Chang X, Balooch Qarai M, Spano FC. HJ-aggregates of donor-acceptor-donor oligomers and polymers. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:034905. [PMID: 34293903 DOI: 10.1063/5.0054877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A vibronic exciton model is developed to account for the spectral signatures of HJ-aggregates of oligomers and polymers containing donor-acceptor-donor (DAD) repeat units. In (DAD)N π-stacks, J-aggregate-promoting intrachain interactions compete with H-aggregate-promoting interchain interactions. The latter includes Coulombic coupling, which arises from "side-by-side" fragment transition dipole moments as well as intermolecular charge transfer (ICT), which is enhanced in geometries with substantial overlap between donors on one chain and acceptors on a neighboring chain. J-behavior is dominant in single (DAD)N chains with enhanced intrachain order as evidenced by an increased red-shift in the low-energy absorption band along with a heightened A1/A2 peak ratio, where A1 and A2 are the oscillator strengths of the first two vibronic peaks in the progression sourced by the symmetric quinoidal-aromatic vibration. By contrast, the positive H-promoting interchain Coulomb interactions operative in aggregates cause the vibronic ratio to attenuate, similar to what has been established in H-aggregates of homopolymers such as P3HT. An attenuated A1/A2 ratio can also be caused by H-promoting ICT which occurs when the electron and hole transfer integrals are out-of-phase. In this case, the A1 peak is red-shifted, in contrast to conventional Kasha H-aggregates. With slight modifications, the ratio formula derived previously for P3HT aggregates is shown to apply to (DAD)N aggregates as well, allowing one to determine the effective free-exciton interchain coupling from the A1/A2 ratio. Applications are made to polymers based on 2T-DPP-2T and 2T-BT-2T repeat units, where the importance of the admixture of the excited acceptor state in the lowest energy band is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA
| | | | - Frank C Spano
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA
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8
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Kramer SN, Brown J, Rice M, Peteanu LA. Unraveling the Contribution of Residual Monomer to the Emission Spectra of Poly(3-hexylthiophene) Aggregates: Implications for Identifying H- and J-type Coupling. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:5919-5924. [PMID: 34156859 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c01334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) is a well-studied benchmark system for semiconducting polymers used in optoelectronic devices. In these materials, aggregation can improve charge transport efficiency or enhance emission yields depending on the interchain packing. This may be inferred from the absorption and emission spectra when analyzed using exciton coupling models such as the well-known H- and J-coupling model of Kasha. The more recently developed weakly coupled H-aggregate (WCH) model quantifies the degree of disorder via the ratio of the electronic origin intensity to that of the first vibronic band. Here, the underlying assumptions of this approach are tested experimentally for P3HT aggregates formed by solvent poisoning using bulk and single-molecule-based spectroscopic techniques. Specifically, we show that the contribution of residual monomeric chains to the aggregate spectrum must be accounted for to properly assign the spectra as H- or J-type. A modification of the WCH model is introduced to account for multiple emissive species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie N Kramer
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Jasper Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Megan Rice
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Linda A Peteanu
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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Krueger TD, Giesbers G, Van Court RC, Zhu L, Kim R, Beaudry CM, Robinson SC, Ostroverkhova O, Fang C. Ultrafast Dynamics and Photoresponse of a Fungi-Derived Pigment Xylindein from Solution to Thin Films. Chemistry 2021; 27:5627-5631. [PMID: 33543812 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c09627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Organic semiconductor materials have recently gained momentum due to their non-toxicity, low cost, and sustainability. Xylindein is a remarkably photostable pigment secreted by fungi that grow on decaying wood, and its relatively strong electronic performance is enabled by π-π stacking and hydrogen-bonding network that promote charge transport. Herein, femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy with a near-IR probe was used to unveil a rapid excited-state intramolecular proton transfer reaction. Conformational motions potentially lead to a conical intersection that quenches fluorescence in the monomeric state. In concentrated solutions, nascent aggregates exhibit a faster excited state lifetime due to excimer formation, confirmed by the excimer→charge-transfer excited-state absorption band of the xylindein thin film, thus limiting its optoelectronic performance. Therefore, extending the xylindein sidechains with branched alkyl groups may hinder the excimer formation and improve optoelectronic properties of naturally derived materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor D Krueger
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331-4003, USA
| | - Gregory Giesbers
- Department of Physics, Oregon State University, 301 Weniger Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331-6507, USA
| | - Ray C Van Court
- Department of Wood Science and Engineering, Oregon State University, 119 Richardson Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331-5704, USA
| | - Liangdong Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331-4003, USA
| | - Ryan Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331-4003, USA
| | - Christopher M Beaudry
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331-4003, USA
| | - Seri C Robinson
- Department of Wood Science and Engineering, Oregon State University, 119 Richardson Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331-5704, USA
| | - Oksana Ostroverkhova
- Department of Physics, Oregon State University, 301 Weniger Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331-6507, USA
| | - Chong Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331-4003, USA
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10
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Following isothermal and non-isothermal crystallization of poly(3-hexylthiophene) thin films by UV–vis spectroscopy. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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11
