1
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Zhang C, Xu M, Ren M, Shi H, Liu G, Li J, Liu X, Zhang L, Gao D. Morphology of impact polypropylene copolymer extruded cast film revealed by confocal Raman imaging. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:3923-3930. [PMID: 38661471 DOI: 10.1039/d4sm00156g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
An impact polypropylene copolymer (IPC), composed of polypropylene (PP) and ethylene-propylene copolymer (EPC), was synthesized through two-stage in-reactor polymerization. A systematic investigation of the crystalline structure, thermal behavior, morphology, and tensile properties of the IPC extruded cast film was conducted. Specifically, the morphology of EPC was obtained by confocal Raman imaging by depicting the spatial distribution of the Raman band located at 1064 cm-1. The EPC phase exhibits fibrous morphology with the long axis aligning along the machine direction (MD). A three-dimensional (3D) heterogeneous structure of the IPC cast film obtained by confocal Raman imaging confirms that the fibrous EPC phase is dispersed in a 3D framework of the PP matrix. The mesomorphic phase in the as-prepared cast film transforms to a stable α-form crystal after annealing at 130 °C, which improves the yield strength but decreases the elongation of the cast film. The WAXD and SAXS results indicate that there is no obvious orientation of the crystallites. Thus, the anisotropy of tensile properties in the MD and transverse directions is closely related to the anisotropic phase morphology at the micrometer scale. The results reveal that the mechanical performances of IPC films are determined by the crystalline structure of the PP matrix and the morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunbo Zhang
- SINOPEC (Beijing) Research Institute of Chemical Industry Co. Ltd, Beijing, 100013, China.
| | - Meng Xu
- SINOPEC (Beijing) Research Institute of Chemical Industry Co. Ltd, Beijing, 100013, China.
| | - Minqiao Ren
- SINOPEC (Beijing) Research Institute of Chemical Industry Co. Ltd, Beijing, 100013, China.
| | - Hongwei Shi
- SINOPEC (Beijing) Research Institute of Chemical Industry Co. Ltd, Beijing, 100013, China.
| | - Guoming Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Juan Li
- SINOPEC (Beijing) Research Institute of Chemical Industry Co. Ltd, Beijing, 100013, China.
| | - Xuanbo Liu
- SINOPEC (Beijing) Research Institute of Chemical Industry Co. Ltd, Beijing, 100013, China.
| | - Longgui Zhang
- SINOPEC (Beijing) Research Institute of Chemical Industry Co. Ltd, Beijing, 100013, China.
| | - Dali Gao
- SINOPEC (Beijing) Research Institute of Chemical Industry Co. Ltd, Beijing, 100013, China.
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2
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Kaizuka M, Sato H, Ozaki Y, Sato H. Visualization of Recrystallization Induced by Ultraviolet Degradation of a Polypropylene Film Using Raman Imaging. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 78:517-522. [PMID: 38441132 DOI: 10.1177/00037028241235233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Raman images were constructed for polypropylene (PP) films before and after ultraviolet (UV) irradiation (100 mW, 248-436 nm) for 10 h using several intensity ratios of Raman bands that are sensitive to crystallization of PP. In the images of PP films before the irradiation the intensity ratios are nearly uniform for the films but for those of the PP films after the irradiation, the ratios become large with a mottled pattern, indicating that recrystallization occurs in the PP films upon the irradiation of the UV light. The UV-irradiated PP films show worm-like shaped structures in few micrometer order representing the recrystallization of PP. The temperature gradient of PP is low (273 K), and thus, it is very likely that due to UV energy and polymer fragmentation, PP molecules become more mobile and some parts of molecular chains in amorphous parts of PP molecules lead to their rearrangement and recrystallization. In this study, we demonstrate that Raman imaging clearly detects subtle changes in the crystallinity with a micrometer order structure which morphological images cannot observe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuki Kaizuka
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, Gakuen-Uegahara, Sanda, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Harumi Sato
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Tsurukabuto, Nada, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Ozaki
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, Gakuen-Uegahara, Sanda, Hyogo, Japan
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Tsurukabuto, Nada, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Sato
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, Gakuen-Uegahara, Sanda, Hyogo, Japan
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3
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Huang DE, Kotula AP, Snyder CR, Migler KB. Crystallization Kinetics in an Immiscible Polyolefin Blend. Macromolecules 2022; 55. [PMID: 36969109 PMCID: PMC10037551 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Motivated by the problem of brittle mechanical behavior in recycled blends of high density polyethylene (HDPE) and isotactic polypropylene (iPP), we employ optical microscopy, rheo-Raman, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to measure the composition dependence of their crystallization kinetics. Raman spectra are analyzed via multivariate curve resolution with alternating least-squares (MCR-ALS) to provide component crystallization values. We find that iPP crystallization behavior varies strongly with blend composition. Optical microscopy shows that three crystallization kinetic regimes correspond to three underlying two-phase morphologies: HDPE droplets in iPP, the inverse, and cocontinuous structures. In the HDPE droplet regime, iPP crystallization temperature decreases sharply with increasing HDPE composition. For cocontinuous morphologies, iPP crystallization is delayed, but the onset temperature changes little with the exact blend composition. In the iPP droplet regime, the two components crystallize nearly concurrently. Rheological measurements are consistent with these observations. DSC indicates that the enthalpy of crystallization of the blends is less than the weighted values of the individual components, providing a possible clue for the decreased iPP crystallization temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek E. Huang
