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Santoro O, Izzo L. Antimicrobial Polymer Surfaces Containing Quaternary Ammonium Centers (QACs): Synthesis and Mechanism of Action. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7587. [PMID: 39062830 PMCID: PMC11277267 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Synthetic polymer surfaces provide an excellent opportunity for developing materials with inherent antimicrobial and/or biocidal activity, therefore representing an answer to the increasing demand for antimicrobial active medical devices. So far, biologists and material scientists have identified a few features of bacterial cells that can be strategically exploited to make polymers inherently antimicrobial. One of these is represented by the introduction of cationic charges that act by killing or deactivating bacteria by interaction with the negatively charged parts of their cell envelope (lipopolysaccharides, peptidoglycan, and membrane lipids). Among the possible cationic functionalities, the antimicrobial activity of polymers with quaternary ammonium centers (QACs) has been widely used for both soluble macromolecules and non-soluble materials. Unfortunately, most information is still unknown on the biological mechanism of action of QACs, a fundamental requirement for designing polymers with higher antimicrobial efficiency and possibly very low toxicity. This mini-review focuses on surfaces based on synthetic polymers with inherently antimicrobial activity due to QACs. It will discuss their synthesis, their antimicrobial activity, and studies carried out so far on their mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lorella Izzo
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy;
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2
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Karchilakis G, Varlas S, Johnson EC, Norvilaite O, Farmer MAH, Sanderson G, Leggett GJ, Armes SP. Capturing Enzyme-Loaded Diblock Copolymer Vesicles Using an Aldehyde-Functionalized Hydrophilic Polymer Brush. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:14086-14098. [PMID: 38934738 PMCID: PMC11238591 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c01561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Compared to lipids, block copolymer vesicles are potentially robust nanocontainers for enzymes owing to their enhanced chemical stability, particularly in challenging environments. Herein we report that cis-diol-functional diblock copolymer vesicles can be chemically adsorbed onto a hydrophilic aldehyde-functional polymer brush via acetal bond formation under mild conditions (pH 5.5, 20 °C). Quartz crystal microbalance studies indicated an adsorbed amount, Γ, of 158 mg m-2 for vesicle adsorption onto such brushes, whereas negligible adsorption (Γ = 0.1 mg m-2) was observed for a control experiment conducted using a cis-diol-functionalized brush. Scanning electron microscopy and ellipsometry studies indicated a mean surface coverage of around 30% at the brush surface, which suggests reasonably efficient chemical adsorption. Importantly, such vesicles can be conveniently loaded with a model enzyme (horseradish peroxidase, HRP) using an aqueous polymerization-induced self-assembly formulation. Moreover, the immobilized vesicles remained permeable toward small molecules while retaining their enzyme payload. The enzymatic activity of such HRP-loaded vesicles was demonstrated using a well-established colorimetric assay. In principle, this efficient vesicle-on-brush strategy can be applied to a wide range of enzymes and functional proteins for the design of next-generation immobilized nanoreactors for enzyme-mediated catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Karchilakis
- Dainton
Building, Department of Chemistry, The University
of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South
Yorkshire S3 7HF, U.K.
| | - Spyridon Varlas
- Dainton
Building, Department of Chemistry, The University
of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South
Yorkshire S3 7HF, U.K.
| | - Edwin C. Johnson
- Dainton
Building, Department of Chemistry, The University
of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South
Yorkshire S3 7HF, U.K.
| | - Oleta Norvilaite
- Dainton
Building, Department of Chemistry, The University
of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South
Yorkshire S3 7HF, U.K.
| | - Matthew A. H. Farmer
- Dainton
Building, Department of Chemistry, The University
of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South
Yorkshire S3 7HF, U.K.
| | - George Sanderson
- GEO
Specialty Chemicals, Hythe, Southampton, Hampshire SO45 3ZG, U.K.
| | - Graham J. Leggett
- Dainton
Building, Department of Chemistry, The University
of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South
Yorkshire S3 7HF, U.K.
| | - Steven P. Armes
- Dainton
Building, Department of Chemistry, The University
of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South
Yorkshire S3 7HF, U.K.