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Wedler S, Zhou C, Bazan GC, Panzer F, Köhler A. Role of Torsional Flexibility in the Film Formation Process in Two π-Conjugated Model Oligomers. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:9379-9386. [PMID: 33095590 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c02778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The performance of solution-processed organic semiconductor devices is heavily influenced by the morphology of the active layer. Film formation is a complex process, with the final morphology being the result of the interplay between processing parameters and molecular properties, which is only poorly understood. Here, we investigate the influence of molecular stiffness by using two model oligomers, TT and CT, which differ only in the rotational flexibility of their central building block. We monitor absorption and emission simultaneously in situ during spin coating. We find that film formation takes place in four similar stages for both compounds. However, the time scales are remarkably different during the third stage, where electronically interacting aggregates are created. While this process is fast for the stiff CT, it takes minutes for the flexible TT. By comparing with previously determined aggregation properties in solution, we conclude that even though aggregate formation concurs with a planarization process, a certain amount of backbone flexibility is beneficial for establishing ordered structures during film formation. Here, the elongated time window in the case of the flexible compound can further allow for better processing control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Wedler
- Soft Matter Optoelectronics, Experimentalphysik II, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth 95440, Germany
| | - Cheng Zhou
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Guillermo C Bazan
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Fabian Panzer
- Soft Matter Optoelectronics, Experimentalphysik II, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth 95440, Germany
| | - Anna Köhler
- Soft Matter Optoelectronics, Experimentalphysik II, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth 95440, Germany
- Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research (BIMF) and Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth 95440, Germany
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12
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Du B, Yi J, Yan H, Wang T. Temperature Induced Aggregation of Organic Semiconductors. Chemistry 2020; 27:2908-2919. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Baocai Du
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Jicheng Yi
- Department of Chemistry and Energy Institute The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay Hong Kong
| | - He Yan
- Department of Chemistry and Energy Institute The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay Hong Kong
| | - Tao Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 China
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13
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Wittmann B, Wiesneth S, Motamen S, Simon L, Serein-Spirau F, Reiter G, Hildner R. Energy transport and light propagation mechanisms in organic single crystals. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:144202. [PMID: 33086831 DOI: 10.1063/5.0019832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Unambiguous information about spatiotemporal exciton dynamics in three-dimensional nanometer- to micrometer-sized organic structures is difficult to obtain experimentally. Exciton dynamics can be modified by annihilation processes, and different light propagation mechanisms can take place, such as active waveguiding and photon recycling. Since these various processes and mechanisms can lead to similar spectroscopic and microscopic signatures on comparable time scales, their discrimination is highly demanding. Here, we study individual organic single crystals grown from thiophene-based oligomers. We use time-resolved detection-beam scanning microscopy to excite a local singlet exciton population and monitor the subsequent broadening of the photoluminescence (PL) signal in space and on pico- to nanosecond time scales. Combined with Monte Carlo simulations, we were able to exclude photon recycling for our system, whereas leakage radiation upon active waveguiding leads to an apparent PL broadening of about 20% compared to the initial excitation profile. Exciton-exciton annihilation becomes important at high excitation fluence and apparently accelerates the exciton dynamics leading to apparently increased diffusion lengths. At low excitation fluences, the spatiotemporal PL broadening results from singlet exciton diffusion with diffusion lengths of up to 210 nm. Surprisingly, even in structurally highly ordered single crystals, the transport dynamics is subdiffusive and shows variations between different crystals, which we relate to varying degrees of static and dynamic electronic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Wittmann
- Spectroscopy of Soft Matter, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Stephan Wiesneth
- Spectroscopy of Soft Matter, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Sajedeh Motamen
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Laurent Simon
- Université de Strasbourg (UdS)-Université de Haute Alsace (UHA), Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse (IS2M), UMR 7361-CNRS, 3bis rue Alfred Werner, 68093 Mulhouse, France
| | - Françoise Serein-Spirau
- Institut Charles Gerhardt de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, UMR 5353-CNRS, Equipe Architectures Moleculaires et Materiaux Nanostructures (AM2N), 8 Rue de l'Ecole Normale, 34090 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
| | - Günter Reiter
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Richard Hildner
- Spectroscopy of Soft Matter, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
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14
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Schmode P, Schötz K, Dolynchuk O, Panzer F, Köhler A, Thurn-Albrecht T, Thelakkat M. Influence of ω-Bromo Substitution on Structure and Optoelectronic Properties of Homopolymers and Gradient Copolymers of 3-Hexylthiophene. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Schmode
- Applied Functional Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Chemistry I, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Konstantin Schötz
- Experimental Physics II, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Oleksandr Dolynchuk
- Experimental Polymer Physics, Martin Luther University Halle−Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 3, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Fabian Panzer
- Experimental Physics II, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Anna Köhler
- Experimental Physics II, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Thomas Thurn-Albrecht
- Experimental Polymer Physics, Martin Luther University Halle−Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 3, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Mukundan Thelakkat
- Applied Functional Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Chemistry I, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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15
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Di Silvio L, Lunedei E, Gentili D, Barbalinardo M, Manet I, Milita S, Liscio F, Fraleoni-Morgera A, Cavallini M. Combined wet lithography and fractional precipitation as a tool for fabrication of spatially controlled nanostructures of poly(3-hexylthiophene) ordered aggregates. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:1432-1437. [PMID: 31912835 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr10057a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we propose an easy and practical method for the fabrication of highly ordered supramolecular structures. The proposed approach combines fractional precipitation and wet lithography, to obtain a spatially-defined pattern of submicrometric structures with a high molecular order of poly(3-hexylthiophene). The process is demonstrated by XRD, confocal and time-resolved spectroscopy and by the performance of an effective field effect transistor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Di Silvio
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy.