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Anthony P. Kotula
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Chad R. Snyder
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Kalman B. Migler
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
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4
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Yamaguchi A, Urushisaki M, Uematsu H, Sakaguchi T, Hashimoto T. Effects of different types of maleic anhydride-modified polypropylene on the interfacial shear strengths of carbon fiber-reinforced polypropylene composites. Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-022-00733-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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5
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Xu Y, Wang J, Luo Z, Li J, Xue B, Chen X, Li X, Yang L, Linghu C, Tao Y. Structures of the co‐branching reactive products of isotactic polypropylene with high‐density polyethylene and the effect on the in situ compatibilization of mixed recycled materials. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yinhan Xu
- College of Materials and Metallurgy Guizhou University Guiyang China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Materials and Metallurgy Guizhou University Guiyang China
| | - Zhu Luo
- College of Materials and Metallurgy Guizhou University Guiyang China
| | - Jianjun Li
- Kingfa Science & Technology Co., Ltd Guangzhou China
| | - Bai Xue
- College of Materials and Metallurgy Guizhou University Guiyang China
| | | | - Xiaolong Li
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Huazhong University of Science &Technology Wuhan China
| | - Le Yang
- School of Materials and Energy Engineering Guizhou Institute of Technology Guiyang China
| | - Changkai Linghu
- College of Materials and Metallurgy Guizhou University Guiyang China
| | - Yao Tao
- College of Materials and Metallurgy Guizhou University Guiyang China
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6
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Growth of polypropylene crystals in the vicinity of carbon fibers and improvement of their interfacial shear strength. Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-022-00622-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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7
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Yuen JG, Marshilok AC, Benziger PT, Yan S, Cello J, Stackhouse CA, Kisslinger K, Bock DC, Takeuchi ES, Takeuchi KJ, Wang L, Babu S, Itzkowitz G, Thanassi D, Knopf DA, Shroyer KR. Dry heat sterilization as a method to recycle N95 respirator masks: The importance of fit. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0257963. [PMID: 34986162 PMCID: PMC8730429 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In times of crisis, including the current COVID-19 pandemic, the supply chain of filtering facepiece respirators, such as N95 respirators, are disrupted. To combat shortages of N95 respirators, many institutions were forced to decontaminate and reuse respirators. While several reports have evaluated the impact on filtration as a measurement of preservation of respirator function after decontamination, the equally important fact of maintaining proper fit to the users' face has been understudied. In the current study, we demonstrate the complete inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 and preservation of fit test performance of N95 respirators following treatment with dry heat. We apply scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements, Raman spectroscopy, and contact angle measurements to analyze filter material changes as a consequence of different decontamination treatments. We further compared the integrity of the respirator after autoclaving versus dry heat treatment via quantitative fit testing and found that autoclaving, but not dry heat, causes the fit of the respirator onto the users face to fail, thereby rendering the decontaminated respirator unusable. Our findings highlight the importance to account for both efficacy of disinfection and mask fit when reprocessing respirators to for clinical redeployment.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G. Yuen
- Department of Pathology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Amy C. Marshilok
- Interdisciplinary Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, United States of America
- Institute for Electrochemically Stored Energy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Peter Todd Benziger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Shan Yan
- Interdisciplinary Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, United States of America
- Institute for Electrochemically Stored Energy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Jeronimo Cello
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Chavis A. Stackhouse
- Institute for Electrochemically Stored Energy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Kim Kisslinger
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, United States of America
| | - David C. Bock
- Interdisciplinary Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, United States of America
- Institute for Electrochemically Stored Energy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Esther S. Takeuchi
- Interdisciplinary Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, United States of America
- Institute for Electrochemically Stored Energy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Kenneth J. Takeuchi
- Interdisciplinary Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, United States of America
- Institute for Electrochemically Stored Energy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Lei Wang
- Interdisciplinary Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, United States of America
- Institute for Electrochemically Stored Energy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Sruthi Babu
- Department of Pathology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Glen Itzkowitz
- Office of the Dean, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - David Thanassi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Daniel A. Knopf
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Kenneth R. Shroyer
- Department of Pathology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
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8