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3
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Gao Q, Chen Z, Yang X. A Temperature and pH Dual-Sensitive Multifunctional Polyurethane with Bacteria-Triggered Antibacterial Activity. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2300453. [PMID: 37800610 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
An effective and practical antibacterial strategy is to design multifunctional and stimuli-responsive materials that exhibit antibacterial activity in response to bacterial triggers. In this study, because the metabolism of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) can acidify the surrounding environment and pH level can affect the lower critical solution temperature of temperature/pH dual-sensitive polymers, a monomer containing a temperature-sensitive N-isopropyl amide derivative and pH-sensitive tertiary amine groups is first synthesized. Then, the monomer is copolymerized with a polyurethane chain, and partial tertiary amine groups are quaternized to obtain bactericidal activity. The modified polyurethane exhibits temperature/pH sensitivity, antibacterial adhesion activity, bactericidal activity, and good cytocompatibility. An in situ investigation of bacterial behavior and pH changes in the bacterial suspension during the process confirms that the temperature/pH dual-sensitive polyurethane successfully achieves antibacterial activity though the metabolic activity of S. aureus without external intervention. This design concept provides a new perspective for antibacterial material design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinwei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P.R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P.R. China
| | - Zhaobin Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of High-Performance Synthetic Rubber and Its Composite Materials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoniu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P.R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P.R. China
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4
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Johnson EC, Varlas S, Norvilaite O, Neal TJ, Brotherton EE, Sanderson G, Leggett GJ, Armes SP. Adsorption of Aldehyde-Functional Diblock Copolymer Spheres onto Surface-Grafted Polymer Brushes via Dynamic Covalent Chemistry Enables Friction Modification. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2023; 35:6109-6122. [PMID: 37576584 PMCID: PMC10413866 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c01227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic covalent chemistry has been exploited to prepare numerous examples of adaptable polymeric materials that exhibit unique properties. Herein, the chemical adsorption of aldehyde-functional diblock copolymer spherical nanoparticles onto amine-functionalized surface-grafted polymer brushes via dynamic Schiff base chemistry is demonstrated. Initially, a series of cis-diol-functional sterically-stabilized spheres of 30-250 nm diameter were prepared via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) aqueous dispersion polymerization. The pendent cis-diol groups within the steric stabilizer chains of these precursor nanoparticles were then oxidized using sodium periodate to produce the corresponding aldehyde-functional spheres. Similarly, hydrophilic cis-diol-functionalized methacrylic brushes grafted from a planar silicon surface using activators regenerated by electron transfer atom transfer radical polymerization (ARGET ATRP) were selectively oxidized to generate the corresponding aldehyde-functional brushes. Ellipsometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to confirm brush oxidation, while scanning electron microscopy studies demonstrated that the nanoparticles did not adsorb onto a cis-diol-functional precursor brush. Subsequently, the aldehyde-functional brushes were treated with excess small-molecule diamine, and the resulting imine linkages were converted into secondary amine bonds via reductive amination. The resulting primary amine-functionalized brushes formed multiple dynamic imine bonds with the aldehyde-functional diblock copolymer spheres, leading to a mean surface coverage of approximately 0.33 on the upper brush layer surface, regardless of the nanoparticle size. Friction force microscopy studies of the resulting nanoparticle-decorated brushes enabled calculation of friction coefficients, which were compared to that measured for the bare aldehyde-functional brush. Friction coefficients were reasonably consistent across all surfaces except when particle size was comparable to the size of the probe tip. In this case, differences were ascribed to an increase in contact area between the tip and the brush-nanoparticle layer. This new model system enhances our understanding of nanoparticle adsorption onto hydrophilic brush layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin C. Johnson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Dainton Building, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K.
| | - Spyridon Varlas
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Dainton Building, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K.
| | - Oleta Norvilaite
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Dainton Building, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K.
| | - Thomas J. Neal
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Dainton Building, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K.
| | - Emma E. Brotherton
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Dainton Building, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K.
| | | | - Graham J. Leggett
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Dainton Building, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K.
| | - Steven P. Armes
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Dainton Building, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K.