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16
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Ahn KS, Jo H, Kim JB, Seo I, Lee HH, Lee DR. Structural Transition and Interdigitation of Alkyl Side Chains in the Conjugated Polymer Poly(3-hexylthiophene) and Their Effects on the Device Performance of the Associated Organic Field-Effect Transistor. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:1142-1150. [PMID: 31840490 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b17631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Direct grazing-angle X-ray scattering evidence of the order-disorder transition and interdigitation of side chains in a conjugated polymer poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) is presented. The free methyl ends of the side chains exhibit closest packing, as in n-alkane crystallization, and cause a structural mismatch due to the difference between their packing density and the areal density of the attached ends. This mismatch is resolved by increases in the tilt angle of the side chains and local interdigitation. In situ X-ray scattering and electrical measurements show that the structural transition and interdigitation of these side chains strongly affect its surface morphology as well as the charge transport properties of the resulting P3HT-based organic field-effect transistor. Since most conjugated polymers have side chains, the results of this study provide a deeper understanding of the effects of side chains on the structural and electrical properties of conjugated backbones. These results also provide a new perspective on the formation of a metastable polymorph consisting of interdigitated P3HT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Seok Ahn
- Department of Physics , Soongsil University , Seoul 06978 , Korea
| | - Hyerin Jo
- Department of Physics , Soongsil University , Seoul 06978 , Korea
| | - Jong Beom Kim
- Department of Physics , Soongsil University , Seoul 06978 , Korea
| | - Ilwan Seo
- Department of Physics , Soongsil University , Seoul 06978 , Korea
| | - Hyun Hwi Lee
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH , Pohang 37673 , Korea
| | - Dong Ryeol Lee
- Department of Physics , Soongsil University , Seoul 06978 , Korea
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17
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McBride M, Bacardi G, Morales C, Risteen B, Keane D, Reichmanis E, Grover MA. Control of Nucleation Density in Conjugated Polymers via Seed Nucleation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:37955-37965. [PMID: 31522502 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b10967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The development of processing methods to precisely control the solution state properties of semiconducting polymers in situ have remained elusive. Herein, a facile solution seed nucleation processing method is presented in which nucleated poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) solutions are blended with well-solvated, non-nucleated counterparts as a means to promote the formation of interconnected polymer networks. Nucleation and growth of these networks was induced by preprocessing the solution with UV irradiation and subsequent solution aging prior to deposition via blade-coating. This process was adopted for both batch and continuous flow processing. Superior charge carrier (hole) mobilities were observed in samples with nucleated seeds compared to controls with 0% nucleated P3HT and 100% nucleated P3HT. UV-vis spectral analysis identified that an intermediate degree of solution aggregation (15-20%) is most conducive to enhanced charge transport. The role of intrachain and interchain ordering and alignment on the mesoscale and macroscale is characterized via X-ray scattering, atomic force microscopy, and optical microscopy techniques. The results presented here provide a framework to enable in situ control of the nucleation and growth process to achieve targeted solution state properties resulting in reliable and reproducible performance when the solutions are used for device fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael McBride
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , 311 Ferst Dr NW , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Guillermo Bacardi
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , 311 Ferst Dr NW , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Carlex Morales
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , 311 Ferst Dr NW , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Bailey Risteen
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , 311 Ferst Dr NW , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Daniel Keane
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , 311 Ferst Dr NW , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Elsa Reichmanis
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , 311 Ferst Dr NW , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry , Georgia Institute of Technology , 901 Atlantic Drive , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , 771 Ferst Dr NW , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Martha A Grover
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , 311 Ferst Dr NW , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
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18
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Impact of polymorphism on the optoelectronic properties of a low-bandgap semiconducting polymer. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2867. [PMID: 31253772 PMCID: PMC6599012 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10519-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymorphism of organic semiconducting materials exerts critical effects on their physical properties such as optical absorption, emission and electrical conductivity, and provides an excellent platform for investigating structure–property relations. It is, however, challenging to efficiently tune the polymorphism of conjugated polymers in aggregated, semi-crystalline phases due to their conformational freedom and anisotropic nature. Here, two distinctly different semi-crystalline polymorphs (β1 and β2) of a low-bandgap diketopyrrolopyrrole polymer are formed through controlling the solvent quality, as evidenced by spectroscopic, structural, thermal and charge transport studies. Compared to β1, the β2 polymorph exhibits a lower optical band gap, an enhanced photoluminescence, a reduced π-stacking distance, a higher hole mobility in field-effect transistors and improved photocurrent generation in polymer solar cells. The β1 and β2 polymorphs provide insights into the control of polymer self-organization for plastic electronics and hold potential for developing programmable ink formulations for next-generation electronic devices. Tuning polymorphism of conjugated polymers, though a promising method for studying and controlling the structure-property relations in these materials remains a challenge. Here, the authors identify two aggregated semi-crystalline polymorphs of a low-bandgap diketopyrrolopyrrole-based polymer.