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Di Sacco F, Saidi S, Hermida-Merino D, Portale G. Revisiting the Mechanism of the Meso-to-α Transition of Isotactic Polypropylene and Ethylene–Propylene Random Copolymers. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Federico Di Sacco
- Physical Chemistry of Polymeric and Nanostructured Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen 9747AG, The Netherlands
- Dutch Polymer Institute, P.O. Box 902, Eindhoven 5600 AX, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah Saidi
- Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO), DUBBLE@ESRF BP CS40220, Grenoble 38043, France
- LMOPS, EA 4423, Université de Lorraine, CentraleSupelec Metz, 2 rue Edouard Belin, Metz 57070, France
| | - Daniel Hermida-Merino
- Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO), DUBBLE@ESRF BP CS40220, Grenoble 38043, France
- LMOPS, EA 4423, Université de Lorraine, CentraleSupelec Metz, 2 rue Edouard Belin, Metz 57070, France
| | - Giuseppe Portale
- Physical Chemistry of Polymeric and Nanostructured Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen 9747AG, The Netherlands
- Dutch Polymer Institute, P.O. Box 902, Eindhoven 5600 AX, The Netherlands
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9
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Stackhouse CA, Yan S, Wang L, Kisslinger K, Tappero R, Head AR, Tallman KR, Takeuchi ES, Bock DC, Takeuchi KJ, Marschilok AC. Characterization of Materials Used as Face Coverings for Respiratory Protection. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:47996-48008. [PMID: 34582689 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c11200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Use of masks is a primary tool to prevent the spread of the novel COVID-19 virus resulting from unintentional close contact with infected individuals. However, detailed characterization of the chemical properties and physical structure of common mask materials is lacking in the current literature. In this study, a series of commercial masks and potential mask materials, including 3M Particulate Respirator 8210 N95, a material provided by Oak Ridge National Laboratory Carbon Fiber Technology Facility (ORNL/CFTF), and a Filti Face Mask Material, were characterized by a suite of techniques, including scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Wetting properties of the mask materials were quantified by measurements of contact angle with a saliva substitute. Mask pass-through experiments were performed using a dispersed metal oxide nanoparticle suspension to model the SARS-CoV-2 virus, with quantification via spatially resolved X-ray fluorescence mapping. Notably, all mask materials tested provided a strong barrier against respiratory droplet breakthrough. The comparisons and characterizations provided in this study provide useful information when evaluating mask materials for respiratory protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chavis A Stackhouse
- Institute for Electrochemically Stored Energy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Shan Yan
- Institute for Electrochemically Stored Energy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
- Interdisciplinary Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton New York 11973, United States
| | - Lei Wang
- Institute for Electrochemically Stored Energy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
- Interdisciplinary Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton New York 11973, United States
| | - Kim Kisslinger
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton New York 11973, United States
| | - Ryan Tappero
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Ashley R Head
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton New York 11973, United States
| | - Killian R Tallman
- Institute for Electrochemically Stored Energy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Esther S Takeuchi
- Institute for Electrochemically Stored Energy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
- Interdisciplinary Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton New York 11973, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - David C Bock
- Institute for Electrochemically Stored Energy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
- Interdisciplinary Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton New York 11973, United States
| | - Kenneth J Takeuchi
- Institute for Electrochemically Stored Energy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
- Interdisciplinary Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton New York 11973, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Amy C Marschilok
- Institute for Electrochemically Stored Energy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
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10
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Yan S, Stackhouse CA, Waluyo I, Hunt A, Kisslinger K, Head AR, Bock DC, Takeuchi ES, Takeuchi KJ, Wang L, Marschilok AC. Reusing Face Covering Masks: Probing the Impact of Heat Treatment. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2021; 9:13545-13558. [PMID: 35855909 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c04530/suppl_file/sc1c04530_si_001.pdf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in imminent shortages of personal protective equipment such as face masks. To address the shortage, new sterilization or decontamination procedures for masks are quickly being developed and employed. Dry heat and steam sterilization processes are easily scalable and allow treatment of large sample sizes, thus potentially presenting fast and efficient decontamination routes, which could significantly ease the rapidly increasing need for protective masks globally during a pandemic like COVID-19. In this study, a suite of structural and chemical characterization techniques, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), contact angle, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Raman were utilized to probe the heat treatment impact on commercially available 3M 8210 N95 Particulate Respirator and VWR Advanced Protection surgical mask. Unique to this study is the use of the synchrotron-based In situ and Operando Soft X-ray Spectroscopy (IOS) beamline (23-ID-2) housed at the National Synchrotron Light Source II at Brookhaven National Laboratory for near-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (NEXAFS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Yan