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5
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Brotherton EE, Johnson EC, Smallridge MJ, Hammond DB, Leggett GJ, Armes SP. Hydrophilic Aldehyde-Functional Polymer Brushes: Synthesis, Characterization, and Potential Bioapplications. Macromolecules 2023; 56:2070-2080. [PMID: 36938510 PMCID: PMC10018759 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Surface-initiated activators regenerated by electron transfer atom transfer radical polymerization (ARGET ATRP) is used to polymerize a cis-diol-functional methacrylic monomer (herein denoted GEO5MA) from planar silicon wafers. Ellipsometry studies indicated dry brush thicknesses ranging from 40 to 120 nm. The hydrophilic PGEO5MA brush is then selectively oxidized using sodium periodate to produce an aldehyde-functional hydrophilic PAGEO5MA brush. This post-polymerization modification strategy provides access to significantly thicker brushes compared to those obtained by surface-initiated ARGET ATRP of the corresponding aldehyde-functional methacrylic monomer (AGEO5MA). The much slower brush growth achieved in the latter case is attributed to the relatively low aqueous solubility of the AGEO5MA monomer. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis confirmed that precursor PGEO5MA brushes were essentially fully oxidized to the corresponding PAGEO5MA brushes within 30 min of exposure to a dilute aqueous solution of sodium periodate at 22 °C. PAGEO5MA brushes were then functionalized via Schiff base chemistry using an amino acid (histidine), followed by reductive amination with sodium cyanoborohydride. Subsequent XPS analysis indicated that the mean degree of histidine functionalization achieved under optimized conditions was approximately 81%. Moreover, an XPS depth profiling experiment confirmed that the histidine groups were uniformly distributed throughout the brush layer. Surface ζ potential measurements indicated a significant change in the electrophoretic behavior of the zwitterionic histidine-functionalized brush relative to that of the non-ionic PGEO5MA precursor brush. The former brush exhibited cationic character at low pH and anionic character at high pH, with an isoelectric point being observed at around pH 7. Finally, quartz crystal microbalance studies indicated minimal adsorption of a model globular protein (BSA) on a PGEO5MA brush-coated substrate, whereas strong protein adsorption via Schiff base chemistry occurred on a PAGEO5MA brush-coated substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma E. Brotherton
- Dainton
Building, Department of Chemistry, The University
of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South
Yorkshire S3 7HF, U.K.
| | - Edwin C. Johnson
- Dainton
Building, Department of Chemistry, The University
of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South
Yorkshire S3 7HF, U.K.
| | | | - Deborah B. Hammond
- Dainton
Building, Department of Chemistry, The University
of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South
Yorkshire S3 7HF, U.K.
| | - Graham J. Leggett
- Dainton
Building, Department of Chemistry, The University
of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South
Yorkshire S3 7HF, U.K.
| | - Steven P. Armes
- Dainton
Building, Department of Chemistry, The University
of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South
Yorkshire S3 7HF, U.K.
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6
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Hybrid bilayer membranes as platforms for biomimicry and catalysis. Nat Rev Chem 2022; 6:862-880. [PMID: 37117701 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-022-00433-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Hybrid bilayer membrane (HBM) platforms represent an emerging nanoscale bio-inspired interface that has broad implications in energy catalysis and smart molecular devices. An HBM contains multiple modular components that include an underlying inorganic surface with a biological layer appended on top. The inorganic interface serves as a support with robust mechanical properties that can also be decorated with functional moieties, sensing units and catalytic active sites. The biological layer contains lipids and membrane-bound entities that facilitate or alter the activity and selectivity of the embedded functional motifs. With their structural complexity and functional flexibility, HBMs have been demonstrated to enhance catalytic turnover frequency and regulate product selectivity of the O2 and CO2 reduction reactions, which have applications in fuel cells and electrolysers. HBMs can also steer the mechanistic pathways of proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) reactions of quinones and metal complexes by tuning electron and proton delivery rates. Beyond energy catalysis, HBMs have been equipped with enzyme mimics and membrane-bound redox agents to recapitulate natural energy transport chains. With channels and carriers incorporated, HBM sensors can quantify transmembrane events. This Review serves to summarize the major accomplishments achieved using HBMs in the past decade.