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19
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Alizadehaghdam M, Heck B, Siegenführ S, Abbasi F, Reiter G. Thermodynamic Features of Perfectly Crystalline Poly(3-hexylthiophene) Revealed through Studies of Imperfect Crystals. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara Heck
- Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Silvia Siegenführ
- Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Günter Reiter
- Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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20
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Buchhorn M, Wedler S, Panzer F. Setup to Study the in Situ Evolution of Both Photoluminescence and Absorption during the Processing of Organic or Hybrid Semiconductors. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:9115-9122. [PMID: 30358396 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b07495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In situ measurement techniques, applied during the solution processing of novel semiconductors such as organic semiconductors or hybrid perovskites, have become more and more important to understand their film formation. In that context, it is crucial to determine how the optical properties, namely photoluminescence (PL) and absorption, evolve during processing. However, until now PL and absorption have mostly been investigated independently, significantly reducing the potential insights into film formation dynamics. To tackle this issue we present the development of a detection system that allows simultaneous measurement of full absorption and PL spectra during solution processing of the investigated film. We also present a spin-coater system attachable to the detection system, where the temperature of the substrate on which the film is processed can be changed. We performed test measurements by spin coating the well-known conjugated polymer P3HT demonstrating the potential of this technique. By considering absorption and corresponding PL, we extract the PL quantum yield (PLQY) during processing, which decreases with substrate temperature. Furthermore, we identify a significant red shift of the PL just prior to the onset of the aggregation process, indicating the importance of chain planarization prior to solid film formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Buchhorn
- Soft Matter Optoelectronics , University of Bayreuth , Bayreuth 95440 , Germany
| | - Stefan Wedler
- Soft Matter Optoelectronics , University of Bayreuth , Bayreuth 95440 , Germany
| | - Fabian Panzer
- Soft Matter Optoelectronics , University of Bayreuth , Bayreuth 95440 , Germany
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21
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Hinton DA, Ng JD, Sun J, Lee S, Saikin SK, Logsdon J, White DS, Marquard AN, Cavell AC, Krasecki VK, Knapper KA, Lupo KM, Wasielewski MR, Aspuru-Guzik A, Biteen JS, Gopalan P, Goldsmith RH. Mapping Forbidden Emission to Structure in Self-Assembled Organic Nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:15827-15841. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b09149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Hinton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - James D. Ng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin−Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Stephen Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Semion K. Saikin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Institute of Physics, Kazan Federal University, Kazan 420008, Russian Federation
| | - Jenna Logsdon
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - David S. White
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin−Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Angela N. Marquard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Andrew C. Cavell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Veronica K. Krasecki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Kassandra A. Knapper
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Katherine M. Lupo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Alán Aspuru-Guzik
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Biologically-Inspired Solar Energy Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), Toronto, Ontario M5S 1M1, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1M1, Canada
| | - Julie S. Biteen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Padma Gopalan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin−Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Randall H. Goldsmith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
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22
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McBride M, Persson N, Keane D, Bacardi G, Reichmanis E, Grover MA. A Polymer Blend Approach for Creation of Effective Conjugated Polymer Charge Transport Pathways. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:36464-36474. [PMID: 30273486 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b13255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the role of the distribution of polymer chain lengths on process-structure-property relationships in semiconducting organic electronics has remained elusive due to challenges in synthesizing targeted molecular weights ( Mw) and polydispersity indices. Here, a facile blending approach of various poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) molecular weights is used to investigate the impact of the distribution of polymer chain lengths on self-assembly into aggregates and associated charge transport properties. Low and high Mw samples were blended to form a highly polydisperse sample which was compared to a similar, medium Mw control. Self-assembly was induced by preprocessing the polymer solution with UV irradiation and subsequent solution aging before deposition via blade-coating. Superior charge carrier (hole) mobilities were observed for the blend and control samples. Furthermore, their solution lifetimes exceeded 14 days. UV-vis spectral analysis suggests that low Mw P3HT lacks the mesoscale crystallinity required for percolative charge transport. In contrast, when the Mw is too high, the polymer rapidly aggregates, leading to paracrystalline disorder and structural inhomogeneity that interrupts charge-transfer pathways. The role of grain boundaries, fibrillar order, and macroscale alignment is characterized via grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering, atomic force microscopic, and optical microscopic techniques. The results presented here provide additional guidance on the interplay between polymer solubility, self-assembly, network interconnectivity, and charge transport to enable robust polymer ink formulations with reliable and reproducible performance attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael McBride
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , 311 Ferst Drive , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Nils Persson
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , 311 Ferst Drive , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Danny Keane
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , 311 Ferst Drive , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Guillermo Bacardi
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , 311 Ferst Drive , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Elsa Reichmanis
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , 311 Ferst Drive , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry , Georgia Institute of Technology , 901 Atlantic Drive , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , 771 Ferst Drive , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Martha A Grover
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , 311 Ferst Drive , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
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23
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Hestand NJ, Spano FC. Expanded Theory of H- and J-Molecular Aggregates: The Effects of Vibronic Coupling and Intermolecular Charge Transfer. Chem Rev 2018; 118:7069-7163. [PMID: 29664617 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 719] [Impact Index Per Article: 119.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The electronic excited states of molecular aggregates and their photophysical signatures have long fascinated spectroscopists and theoreticians alike since the advent of Frenkel exciton theory almost 90 years ago. The influence of molecular packing on basic optical probes like absorption and photoluminescence was originally worked out by Kasha for aggregates dominated by Coulombic intermolecular interactions, eventually leading to the classification of J- and H-aggregates. This review outlines advances made in understanding the relationship between aggregate structure and photophysics when vibronic coupling and intermolecular charge transfer are incorporated. An assortment of packing geometries is considered from the humble molecular dimer to more exotic structures including linear and bent aggregates, two-dimensional herringbone and "HJ" aggregates, and chiral aggregates. The interplay between long-range Coulomb coupling and short-range charge-transfer-mediated coupling strongly depends on the aggregate architecture leading to a wide array of photophysical behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Hestand
- Department of Chemistry , Temple University , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19122 , United States
| | - Frank C Spano
- Department of Chemistry , Temple University , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19122 , United States
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24
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Hu Z, Shao B, Geberth GT, Vanden Bout DA. Effects of molecular architecture on morphology and photophysics in conjugated polymers: from single molecules to bulk. Chem Sci 2018; 9:1101-1111. [PMID: 29675155 PMCID: PMC5887865 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc03465b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A definitive comprehension of morphology and photophysics in conjugated polymers at multiple length scales demands both single molecule spectroscopy and well-controlled molecular architectures.