- Institute for Electrochemically Stored Energy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
- Interdisciplinary Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Chavis A Stackhouse
- Institute for Electrochemically Stored Energy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Iradwikanari Waluyo
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Adrian Hunt
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Kim Kisslinger
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Ashley R Head
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - David C Bock
- Institute for Electrochemically Stored Energy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
- Interdisciplinary Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Esther S Takeuchi
- Institute for Electrochemically Stored Energy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
- Interdisciplinary Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Kenneth J Takeuchi
- Institute for Electrochemically Stored Energy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
- Interdisciplinary Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Lei Wang
- Institute for Electrochemically Stored Energy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
- Interdisciplinary Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Amy C Marschilok
- Institute for Electrochemically Stored Energy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
- Interdisciplinary Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
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11
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Yan S, Stackhouse CA, Waluyo I, Hunt A, Kisslinger K, Head AR, Bock DC, Takeuchi ES, Takeuchi KJ, Wang L, Marschilok AC. Reusing Face Covering Masks: Probing the Impact of Heat Treatment. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2021; 9:13545-13558. [PMID: 35855909 PMCID: PMC9284677 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c04530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in imminent shortages of personal protective equipment such as face masks. To address the shortage, new sterilization or decontamination procedures for masks are quickly being developed and employed. Dry heat and steam sterilization processes are easily scalable and allow treatment of large sample sizes, thus potentially presenting fast and efficient decontamination routes, which could significantly ease the rapidly increasing need for protective masks globally during a pandemic like COVID-19. In this study, a suite of structural and chemical characterization techniques, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), contact angle, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Raman were utilized to probe the heat treatment impact on commercially available 3M 8210 N95 Particulate Respirator and VWR Advanced Protection surgical mask. Unique to this study is the use of the synchrotron-based In situ and Operando Soft X-ray Spectroscopy (IOS) beamline (23-ID-2) housed at the National Synchrotron Light Source II at Brookhaven National Laboratory for near-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (NEXAFS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Yan
- Institute
for Electrochemically Stored Energy, Stony
Brook University, Stony
Brook, New York 11794, United States
- Interdisciplinary
Science Department, Brookhaven National
Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Chavis A. Stackhouse
- Institute
for Electrochemically Stored Energy, Stony
Brook University, Stony
Brook, New York 11794, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Iradwikanari Waluyo
- National
Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven
National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Adrian Hunt
- National
Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven
National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Kim Kisslinger
- Center
for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven
National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Ashley R. Head
- Center
for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven
National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - David C. Bock
- Institute
for Electrochemically Stored Energy, Stony
Brook University, Stony
Brook, New York 11794, United States
- Interdisciplinary
Science Department, Brookhaven National
Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Esther S. Takeuchi
- Institute
for Electrochemically Stored Energy, Stony
Brook University, Stony
Brook, New York 11794, United States
- Interdisciplinary
Science Department, Brookhaven National
Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony
Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Kenneth J. Takeuchi
- Institute
for Electrochemically Stored Energy, Stony
Brook University, Stony
Brook, New York 11794, United States
- Interdisciplinary
Science Department, Brookhaven National
Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony
Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Lei Wang
- Institute
for Electrochemically Stored Energy, Stony
Brook University, Stony
Brook, New York 11794, United States
- Interdisciplinary
Science Department, Brookhaven National
Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Amy C. Marschilok
- Institute
for Electrochemically Stored Energy, Stony
Brook University, Stony
Brook, New York 11794, United States
- Interdisciplinary
Science Department, Brookhaven National
Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony
Brook, New York 11794, United States
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12
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Makin RA, York KR, Messecar AS, Durbin SM. Quantitative Disorder Analysis and Particle Removal Efficiency of Polypropylene-Based Masks. MRS ADVANCES 2020; 5:2853-2861. [PMID: 33437530 PMCID: PMC7790047 DOI: 10.1557/adv.2020.346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate a methodology for predicting particle removal efficiency of polypropylene-based filters used in personal protective equipment, based on quantification of disorder in the context of methyl group orientation as structural motifs in conjunction with an Ising model. The corresponding Bragg-Williams order parameter is extracted through either Raman spectro-scopy or scanning electron microscopy. Temperature-dependent analysis verifies the presence of an order-disorder transition, and the methodology is applied to published data for multiple samples. The result is a method for predicting the particle removal efficiency of filters used in masks based on a material-level property.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. A. Makin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008 USA