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7
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Injectable amphiphilic hydrogel systems from the self-assembly of partially alkylated poly(2-dimethyl aminoethyl) methacrylate with inherent antimicrobial property and sustained release behaviour. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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8
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Aktas Eken G, Ober CK. Strong Polyelectrolyte Brushes via Alternating Copolymers of Styrene and Maleimides: Synthesis, Properties, and Stability. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gozde Aktas Eken
- Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Christopher K. Ober
- Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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9
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Recent advances in development of poly (dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) antimicrobial polymers. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Schubotz S, Honnigfort C, Nazari S, Fery A, Sommer JU, Uhlmann P, Braunschweig B, Auernhammer GK. Memory effects in polymer brushes showing co-nonsolvency effects. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 294:102442. [PMID: 34118473 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2021.102442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Densely packed polymer chains grafted to a substrate, especially polymer brushes, have been studied intensively. Of special interest are systems that react to changes in external conditions or"remember" previous conditions. With this focus, we explore the properties of PNiPAAm brushes and relate published work to own results. The co-nonsolvency effect leads to a collapse of a PNiPAAm brush for a certain mixing ratio of ethanol in water. This also influences the wetting behavior of PNiPAAm brushes. We show that through prewetting of a brush with different liquids (water and ethanol), the contact angle of subsequent water drops changes significantly. To explain this change, the swelling of the brush was investigated with spectroscopic ellipsometry and the orientation of the molecules at the surface with sum-frequency generation (SFG). Only little change in swelling was found. The SFG measurements reveal in the ethanol prewetted case a well ordered hydrophobic methyl layer at the interface, which is consistent with the contact angle measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Schubotz
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V, Hohe Straße 6, Dresden 01069, Germany; Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtztraße 10, Dresden 01062, Germany.
| | - Christian Honnigfort
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Center for Soft Nanoscience, Corrensstraße 28-30, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Saghar Nazari
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V, Hohe Straße 6, Dresden 01069, Germany; Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtztraße 10, Dresden 01062, Germany
| | - Andreas Fery
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V, Hohe Straße 6, Dresden 01069, Germany; Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtztraße 10, Dresden 01062, Germany
| | - Jens-Uwe Sommer
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V, Hohe Straße 6, Dresden 01069, Germany; Institute for Theoretical Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Petra Uhlmann
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V, Hohe Straße 6, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - Björn Braunschweig
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Center for Soft Nanoscience, Corrensstraße 28-30, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Günter K Auernhammer
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V, Hohe Straße 6, Dresden 01069, Germany; Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz 55128, Germany.
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11
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Ehtiati K, Z. Moghaddam S, Daugaard AE, Thormann E. Crucial Nonelectrostatic Effects on Polyelectrolyte Brush Behavior. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koosha Ehtiati
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Saeed Z. Moghaddam
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Anders E. Daugaard
- Danish Polymer Center, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Esben Thormann
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby 2800, Denmark
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12
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Koufakis E, Manouras T, Anastasiadis SH, Vamvakaki M. Film Properties and Antimicrobial Efficacy of Quaternized PDMAEMA Brushes: Short vs Long Alkyl Chain Length. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:3482-3493. [PMID: 32168453 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b03266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Quaternized poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) brushes bearing quaternary ammonium groups of different alkyl chain lengths (ACLs) were prepared and assessed as biocidal coatings. For the synthesis of the antimicrobial brushes, first well-defined PDMAEMA chains were grown by surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization on glass and silicon substrates. Next, the tertiary amine groups of the polymer brushes were modified via a quaternization reaction, using alkyl halides, to obtain the cationic polymers. The polymer films were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, ellipsometry, atomic force microscopy, and water contact angle measurements. The effect of the ACL of the quaternary ammonium groups on the physicochemical properties of the films as well as the contact killing efficiency of the surfaces against representative Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was investigated. A hydrophilic to hydrophobic transition of the surfaces and a significant decrease of the degree of quaternization of the DMAEMA moieties was found upon increasing the ACL of the quaternization agent above six carbon atoms, allowing the wettability, the thickness, and the pH-response of the brushes to be tuned via a facile postpolymerization, quaternization reaction. At the same time, antimicrobial tests revealed that the hydrophilic polymer brushes exhibited enhanced bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus, whereas the hydrophobic surfaces showed a significant deterioration of the in vitro bactericidal performance. Our results elucidate the antimicrobial action of quaternized polymer brushes, dictating the appropriate choice of the ACL of the quaternization agent for the development of coatings that effectively inhibit biofilm formation on surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleftherios Koufakis
- Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, 700 13 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, 700 13 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Theodore Manouras
- Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, 700 13 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Spiros H Anastasiadis
- Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, 700 13 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 700 13 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Maria Vamvakaki
- Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, 700 13 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, 700 13 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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13
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Ko Y, Christau S, von Klitzing R, Genzer J. Charge Density Gradients of Polymer Thin Film by Gaseous Phase Quaternization. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:158-162. [PMID: 35638676 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.9b00930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report on the rapid formation of charge density gradients in polymer films by exposing poly([2-dimethylaminoethyl] methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) films resting on flat silica substrates to methyl iodide (i.e., MI, also known as iodomethane) vapors. We adjust the charge gradient by varying the MI concentration in solution and the process time. The thickness of the parent PDMAEMA film does not affect the diffusion of MI through and the reaction kinetics in the films. Instead, the diffusion of MI through the gaseous phase constitutes the limiting step in the overall process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeongun Ko
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905, United States
| | - Stephanie Christau
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Regine von Klitzing
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jan Genzer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905, United States.,Global Station for Soft Matter, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0808, Japan
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14
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Oai K, Inoue Y, Nakao A, Fukazawa K, Ishihara K. Antibacterial effect of nanometer‐size grafted layer of quaternary ammonium polymer on poly(ether ether ketone) substrate. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Oai
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of EngineeringThe University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Yuuki Inoue
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of EngineeringThe University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | | | - Kyoko Fukazawa
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of EngineeringThe University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Ishihara
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of EngineeringThe University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
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15
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Alswieleh AM, Alshahrani MM, Alzahrani KE, Alghamdi HS, Niazy AA, Alsilme AS, Beagan AM, Alsheheri BM, Alghamdi AA, Almeataq MS. Surface modification of pH-responsive poly(2-(tert-butylamino)ethyl methacrylate) brushes grafted on mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Des Monomers Polym 2019; 22:226-235. [PMID: 31853240 PMCID: PMC6913628 DOI: 10.1080/15685551.2019.1699727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(2‑(tert-butylamino)ethyl methacrylate) brushes (PTBAEMA) are grown from mesoporous silica nanoparticles via surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP). Linear PTBAEMA brushes are protonated and highly swollen at low pH; brushes are collapsed at pH higher than 7.7 due to deprotonation, as determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS). Quaternization of these brushes is conducted using 2-iodoethanol in alkali media. DLS measurement of nanoparticles shows that surface-confined quaternization occurs and produces pH-responsive brushes with a hydrophobic upper surface. Variation of the 2-iodoethanol reaction time enables the mean degree of surface quaternization. The pH-responsive behaviour of quaternized PTBEAMA brushes at 1 h reaction time indicates low degrees of surface quaternization, dictated by the spatial location of 2-iodoethanol. Almost uniformly quaternized brushes prepared when the conducted for 3 h and became less swollen at low pH than brushes that conducted for 1 h. The intensity of the C - C - O component (286.5 eV) in the C1s X-ray photoelectron spectrum increased, suggesting that the reaction with iodoethanol was successful occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah M. Alswieleh
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mufleh M. Alshahrani
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid E. Alzahrani
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamdan S. Alghamdi
- Prince Naif Health Research Center, Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdurahman A Niazy
- Prince Naif Health Research Center, Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulilah S Alsilme
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abeer M. Beagan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Bayan M. Alsheheri
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz A. Alghamdi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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16
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Leggett GJ. Tools for Low-Dimensional Chemistry. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:7589-7602. [PMID: 30365897 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b02672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Many biological mechanisms can be considered to be low-dimensional systems: their function is determined by molecular objects of reduced dimensionality. Bacterial photosynthesis is a very good example: the photosynthetic pathway is contained within nano-objects (vesicles) whose function is determined by the numbers and nanoscale organization of membrane proteins and by the ratios of the different types of protein that they contain. Systems biology has provided computational models for studying these processes, but there is a need for experimental platforms with which to test their predictions. This Invited Feature Article reviews recent work on the development of tools for the reconstruction of membrane processes on solid surfaces. Photochemical methods provide a powerful, versatile means for the organization of molecules and membranes across length scales from the molecular to the macroscopic. Polymer brushes are highly effective supports for model membranes and versatile functional and structural components in low-dimensional systems. The incorporation of plasmonic elements facilitates enhanced measurement of spectroscopic properties and provides an additional design strategy via the exploitation of quantum optical phenomena. A low-dimensional system that incorporates functional transmembrane proteins and a mechanism for the in situ measurement of proton transport is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham J Leggett
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF , U.K
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17