Conjugated polymers (CPs) possess a wide range of desirable properties, including accessible energetic bandgaps, synthetic versatility, and mechanical flexibility, which make them attractive for flexible and wearable optoelectronic devices. An accurate and comprehensive understanding about the morphology–photophysics relations in CPs lays the groundwork for their development in these applications. However, due to the complex roles of chemical structure, side-chains, backbone, and intramolecular interactions, CPs can exhibit heterogeneity in both their morphology and optoelectronic properties even at the single chain level. This molecular level heterogeneity together with complicated intermolecular interactions found in bulk CP materials severely obscures the deterministic information about the morphology and photophysics at different hierarchy levels. To counter this complexity and offer a clearer picture for the properties of CP materials, we highlight the approach of probing material systems with specific structural features via single molecule/aggregate spectroscopy (SMS). This review article covers recent advances achieved through such an approach regarding the important morphological and photophysical properties of CPs. After a brief review of the typical characteristics of CPs, we present detailed discussions of structurally well-defined model systems of CPs, from manipulated backbones and side-chains, up to nano-aggregates, studied with SMS to offer deterministic relations between morphology and photophysics from single chains building up to bulk states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjian Hu
- Department of Chemistry , University of Texas at Austin , USA .
| | - Beiyue Shao
- Department of Chemistry , University of Texas at Austin , USA .
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25
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Reichenberger M, Kroh D, Matrone GMM, Schötz K, Pröller S, Filonik O, Thordardottir ME, Herzig EM, Bässler H, Stingelin N, Köhler A. Controlling aggregate formation in conjugated polymers by spin-coating below the critical temperature of the disorder-order transition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.24562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Kroh
- Experimental Physics II, University of Bayreuth; Bayreuth 95440 Germany
| | - Giovanni M. M. Matrone
- Department of Materials and Center for Plastic Electronics; Imperial College London; London SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
| | - Konstantin Schötz
- Experimental Physics II, University of Bayreuth; Bayreuth 95440 Germany
| | - Stephan Pröller
- Herzig Group, Munich School of Engineering (MSE), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4a; Garching 85748 Germany
| | - Oliver Filonik
- Herzig Group, Munich School of Engineering (MSE), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4a; Garching 85748 Germany
| | - Margret E. Thordardottir
- Herzig Group, Munich School of Engineering (MSE), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4a; Garching 85748 Germany
| | - Eva M. Herzig
- Dynamics and Structure Formation; University of Bayreuth; Bayreuth 95440 Germany
| | - Heinz Bässler
- Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research (BIMF), University of Bayreuth; Bayreuth 95440 Germany
| | - Natalie Stingelin
- Department of Materials and Center for Plastic Electronics; Imperial College London; London SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
- School of Materials Science & Engineering and School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia 30332
| | - Anna Köhler
- Experimental Physics II, University of Bayreuth; Bayreuth 95440 Germany
- Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research (BIMF), University of Bayreuth; Bayreuth 95440 Germany
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26
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Parenti F, Tassinari F, Libertini E, Lanzi M, Mucci A. Π-Stacking Signature in NMR Solution Spectra of Thiophene-Based Conjugated Polymers. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:5775-5784. [PMID: 31457836 PMCID: PMC6644458 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b00943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Studies on conjugated polymers seldom report on their NMR characterization in solution. This paper shows how NMR experiments, both 1H NMR and routine 2D NMR spectra, can help in gaining a further insight into the aggregation behavior of conjugated polymers and could be used to flank the more employed solid-state NMR and other spectroscopy and microscopy techniques in the understanding of the aggregation processes. NMR spectroscopy allows distinguishing, within the class of poorly solvatochromic conjugated polymers, those highly prone to form π-stacked aggregates from the ones that have a low tendency toward π-stacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Parenti
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università
di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Francesco Tassinari
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università
di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Emanuela Libertini
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università
di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Lanzi
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento, 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Adele Mucci
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università
di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
- E-mail: (A.M.)
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27
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Shinde S, Sartucci JL, Jones DK, Gavvalapalli N. Dynamic π-Conjugated Polymer Ionic Networks. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shekhar Shinde
- Department of Chemistry and
Institute for Soft Matter Synthesis and Metrology, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
| | - Jenna L. Sartucci
- Department of Chemistry and
Institute for Soft Matter Synthesis and Metrology, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
| | - Dorothy K. Jones
- Department of Chemistry and
Institute for Soft Matter Synthesis and Metrology, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
| | - Nagarjuna Gavvalapalli
- Department of Chemistry and
Institute for Soft Matter Synthesis and Metrology, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
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28
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Keheze FM, Raithel D, Wu T, Schiefer D, Sommer M, Hildner R, Reiter G. Signatures of Melting and Recrystallization of a Bulky Substituted Poly(thiophene) Identified by Optical Spectroscopy. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fanuel M. Keheze
- Physikalisches
Institut, Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dominic Raithel
- Experimentalphysik
IV, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Tianyu Wu
- Physikalisches
Institut, Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Schiefer
- Institut
für Makromolekulare Chemie, Universität Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße
31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Sommer
- Institut
für Makromolekulare Chemie, Universität Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße
31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum
FMF, Stefan-Meier-Straße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburger Institut
für interaktive Materialien und bioinspirierte Technologien
FIT, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Polymerchemie, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Strasse der
Nationen 62, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Richard Hildner
- Experimentalphysik
IV, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Günter Reiter
- Physikalisches
Institut, Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum
FMF, Stefan-Meier-Straße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburger Institut
für interaktive Materialien und bioinspirierte Technologien
FIT, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
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29