| | - K. R. York
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008 USA
| | - A. S. Messecar
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008 USA
| | - S. M. Durbin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008 USA
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Lin Y, Chen W, Meng L, Wang D, Li L. Recent advances in post-stretching processing of polymer films with in situ synchrotron radiation X-ray scattering. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:3599-3612. [PMID: 32232297 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm02554e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The stretch-induced structural evolution mechanism is a long-standing scientific question in the post-stretching processing of polymer films. X-ray scattering, especially a combination of small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS/WAXS), provides a powerful method to study the hierarchical structure of polymer films. Recent advances in synchrotron radiation (SR) light sources and detection techniques allow one to measure the structural evolution of polymer films during post-stretching processing in real time with ultrahigh time resolution, which benefits the understanding on this topic. This review summarizes some recent investigations on post-stretching processing of polymer films, which combine in situ X-ray scattering techniques with purposely designed tensile apparatus in terms of three aspects: uniaxial stretching, biaxial stretching and stretching with chemical reactions. Concerning the polymer bulk, traditional deformation mechanisms like stretch-induced crystallization (SIC), crystal slipping, phase transition and melting-recrystallization are discussed for the uniaxial and biaxial post-stretching of polymer films. New deformation models have been developed to focus on the structural evolution on the length scale of lamellar stacks, which consider the potential microphase separation of the interlamellar amorphous phase and microbuckling. For solution systems, the coupled effects of the mechanical work from external force and the chemical potential from possible chemical reactions are taken into account for the structural evolution during stretching in solution. Roadmaps of structural and morphological evolution in the processing parameter space (i.e., temperature, stress, strain and the concentration of additive in the bath solution) are eventually constructed for precursor films. The accumulation of a structural evolution database for post-stretching processing of polymer films can be expected to provide a helpful guide for industrial processing for high-performance polymers in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanfei Lin
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China. and South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Chen
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
| | - Lingpu Meng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
| | - Daoliang Wang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
| | - Liangbin Li
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
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14
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Hiejima Y, Kida T, Nitta KH. In situ Raman Spectroscopic Observation of Polymer Chains in Semi-Crystalline Polyethylene Solids. Z PHYS CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/zpch-2020-1618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In situ Raman spectroscopy is applied for polyethylene solid under various environments to elucidate the morphological and conformational changes. The trans conformation retains up to higher temperature for high-density polyethylene, reflecting higher stability of the orthorhombic crystals composed of stacked trans chains. It is suggested that the conversion of the non-crystalline trans chains to the crystalline phase is the microscopic origin of thermal history in the crystallinity, whereas the transformation between the trans and gauche conformers is practically in thermal equilibrium. Microscopic and dynamic mechanism of deformation during uniaxial stretching is investigated for the molecular orientation and the microscopic load sharing on the crystalline and amorphous chains. Lower crystallinity results in smoother and higher orientation toward the stretching direction, as well as higher load on the amorphous chains, during tensile elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Hiejima
- Department of Chemical and Materials Science , Kanazawa University, Kakuma Campus , Kanazawa 920-1192 , Japan
| | - Takumitsu Kida
- Department of Chemical and Materials Science , Kanazawa University, Kakuma Campus , Kanazawa 920-1192 , Japan
| | - Koh-hei Nitta
- Department of Chemical and Materials Science , Kanazawa University, Kakuma Campus , Kanazawa 920-1192 , Japan
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15
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Orientation behavior and deformation mechanism of polyethylene gels during cold drawing determined by in situ Raman spectroscopy. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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16
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Yang J, Hong B, Wang N, Li X, Huang X, Bao Y, Xie C, Hao H. Thermodynamics and molecular mechanism of the formation of the cocrystals of p-hydroxybenzoic acid and glutaric acid. CrystEngComm 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ce01092k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The thermodynamics and molecular mechanism of the formation of a new cocrystal of p-hydroxybenzoic acid and glutaric acid were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyue Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
| | - Baohong Hong
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
| | - Na Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
| | - Xin Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
| | - Xin Huang
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
| | - Ying Bao
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
| | - Chuang Xie
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
| | - Hongxun Hao
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
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