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Wang X, Zhang S, Xu Y, Zhao X, Guo X. Ionic Strength-Responsive Binding between Nanoparticles and Proteins. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:8264-8273. [PMID: 29933693 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b00944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Electrostatic interaction is a strong, dominant nonspecific interaction which was extensively studied in protein-nanoparticle (NP) interactions [ Lounis , F. M. ; J. Phys. Chem. B 2017 , 121 , 2684 - 2694 ; Tavares , G. M. ; Langmuir 2015 , 31 , 12481 - 12488 ; Antonov , M. ; Biomacromolecules 2010 , 11 , 51 - 59 ], whereas the role of hydrophobic interaction arising from the abundant hydrophobic residues of globule proteins upon protein-NP binding between the proteins and charged nanoparticles has rarely been studied. In this work, a series of positively charged magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were prepared via atom transfer radical polymerization and surface hydrophobicity differentiation was achieved through postpolymerization quaternization by different halohydrocarbons. The ionic strength- and hydrophobicity-responsive binding of these MNPs toward β-lactoglobulin (BLG) was studied by both qualitative and quantitative methods including turbidimetric titration, dynamic light scattering, and isothermal titration calorimetry. Judged from the critical binding pH and binding constant for MNP-BLG complexation, the dependence of binding affinity on surface hydrophobicity exhibited an interesting shift with increasing ionic strength, which means that the MNPs with higher surface hydrophobicity exhibits weaker binding affinity at lower ionic strength but stronger affinity at higher ionic strength. This interesting observation could be attributed to the difference in ionic strength responsiveness for hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions. In this way, the well-tuned binding pattern could be achieved with optimized binding affinity by controlling the surface hydrophobicity of MNPs and ionic strength, thus endowing this system with great potential to fabricate separation and delivery system with high selectivity and efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , 200237 Shanghai , P. R. China
| | - Shi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , 200237 Shanghai , P. R. China
| | - Yisheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , 200237 Shanghai , P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Materials Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan , Shihezi University , 832000 Xinjiang , P. R. China
- International Joint Research Center of Green Energy Chemical Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Meilong Rd , 200237 Shanghai , P. R. China
| | - Xiaotao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , 200237 Shanghai , P. R. China
| | - Xuhong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , 200237 Shanghai , P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Materials Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan , Shihezi University , 832000 Xinjiang , P. R. China
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18
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Liu HY, Chen WL, Ober CK, Daniel S. Biologically Complex Planar Cell Plasma Membranes Supported on Polyelectrolyte Cushions Enhance Transmembrane Protein Mobility and Retain Native Orientation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:1061-1072. [PMID: 29020444 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b02945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Reconstituted supported lipid bilayers (SLB) are widely used as in vitro cell-surface models because they are compatible with a variety of surface-based analytical techniques. However, one of the challenges of using SLBs as a model of the cell surface is the limited complexity in membrane composition, including the incorporation of transmembrane proteins and lipid diversity that may impact the activity of those proteins. Additionally, it is challenging to preserve the transmembrane protein native orientation, function, and mobility in SLBs. Here, we leverage the interaction between cell plasma membrane vesicles and polyelectrolyte brushes to create planar bilayers from cell plasma membrane vesicles that have budded from the cell surface. This approach promotes the direct incorporation of membrane proteins and other species into the planar bilayer without using detergent or reconstitution and preserves membrane constituents. Furthermore, the structure of the polyelectrolyte brush serves as a cushion between the planar bilayer and rigid supporting surface, limiting the interaction of the cytosolic domains of membrane proteins with this surface. Single particle tracking was used to analyze the motion of GPI-linked yellow fluorescent proteins (GPI-YFP) and neon-green fused transmembrane P2X2 receptors (P2X2-neon) and shows that this platform retains over 75% mobility of multipass transmembrane proteins in its native membrane environment. An enzyme accessibility assay confirmed that the protein orientation is preserved and results in the extracellular domain facing toward the bulk phase and the cytosolic side facing the support. Because the platform presented here retains the complexity of the cell plasma membrane and preserves protein orientation and mobility, it is a better representative mimic of native cell surfaces, which may find many applications in biological assays aimed at understanding cell membrane phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Yuan Liu
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, ‡Department of Material Science and Engineering, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Wei-Liang Chen
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, ‡Department of Material Science and Engineering, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Christopher K Ober
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, ‡Department of Material Science and Engineering, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Susan Daniel
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, ‡Department of Material Science and Engineering, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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Ghiorghita CA, Bucatariu F, Dragan ES. Poly(N,N-dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate/sodium alginate multilayers and their interaction with proteins/enzymes. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 107:1584-1590. [PMID: 28993296 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present work is to construct and investigate the properties of novel polyelectrolyte multilayers consisting of poly(N,N-dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (PDMAEMA) and sodium alginate (SA). The influence of PDMAEMA's pH dependent ionization degree on the charge balance, thickness and roughness of the multilayer films was assessed by potentiometric titrations, dye sorption and atomic force microscopy. Moreover, the cross-linking of PDMAEMA/SA films with a dihalogenated aromatic derivative with high reactivity (α,α'-dichloro-p-xylene) by means of Menshutkin reaction and the stability of the multilayer architecture to repeated treatments with NaOH are demonstrated. Also, the interaction of the obtained films with various proteins/enzymes (pepsin, bovine serum albumin, haemoglobin and lysozyme) is investigated. It was found that biomolecules with the isoelectric point in the acidic region of pH were adsorbed in a higher amount than the biomolecules with the isoelectric point in the basic region of pH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Florin Bucatariu
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Grigore Ghica Voda Alley 41A, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Ecaterina Stela Dragan
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Grigore Ghica Voda Alley 41A, 700487 Iasi, Romania.