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Rudnick A, Wetzel C, Tscheuschner S, Schmalz H, Vogt A, Greiner A, Bässler H, Mena-Osteritz E, Bäuerle P, Köhler A. Spectroscopic Study of Thiophene-Pyrrole-Containing S,N-Heteroheptacenes Compared to Acenes and Phenacenes. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:7492-7501. [PMID: 28712293 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b02935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we report a detailed spectroscopic study concerning the energy levels and vibrational structure of thiophene-pyrrole-containing S,N-heteroacenes. The aim of the study is first, to understand the differences in the photoluminescence (PL) efficiencies in this structurally similar series and second, to compare the electronic structure of S,N-heteroacenes to that of linear acenes and phenacenes, with a view to derive guidelines for the design of singlet fission materials. For S,N-heteroacenes comprising seven fused heterocyclic rings, we observe a higher PL quantum yield for derivatives with terminal thienothiophene units than for thienopyrrole-capped ones. This is assigned to a stronger tendency of the thienopyrrole-capped derivatives to form nonemissive associates in dilute solution, producing emissive excimers at higher concentration. By conducting time-resolved PL studies at 77 K, we further determine the lowest singlet and triplet energies for the S,N-heteroacenes with three, five, and seven fused rings. We show that their energies evolve with oligomer length analogously to those of phenacenes, yet in a fundamentally different way from that of linear acenes. This difference in evolution is attributed to the increasingly biradical character in acenes with increasing chain length in contrast to the S,N-heteroacenes and phenacenes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christoph Wetzel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials, University of Ulm , Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | | | | | - Astrid Vogt
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials, University of Ulm , Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | | | | | - Elena Mena-Osteritz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials, University of Ulm , Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Peter Bäuerle
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials, University of Ulm , Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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30
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Tassinari F, Libertini E, Parenti F, Ballarin B, Nicola FPD, Lanzi M, Mucci A. Polymers with Alkylsulfanyl Side Chains for Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells: Toward a Greener Strategy. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201700111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Tassinari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche; Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia; Via G. Campi 103 41125 Modena Italy
| | - Emanuela Libertini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche; Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia; Via G. Campi 103 41125 Modena Italy
| | - Francesca Parenti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche; Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia; Via G. Campi 103 41125 Modena Italy
| | - Barbara Ballarin
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari,”; Università di Bologna; Viale del Risorgimento, 4 40136 Bologna Italy
| | - Francesco Paolo Di Nicola
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari,”; Università di Bologna; Viale del Risorgimento, 4 40136 Bologna Italy
| | - Massimiliano Lanzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari,”; Università di Bologna; Viale del Risorgimento, 4 40136 Bologna Italy
| | - Adele Mucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche; Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia; Via G. Campi 103 41125 Modena Italy
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31
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Simine L, Rossky PJ. Relating Chromophoric and Structural Disorder in Conjugated Polymers. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:1752-1756. [PMID: 28350467 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The optoelectronic properties of amorphous conjugated polymers are sensitive to the details of the conformational disorder, and spectroscopy provides the means for structural characterization of the fragments of the chain that interact with light-"chromophores". A faithful interpretation of spectroscopic conformational signatures, however, presents a theoretical challenge. Here we investigate the relationship between the ground-state optical gaps, the properties of the excited states, and the structural features of chromophores of a single molecule poly(3-hexyl)-thiophene (P3HT) using quantum-classical atomistic simulations. Our results demonstrate that chromophoric disorder arises through the interplay between excited-state delocalization and electron-hole polarization, controlled by the torsional disorder introduced by side chains. Within this conceptual framework, we predict and explain the counterintuitive spectral behavior of P3HT, a red-shifted absorption, despite shortening of chromophores, with increasing temperature. This discussion introduces the concept of disorder-induced separation of charges in amorphous conjugated polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Simine
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Peter J Rossky
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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32
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Braendle A, Perevedentsev A, Cheetham NJ, Stavrinou PN, Schachner JA, Mösch-Zanetti NC, Niederberger M, Caseri WR. Homoconjugation in poly(phenylene methylene)s: A case study of non-π-conjugated polymers with unexpected fluorescent properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.24305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Braendle
- Department of Materials; Multifunctional Materials, ETH Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5 Zürich 8093 Switzerland
| | - Aleksandr Perevedentsev
- Department of Materials; Polymer Technology, ETH Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5 Zürich 8093 Switzerland
| | - Nathan J. Cheetham
- Department of Physics and Centre for Plastic Electronics; Imperial College London; London SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
| | - Paul N. Stavrinou
- Department of Engineering Science; University of Oxford; Oxford OX1 3PJ United Kingdom
| | - Jörg A. Schachner
- Institute of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, University of Graz; Schubertstrasse 1 Graz 8010 Austria
| | - Nadia C. Mösch-Zanetti
- Institute of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, University of Graz; Schubertstrasse 1 Graz 8010 Austria
| | - Markus Niederberger
- Department of Materials; Multifunctional Materials, ETH Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5 Zürich 8093 Switzerland
| | - Walter R. Caseri
- Department of Materials; Multifunctional Materials, ETH Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5 Zürich 8093 Switzerland
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33
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Panzer F, Bässler H, Köhler A. Temperature Induced Order-Disorder Transition in Solutions of Conjugated Polymers Probed by Optical Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:114-125. [PMID: 27966973 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b01641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The aggregation of π-conjugated materials significantly impacts the photophysics and performance of optoelectronic devices. Nevertheless, little is known about the laws governing aggregate formation of π-conjugated materials from solution. In this Perspective, we compare, discuss, and summarize how aggregates form for three different types of compounds, that is, homopolymers, donor-acceptor type polymers, and low molecular weight compounds. To this end, we employ temperature-dependent optical spectroscopy, which is a simple yet powerful tool to investigate aggregate formation. We show how optical spectra can be analyzed to identify distinct conformational states. We find aggregate formation to proceed the same in all these compounds by a coil-to-globule-like first-order phase transition. Notably, the chain expands before it collapses into a highly ordered dense state. The role of side chains and the impact of changes in environmental polarization are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Panzer
- Experimental Physics II, ‡Department of Functional Materials, and §Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research (BIMF), University of Bayreuth , 95540 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Heinz Bässler
- Experimental Physics II, ‡Department of Functional Materials, and §Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research (BIMF), University of Bayreuth , 95540 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Anna Köhler
- Experimental Physics II, ‡Department of Functional Materials, and §Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research (BIMF), University of Bayreuth , 95540 Bayreuth, Germany
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34
