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Xu G, Li M, Wang Q, Feng F, Lou Q, Hou Y, Hui J, Zhang P, Wang L, Yao L, Qin S, Ouyang X, Wu D, Ling D, Wang X. A Dual-Kinetic Control Strategy for Designing Nano-Metamaterials: Novel Class of Metamaterials with Both Characteristic and Whole Sizes of Nanoscale. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2205595. [PMID: 36377475 PMCID: PMC9896071 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202205595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Increasingly intricate in their multilevel multiscale microarchitecture, metamaterials with unique physical properties are challenging the inherent constraints of natural materials. Their applicability in the nanomedicine field still suffers because nanomedicine requires a maximum size of tens to hundreds of nanometers; however, this size scale has not been achieved in metamaterials. Therefore, "nano-metamaterials," a novel class of metamaterials, are introduced, which are rationally designed materials with multilevel microarchitectures and both characteristic sizes and whole sizes at the nanoscale, investing in themselves remarkably unique and significantly enhanced material properties as compared with conventional nanomaterials. Microarchitectural regulation through conventional thermodynamic strategy is limited since the thermodynamic process relies on the frequency-dependent effective temperature, Teff (ω), which limits the architectural regulation freedom degree. Here, a novel dual-kinetic control strategy is designed to fabricate nano-metamaterials by freezing a high-free energy state in a Teff (ω)-constant system, where two independent dynamic processes, non-solvent induced block copolymer (BCP) self-assembly and osmotically driven self-emulsification, are regulated simultaneously. Fe3+ -"onion-like core@porous corona" (Fe3+ -OCPCs) nanoparticles (the products) have not only architectural complexity, porous corona and an onion-like core but also compositional complexity, Fe3+ chelating BCP assemblies. Furthermore, by using Fe3+ -OCPCs as a model material, a microstructure-biological performance relationship is manifested in nano-metamaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanhua Xu
- Institute of Process EquipmentCollege of Energy EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027P. R. China
| | - Mengmeng Li
- Institute of Process EquipmentCollege of Energy EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027P. R. China
| | - Qiyue Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative MoleculesSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNational Center for Translational MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200240P. R. China
| | - Feng Feng
- Institute of Process EquipmentCollege of Energy EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027P. R. China
| | - Qi Lou
- Institute of Process EquipmentCollege of Energy EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027P. R. China
| | - Yi Hou
- College of Life Science and TechnologyBeijing University of Chemical TechnologyBeijing100029P. R. China
| | - Junfeng Hui
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical MaterialsSchool of Chemical EngineeringNorthwest UniversityXi'anShaanxi710069P. R. China
| | - Peisen Zhang
- College of Life Science and TechnologyBeijing University of Chemical TechnologyBeijing100029P. R. China
| | - Li Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesState Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable SpeciesInstitute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of ScienceBeijing100190P. R. China
| | - Li Yao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesState Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable SpeciesInstitute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of ScienceBeijing100190P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Chinese Academy of ScienceBeijing100049P. R. China
| | - Shijie Qin
- Institute of Process EquipmentCollege of Energy EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027P. R. China
| | - Xiaoping Ouyang
- Institute of Process EquipmentCollege of Energy EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027P. R. China
| | - Dazhuan Wu
- Institute of Process EquipmentCollege of Energy EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027P. R. China
| | - Daishun Ling
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative MoleculesSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNational Center for Translational MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200240P. R. China
| | - Xiuyu Wang
- Institute of Process EquipmentCollege of Energy EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027P. R. China
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2
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Nabiyan A, Max JB, Schacher FH. Double hydrophilic copolymers - synthetic approaches, architectural variety, and current application fields. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:995-1044. [PMID: 35005750 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00086a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Solubility and functionality of polymeric materials are essential properties determining their role in any application. In that regard, double hydrophilic copolymers (DHC) are typically constructed from two chemically dissimilar but water-soluble building blocks. During the past decades, these materials have been intensely developed and utilised as, e.g., matrices for the design of multifunctional hybrid materials, in drug carriers and gene delivery, as nanoreactors, or as sensors. This is predominantly due to almost unlimited possibilities to precisely tune DHC composition and topology, their solution behavior, e.g., stimuli-response, and potential interactions with small molecules, ions and (nanoparticle) surfaces. In this contribution we want to highlight that this class of polymers has experienced tremendous progress regarding synthesis, architectural variety, and the possibility to combine response to different stimuli within one material. Especially the implementation of DHCs as versatile building blocks in hybrid materials expanded the range of water-based applications during the last two decades, which now includes also photocatalysis, sensing, and 3D inkjet printing of hydrogels, definitely going beyond already well-established utilisation in biomedicine or as templates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afshin Nabiyan
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Lessingstraße 8, D-07743 Jena, Germany. .,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, D-07743 Jena, Germany.,Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Johannes B Max
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Lessingstraße 8, D-07743 Jena, Germany. .,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, D-07743 Jena, Germany.,Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Felix H Schacher
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Lessingstraße 8, D-07743 Jena, Germany. .,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, D-07743 Jena, Germany.,Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
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3
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Abstract
The PVP and its derivatives have been broadly applied in polymers, organic
syntheses, and catalysis processes. The crosslinked PVP is a well-known polymer support
for numerous reagents and catalysts. Cross-linked PVPs are commercially available polymers
and have attracted much attention over the past due to their interesting properties
such as the facile functionalization, high accessibility of functional groups, being nonhygroscopic,
easy to prepare, easy filtration, and swelling in many organic solvents. A
brief explanation of the reported applications of PVPs in different fields followed by the
discussion on the implementation of methodologies for catalytic efficiency of PVP-based
reagents in the organic synthesis is included. The aim is to summarize the literature under
a few catalytic categories and to present each as a short scheme involving reaction conditions.
In the text, discussions on the synthesis and the structural determination of some typical polymeric reagents
are presented, and the mechanisms of some organic reactions are given. Where appropriate, advantages
of reagents in comparison with the previous reports are presented. This review does not include patent literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader Ghaffari Khaligh
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Center, Institute of Postgraduate Studies, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hanna S. Abbo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq
| | - Mohd Rafie Johan
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Center, Institute of Postgraduate Studies, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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4
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Al Nakeeb N, Nischang I, Schmidt BVKJ. Tannic Acid-Mediated Aggregate Stabilization of Poly( N-vinylpyrrolidone)- b-poly(oligo (ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate) Double Hydrophilic Block Copolymers. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E662. [PMID: 31035517 PMCID: PMC6566864 DOI: 10.3390/nano9050662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The self-assembly of block copolymers in aqueous solution is an important field in modern polymer science that has been extended to double hydrophilic block copolymers (DHBC) in recent years. In here, a significant improvement of the self-assembly process of DHBC in aqueous solution by utilizing a linear-brush macromolecular architecture is presented. The improved self-assembly behavior of poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone)-b-poly(oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate) (PVP-b-P(OEGMA)) and its concentration dependency is investigated via dynamic light scattering (DLS) (apparent hydrodynamic radii ≈ 100-120 nm). Moreover, the DHBC assemblies can be non-covalently crosslinked with tannic acid via hydrogen bonding, which leads to the formation of small aggregates as well (apparent hydrodynamic radius ≈ 15 nm). Non-covalent crosslinking improves the self-assembly and stabilizes the aggregates upon dilution, reducing the concentration dependency of aggregate self-assembly. Additionally, the non-covalent aggregates can be disassembled in basic media. The presence of aggregates was studied via cryogenic scanning electron microscopy (cryo-SEM) and DLS before and after non-covalent crosslinking. Furthermore, analytical ultracentrifugation of the formed aggregate structures was performed, clearly showing the existence of polymer assemblies, particularly after non-covalent crosslinking. In summary, we report on the completely hydrophilic self-assembled structures in solution formed from fully biocompatible building entities in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Al Nakeeb
- Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Colloid Chemistry, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Ivo Nischang
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany.