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Manouras T, Koufakis E, Anastasiadis SH, Vamvakaki M. A facile route towards PDMAEMA homopolymer amphiphiles. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:3777-3782. [PMID: 28480930 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm00365j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Well-defined poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) has been modified at low degrees of quaternization of the tertiary amine groups using alkyl halides with long alkyl chains as the quaternization agents. The resulting PDMAEMA-co-PQDMAEMA copolymers were studied in aqueous solution using potentiometric titrations, turbidimetry, surface tensiometry, dynamic light scattering and zeta potential measurements. An increase of the hydrophilicity of the precursor polymer, leading to an increase or even elimination of the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) for the quaternized copolymers was found; this extended the temperature range of the stable polymer solution. At the same time, it was shown that the hydrophobic character of the polymer increases upon quaternization, leading to higher surface activity compared to the precursor PDMAEMA homopolymer, and, thus, to more effective polymeric surfactants. This contradiction in the copolymer behavior was attributed to the interplay between the polymer self-assembly in the aqueous medium and the polymer adsorption at the air/water interface, which dominate the cloud point and the surface properties, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore Manouras
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, 700 13 Heraklion Crete, Greece.
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21
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Zoppe JO, Ataman NC, Mocny P, Wang J, Moraes J, Klok HA. Surface-Initiated Controlled Radical Polymerization: State-of-the-Art, Opportunities, and Challenges in Surface and Interface Engineering with Polymer Brushes. Chem Rev 2017; 117:1105-1318. [PMID: 28135076 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 587] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The generation of polymer brushes by surface-initiated controlled radical polymerization (SI-CRP) techniques has become a powerful approach to tailor the chemical and physical properties of interfaces and has given rise to great advances in surface and interface engineering. Polymer brushes are defined as thin polymer films in which the individual polymer chains are tethered by one chain end to a solid interface. Significant advances have been made over the past years in the field of polymer brushes. This includes novel developments in SI-CRP, as well as the emergence of novel applications such as catalysis, electronics, nanomaterial synthesis and biosensing. Additionally, polymer brushes prepared via SI-CRP have been utilized to modify the surface of novel substrates such as natural fibers, polymer nanofibers, mesoporous materials, graphene, viruses and protein nanoparticles. The last years have also seen exciting advances in the chemical and physical characterization of polymer brushes, as well as an ever increasing set of computational and simulation tools that allow understanding and predictions of these surface-grafted polymer architectures. The aim of this contribution is to provide a comprehensive review that critically assesses recent advances in the field and highlights the opportunities and challenges for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin O Zoppe
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nariye Cavusoglu Ataman
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Piotr Mocny
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jian Wang
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - John Moraes
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Harm-Anton Klok
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Chae B, Son SH, Kwak YJ, Jung YM, Lee SW. Two-dimensional (2D) infrared correlation study of the structural characterization of a surface immobilized polypeptide film stimulated by pH. J Mol Struct 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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23
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Tucker I, Corbett J, Fatkin J, Jack R, Kaszuba M, MacCreath B, McNeil-Watson F. Laser Doppler Electrophoresis applied to colloids and surfaces. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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