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Hattori S, Vandendriessche S, Koeckelberghs G, Verbiest T, Ishii K. Evaporation rate-based selection of supramolecular chirality. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:3066-3069. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc09842h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The supramolecular chirality of aggregates of π-conjugated polymers can be reversed by changing the evaporation rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Hattori
- Institute of Industrial Science
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 153-8505
- Japan
| | | | | | | | - Kazuyuki Ishii
- Institute of Industrial Science
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 153-8505
- Japan
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35
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Peterhans L, Alloa E, Sheima Y, Vannay L, Leclerc M, Corminboeuf C, Hayes SC, Banerji N. Salt-induced thermochromism of a conjugated polyelectrolyte. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:28853-28866. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp02734f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We report here the photophysical properties of a water-soluble polythiophene with cationic side-chains in PBS buffer solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Peterhans
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Fribourg
- CH-1700 Fribourg
- Switzerland
| | - Elisa Alloa
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cyprus
- Nicosia
- Cyprus
| | - Yauhen Sheima
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Fribourg
- CH-1700 Fribourg
- Switzerland
| | - Laurent Vannay
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)
- CH-1015 Lausanne
- Switzerland
| | - Mario Leclerc
- Department of Chemistry
- Université Laval
- G1K 7P4 Quebec City
- Canada
| | - Clémence Corminboeuf
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)
- CH-1015 Lausanne
- Switzerland
| | | | - Natalie Banerji
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Fribourg
- CH-1700 Fribourg
- Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
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36
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Raithel D, Baderschneider S, de Queiroz TB, Lohwasser R, Köhler J, Thelakkat M, Kümmel S, Hildner R. Emitting Species of Poly(3-hexylthiophene): From Single, Isolated Chains to Bulk. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thiago B. de Queiroz
- Centro
de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, 09510-580, Santo André-SP, Brazil
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37
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Abstract
Organic (opto)electronic materials have received considerable attention due to their applications in thin-film-transistors, light-emitting diodes, solar cells, sensors, photorefractive devices, and many others. The technological promises include low cost of these materials and the possibility of their room-temperature deposition from solution on large-area and/or flexible substrates. The article reviews the current understanding of the physical mechanisms that determine the (opto)electronic properties of high-performance organic materials. The focus of the review is on photoinduced processes and on electronic properties important for optoelectronic applications relying on charge carrier photogeneration. Additionally, it highlights the capabilities of various experimental techniques for characterization of these materials, summarizes top-of-the-line device performance, and outlines recent trends in the further development of the field. The properties of materials based both on small molecules and on conjugated polymers are considered, and their applications in organic solar cells, photodetectors, and photorefractive devices are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Ostroverkhova
- Department of Physics, Oregon State University , Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
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38
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Lee D, Kim JK, Jang DJ. Excited-state dynamics of an amphiphilic diblock copolymer self-assembled from mixed solvents. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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39
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Reichenberger M, Baderschneider S, Kroh D, Grauf S, Köhler J, Hildner R, Köhler A. Watching Paint Dry: The Impact of Diiodooctane on the Kinetics of Aggregate Formation in Thin Films of Poly(3-hexylthiophene). Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniel Kroh
- Experimental
Physics II, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Steffen Grauf
- Experimental
Physics II, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Jürgen Köhler
- Experimental
Physics IV, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
- Bayreuth
Institute of Macromolecular Research (BIMF), University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Richard Hildner
- Experimental
Physics IV, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Anna Köhler
- Experimental
Physics II, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
- Bayreuth
Institute of Macromolecular Research (BIMF), University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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40
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Hamidi-Sakr A, Schiefer D, Covindarassou S, Biniek L, Sommer M, Brinkmann M. Highly Oriented and Crystalline Films of a Phenyl-Substituted Polythiophene Prepared by Epitaxy: Structural Model and Influence of Molecular Weight. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b00495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amer Hamidi-Sakr
- Institut
Charles Sadron, CNRS−Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue
du loess, 67034 Strasbourg, France
| | - Daniel Schiefer
- Institut
für Makromolekulare Chemie, Universität Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße
31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sangeetha Covindarassou
- Institut
Charles Sadron, CNRS−Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue
du loess, 67034 Strasbourg, France
| | - Laure Biniek
- Institut
Charles Sadron, CNRS−Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue
du loess, 67034 Strasbourg, France
| | - Michael Sommer
- Institut
für Makromolekulare Chemie, Universität Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße
31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburger
Materialforschungszentrum, Universität Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße
21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburger Institut
für Interaktive Materialien und Bioinspirierte Technologien, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Brinkmann
- Institut
Charles Sadron, CNRS−Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue
du loess, 67034 Strasbourg, France
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41
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Reichenberger M, Love JA, Rudnick A, Bagnich S, Panzer F, Stradomska A, Bazan GC, Nguyen TQ, Köhler A. The effect of intermolecular interaction on excited states in p − DTS(FBTTH2)2. J Chem Phys 2016; 144:074904. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4941700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - John A Love
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Materials, Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Alexander Rudnick
- Experimental Physics II, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Sergey Bagnich
- Experimental Physics II, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Fabian Panzer
- Experimental Physics II, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Anna Stradomska
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Guillermo C Bazan
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Materials, Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Thuc-Quyen Nguyen
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Materials, Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Anna Köhler
- Experimental Physics II, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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42
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Padula D, Santoro F, Pescitelli G. A simple dimeric model accounts for the vibronic ECD spectra of chiral polythiophenes in their aggregated states. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra05500a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggregates of chiral polythiophenes (PTs) show exciton-coupled electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra with a unique vibronic structure, which can be reproduced by quantum dynamical simulations on the coupled states of small dimeric models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Padula