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Bernhard V K J Schmidt
- Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Colloid Chemistry, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
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5
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Al Nakeeb N, Kochovski Z, Li T, Zhang Y, Lu Y, Schmidt BVKJ. Poly(ethylene glycol) brush-b-poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone)-based double hydrophilic block copolymer particles crosslinked via crystalline α-cyclodextrin domains. RSC Adv 2019; 9:4993-5001. [PMID: 35514641 PMCID: PMC9060675 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra10672j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-assembly of block copolymers is a significant area of polymer science. The self-assembly of completely water-soluble block copolymers is of particular interest, albeit a challenging task. In the present work the self-assembly of a linear-brush architecture block copolymer, namely poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone)-b-poly(oligoethylene glycol methacrylate) (PVP-b-POEGMA), in water is studied. Moreover, the assembled structures are crosslinked via α-CD host/guest complexation in a supramolecular way. The crosslinking shifts the equilibrium toward aggregate formation without switching off the dynamic equilibrium of double hydrophilic block copolymer (DHBC). As a consequence, the self-assembly efficiency is improved without extinguishing the unique DHBC self-assembly behavior. In addition, decrosslinking could be induced without a change in concentration by adding a competing complexation agent for α-CD. The self-assembly behavior was followed by DLS measurement, while the presence of the particles could be observed via cryo-TEM before and after crosslinking. Self-assembly of the double hydrophilic block copolymer poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone)-b-poly(oligoethylene glycol methacrylate) and supramolecular crosslinking via α-cyclodextrin in water is presented.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Al Nakeeb
- Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces
- Department of Colloid Chemistry
- 14476 Potsdam
- Germany
| | - Zdravko Kochovski
- Soft Matter and Functional Materials
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie
- 14109 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Tingting Li
- Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces
- Department of Colloid Chemistry
- 14476 Potsdam
- Germany
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
| | - Youjia Zhang
- Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces
- Department of Colloid Chemistry
- 14476 Potsdam
- Germany
| | - Yan Lu
- Soft Matter and Functional Materials
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie
- 14109 Berlin
- Germany
- Institute of Chemistry
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7
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Willersinn J, Schmidt BVKJ. Pure hydrophilic block copolymer vesicles with redox- and pH-cleavable crosslinks. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py01214d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The formation and stimuli cleavable crosslinking of completely water drained double hydrophilic block copolymer vesicles is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Willersinn
- Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces; Department of Colloid Chemistry
- 14476 Potsdam
- Germany
| | - Bernhard V. K. J. Schmidt
- Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces; Department of Colloid Chemistry
- 14476 Potsdam
- Germany
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8
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Al Nakeeb N, Willersinn J, Schmidt BVKJ. Self-Assembly Behavior and Biocompatible Cross-Linking of Double Hydrophilic Linear-Brush Block Copolymers. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:3695-3705. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b01094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noah Al Nakeeb
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jochen Willersinn
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Bernhard V. K. J. Schmidt
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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9
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Statistical copolymers of N
-vinylpyrrolidone and 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate via RAFT: Monomer reactivity ratios, thermal properties, and kinetics of thermal decomposition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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10
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Willersinn J, Schmidt BVKJ. Aqueous self-assembly of pullulan-b
-poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) double hydrophilic block copolymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Willersinn
- Department of Colloid Chemistry; Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1; Potsdam 14476 Germany
| | - Bernhard V. K. J. Schmidt
- Department of Colloid Chemistry; Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1; Potsdam 14476 Germany
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11
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Karandikar P, Gupta M. Synthesis of Functional Particles by Condensation and Polymerization of Monomer Droplets in Silicone Oils. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:7701-7707. [PMID: 28741953 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b01430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We studied the synthesis of poly(4-vinylpyridine) and poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) polymer particles in silicone oil using a sequential vapor phase polymerization method in which monomer droplets were first condensed onto a layer of silicone oil and subsequently polymerized via a free radical mechanism. The viscosity of the silicone oil was systematically varied. At lower viscosities, a heterogeneous particle size distribution was produced where small particles were formed by engulfment of the monomer droplets at the liquid surface and large particles were formed by coalescence of the monomer droplets inside the liquid layer. Coalescence could be inhibited by increasing the viscosity of the silicone oil leading to a decreased average radius and a narrower size distribution of the polymer particles. The advantages of our method for the fabrication of polymer particles are that it does not require surfactants or organic solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prathamesh Karandikar
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Malancha Gupta
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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12
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Willersinn J, Schmidt BVKJ. Self-Assembly of Double Hydrophilic Poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline)-b-poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) Block Copolymers in Aqueous Solution. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:E293. [PMID: 30970968 PMCID: PMC6431970 DOI: 10.3390/polym9070293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The self-assembly of a novel combination of hydrophilic blocks in water is presented, namely poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline)-b-poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) (PEtOx-b-PVP). The completely water-soluble double hydrophilic block copolymer (DHBC) is formed via copper-catalyzed polymer conjugation, whereas the molecular weight of the PVP is varied in order to study the effect of block ratio on the self-assembly process. Studies via dynamic light scattering, static light scattering as well as microscopy techniques, e.g., cryo scanning electron microscopy or laser scanning confocal microscopy, show the formation of spherical particles in an aqueous solution with sizes between 300 and 400 nm. Particles of the DHBCs are formed without the influence of external stimuli. Moreover, the efficiency of self-assembly formation relies significantly on the molar ratio of the utilized blocks. The nature of the formed structures relies further on the concentration, and indications of particular and vesicular structures are found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Willersinn
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany.
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13
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Wang L, Wang Y, Zhang F, Bai Y, Ding L. Syntheses and properties of the PET-co
-PEA copolyester. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.44967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lipeng Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Harbin Institute of Technology; Harbin 150001 People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical; Nantong University; Nantong 226019 People's Republic of China
| | - Fuchen Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Harbin Institute of Technology; Harbin 150001 People's Republic of China
| | - Yongping Bai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Harbin Institute of Technology; Harbin 150001 People's Republic of China
| | - Liping Ding
- School of Chemistry and Chemical; Nantong University; Nantong 226019 People's Republic of China
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14
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Willersinn J, Bogomolova A, Cabré MB, Schmidt BVKJ. Vesicles of double hydrophilic pullulan and poly(acrylamide) block copolymers: a combination of synthetic- and bio-derived blocks. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6py02212j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The formation of vesicular structures with average diameters from 200 to 300 nm consisting of double hydrophilic diblock copolymers pullulan-b-poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide) and pullulan-b-poly(N-ethylacrylamide) in aqueous solution is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Willersinn
- Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces
- Department of Colloid Chemistry
- 14476 Potsdam
- Germany
| | - Anna Bogomolova
- Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces
- Department of Colloid Chemistry
- 14476 Potsdam
- Germany
| | - Marc Brunet Cabré
- Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces
- Department of Colloid Chemistry
- 14476 Potsdam
- Germany
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15
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Hebbeker P, Steinschulte AA, Schneider S, Okuda J, Möller M, Plamper FA, Schneider S. Complexation in Weakly Attractive Copolymers with Varying Composition and Topology: Linking Fluorescence Experiments and Molecular Monte Carlo Simulations. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Hebbeker
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Sabine Schneider
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Jun Okuda
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Martin Möller
- DWI−Leibniz
Institute for Interactive Materials, and Functional Interactive Polymers,
Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Felix A. Plamper
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Schneider
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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