- Università di Pisa
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale Via G. Moruzzi 13
- I-56124 Pisa
- Italy
| | - Fabrizio Santoro
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche – CNR
- Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organo Metallici (ICCOM-CNR)
- UOS di Pisa
- I-56124 Pisa
- Italy
| | - Gennaro Pescitelli
- Università di Pisa
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale Via G. Moruzzi 13
- I-56124 Pisa
- Italy
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43
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Guo Y, Zheng C, Yang H, Liang Y. Association behaviors of carbazole-labeled polyacrylamide in water studied by fluorescence spectroscopy. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra15898f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Spectroscopic signatures in aggregation process of carbazole-labeled copolymers in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation
- Southwest Petroleum University
- Chengdu 610500
- People's Republic of China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
| | - Chao Zheng
- Department of Research & Development
- Sichuan Guangya Polymer Chemical Company, Limited
- Chengdu 610500
- People's Republic of China
| | - Hongmei Yang
- Department of Research & Development
- Sichuan Guangya Polymer Chemical Company, Limited
- Chengdu 610500
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Liang
- Department of Research & Development
- Sichuan Guangya Polymer Chemical Company, Limited
- Chengdu 610500
- People's Republic of China
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44
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Lee D, Lee J, Song KH, Rhee H, Jang DJ. Formation and decay of charge carriers in aggregate nanofibers consisting of poly(3-hexylthiophene)-coated gold nanoparticles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:2087-96. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp06514c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hybrid nanofibers consisting of poly(3-hexylthiophene)-coated gold nanoparticles have been facilely fabricated and comprehensively investigated by time-resolved emission and transient-absorption spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongki Lee
- Department of Chemistry
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 08826
- Korea
| | - Jaewon Lee
- Department of Chemistry
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 08826
- Korea
| | - Ki-Hee Song
- Space-Time Resolved Molecular Imaging Team
- Korea Basic Science Institute
- Seoul 02841
- Korea
| | - Hanju Rhee
- Space-Time Resolved Molecular Imaging Team
- Korea Basic Science Institute
- Seoul 02841
- Korea
| | - Du-Jeon Jang
- Department of Chemistry
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 08826
- Korea
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45
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Zhang S, Yang B, Liu D, Zhang H, Zhao W, Wang Q, He C, Hou J. Correlations among Chemical Structure, Backbone Conformation, and Morphology in Two Highly Efficient Photovoltaic Polymer Materials. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b02416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaoqing Zhang
- School
of Chemistry and Biology Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Beijing National
Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Bei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Beijing National
Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Delong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Beijing National
Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Beijing National
Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Wenchao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Beijing National
Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Qi Wang
- School
of Chemistry and Biology Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Beijing National
Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Chang He
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Beijing National
Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jianhui Hou
- School
of Chemistry and Biology Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Beijing National
Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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46
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Chen M, Cui Z, Edmondson S, Hodson N, Zhou M, Yan J, O'Brien P, Saunders BR. Photoactive composite films prepared from mixtures of polystyrene microgel dispersions and poly(3-hexylthiophene) solutions. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:8322-8332. [PMID: 26347070 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm01618e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Whilst polystyrene microgels belong to the oldest family of microgel particles, their behaviours when deposited onto substrates or prepared as composites have received little attention. Because polystyrene microgels are solvent-swellable, and inherently colloidally stable, they are well suited to form composites with conjugated polymers. Here, we investigate the morphology and light absorption properties of spin coated composite films prepared from mixed dispersions of polystyrene microgels and poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) for the first time. We compare the morphologies of the composite films to spin coated microgel films. The films were studied using optical microscopy, SEM, AFM, wide-angle X-ray diffraction and UV-visible spectroscopy. The films contained flattened microgel particles with an aspect ratio of ∼10. Microgel islands containing hexagonally close packed particles were evident for both the pure microgel and microgel/P3HT composite films. The latter were electrically conducting. The composite film morphology was dependent on the microgel and P3HT concentration used for film preparation and a morphology phase diagram was constructed. The P3HT phase acted as an electrically conducting cement and increased the robustness of the films to solvent washing. The composite films were photoactive due to the P3HT component. The absorbance for the films was tuneable and increased linearly with both microgel and P3HT concentration. The results of the study should apply to other organic swellable microgel/conjugated polymer combinations and may lead to new colloidal composites for future optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu Chen
- Polymers Composites and Carbon Research Group, School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Grosvenor Street, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Zhengxing Cui
- Polymers Composites and Carbon Research Group, School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Grosvenor Street, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Steve Edmondson
- Polymers Composites and Carbon Research Group, School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Grosvenor Street, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Nigel Hodson
- BioAFM Facility, Stopford Building, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Mi Zhou
- Centre for Tissue Injury and Repair, Institute for Inflammation and Repair, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Junfeng Yan
- Polymers Composites and Carbon Research Group, School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Grosvenor Street, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Paul O'Brien
- Polymers Composites and Carbon Research Group, School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Grosvenor Street, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK. and School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Brian R Saunders
- Polymers Composites and Carbon Research Group, School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Grosvenor Street, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
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Bässler H, Köhler A. “Hot or cold”: how do charge transfer states at the donor–acceptor interface of an organic solar cell dissociate? Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:28451-62. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp04110d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This perspective discusses concepts to understand efficient photogeneration of charges in organic semiconductors, with particular emphasis on the role of excess energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz Bässler
- Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research
- Universität Bayreuth
- 95440 Bayreuth
- Germany
| | - Anna Köhler
- Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research
- Universität Bayreuth
- 95440 Bayreuth
- Germany
- Experimentalphysik II (Organic Semiconductors)
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