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Dolynchuk O, Schmode P, Fischer M, Thelakkat M, Thurn-Albrecht T. Elucidating the Effect of Interfacial Interactions on Crystal Orientations in Thin Films of Polythiophenes. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr Dolynchuk
- Experimental Polymer Physics, Institute of Physics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 3, D-06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Philip Schmode
- Applied Functional Polymers, Macromolecular Chemistry I, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, D-95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Matthias Fischer
- Experimental Polymer Physics, Institute of Physics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 3, D-06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Mukundan Thelakkat
- Applied Functional Polymers, Macromolecular Chemistry I, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, D-95447 Bayreuth, Germany
- Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, D-95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Thomas Thurn-Albrecht
- Experimental Polymer Physics, Institute of Physics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 3, D-06120 Halle, Germany
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2
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Ishige R, Tanaka K, Ando S. Quantitative analysis of stereoscopic molecular orientations in thermally reactive and heterogeneous noncrystalline thin films via variable-temperature infrared pMAIRS and GI-XRD. Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-020-00458-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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3
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Nagamatsu S, Pandey SS. Ordered arrangement of F4TCNQ anions in three-dimensionally oriented P3HT thin films. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20020. [PMID: 33208776 PMCID: PMC7674482 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77022-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
An ordered arrangement of electron-accepting molecular dopant, 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4TCNQ), in three-dimensionally (3D) oriented poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) film was clarified. The 3D oriented P3HT thin films prepared by the friction-transfer technique were doped with F4TCNQ by dipping into an acetonitrile solution. The presence of F4TCNQ anions in the 3D oriented P3HT thin films was investigated by polarized ultraviolet/visible/near-infrared absorption spectroscopy, grazing incidence X-ray diffractometry, polarized Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and infrared p-polarized multiple-angle incidence resolution spectroscopy (pMAIRS). The F4TCNQ-doped 3D oriented P3HT films showed anisotropic properties in all characterizations. In particular, the anisotropic molecular vibrations from polarized FT-IR and pMAIRS have clearly revealed orientations of polymeric chains and molecular dopant molecules. Considering the results from several independent techniques indicated that F4TCNQ anions in the 3D oriented P3HT were orderly arranged in a 3D manner with respect to the 3D oriented P3HT such that their molecular long-axis parallel to the P3HT backbone, with in-plane molecular orientation. Additionally, the direction of the optical transition moment of the F4TCNQ anion was found to be parallel to the molecular short-axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuichi Nagamatsu
- Department of Physics and Information Technology, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 680-4 Kawazu, Iizuka, Fukuoka, 820-8502, Japan.
| | - Shyam S Pandey
- Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 2-4 Hibikino, Wakamatsu-ku, Kitakyushu, 808-0196, Japan
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4
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Abdul Aziz MZ, Higashimine K, Shioya N, Shimoaka T, Hasegawa T, Sakai H, Vohra V, Murata H. Controlling the concentration gradient in sequentially deposited bilayer organic solar cells via rubbing and annealing. RSC Adv 2020; 10:37529-37537. [PMID: 35521271 PMCID: PMC9057144 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra05991a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We elucidate the formation mechanism of adequate vertical concentration gradients in sequentially deposited poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) and phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) bilayer solar cells. Using advanced analytical techniques, we clarify the origins of the enhanced photovoltaic performances of as-deposited and annealed bilayer P3HT/PCBM organic solar cells upon P3HT layer rubbing prior to PCBM deposition. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy reveals the individual effects of rubbing and annealing on the formation of adequate concentration gradients in the photoactive layers. Repetitive rubbing of P3HT strongly affects the active layer nanomorphology, forming an intermixed layer in the as-deposited devices which is retained after the annealing process. Infrared p-polarized multiple-angle incidence resolution spectrometry measurements indicate that rubbing induces a minor reorganization of the P3HT molecules in the polymer-only thin films towards face-on orientation. However, the deposition of the upper PCBM layer reverts the P3HT molecules back to their original orientation. These findings suggest that the formation of an adequate concentration gradient upon rubbing corresponds to the dominant contribution to the improved photovoltaic characteristics of rubbed bilayer organic solar cells. Using the reference low bandgap copolymer PCDTBT, we demonstrate that rubbing can be successfully applied to increase the photovoltaic performances of PCDTBT/PCBM organic solar cells. We also demonstrate that rubbing can be an efficient and versatile strategy to improve the power conversion efficiency of non-fullerene solar cells by using the reference materials in the field, PBDB-T and ITIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Zaidan Abdul Aziz
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Nomi Ishikawa 923-1292 Japan
| | - Koichi Higashimine
- Center for Nano Materials and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Nomi Ishikawa 923-1292 Japan
| | - Nobutaka Shioya
- Laboratory of Chemistry for Functionalized Surfaces, Division of Environmental Chemistry, Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University Gokasho, Uji Kyoto 611-0011 Japan
| | - Takafumi Shimoaka
- Laboratory of Chemistry for Functionalized Surfaces, Division of Environmental Chemistry, Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University Gokasho, Uji Kyoto 611-0011 Japan
| | - Takeshi Hasegawa
- Laboratory of Chemistry for Functionalized Surfaces, Division of Environmental Chemistry, Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University Gokasho, Uji Kyoto 611-0011 Japan
| | - Heisuke Sakai
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Nomi Ishikawa 923-1292 Japan
| | - Varun Vohra
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Electro-Communications Chofu 182-8585 Japan
| | - Hideyuki Murata
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Nomi Ishikawa 923-1292 Japan
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5
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Hasegawa T, Shioya N. MAIRS: Innovation of Molecular Orientation Analysis in a Thin Film. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2020. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20200139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Hasegawa
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Shioya
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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6
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Guo XS, Zhang ZK, Zhang TY, Tong ZZ, Xu JT, Fan ZQ. Interfacial self-assembly of amphiphilic conjugated block copolymer into 2D nanotapes. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:8790-8799. [PMID: 31595944 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm01503e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, the evaporation-induced interfacial self-assembly behavior of an amphiphilic conjugated polymer, poly(3-hexylthiophene)-b-poly(acrylic acid) (P3HT-b-PAA), at the oil-water interface is explored. Novel 2D nanotapes of P3HT-b-PAA are prepared via the interfacial self-assembly. It is inferred that P3HT segments adopt a special conformation at the oil-water interface, which facilitates the packing of alkyl side chains and π-π interaction. The UV-vis spectrum further confirms that the ordering degree of P3HT segments is increased while transmission IR and Raman spectroscopic studies suggest that the P3HT chains adopt a more planar conformation at the oil-water interface. It is proposed that the formation of the nanotapes is driven by the ordered packing of the P3HT chains at the oil-water interface. Finally, the packing model of the P3HT chains inside the nanotapes is roughly proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Shuai Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Ze-Kun Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Tian-Yu Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zai-Zai Tong
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology (ATMT), Ministry of Education, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Jun-Ting Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Fan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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7
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Tomita K, Shioya N, Shimoaka T, Eda K, Hasegawa T. Two-Dimensional Film Growth of Zinc Tetraphenylporphyrin with the Aid of Solvent Coordination. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2019. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20190100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazutaka Tomita
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Shioya
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Takafumi Shimoaka
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Kazuo Eda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokko-dai, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Takeshi Hasegawa
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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8
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Shioya N, Tomita K, Shimoaka T, Hasegawa T. Second Generation of Multiple-Angle Incidence Resolution Spectrometry. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:7177-7183. [PMID: 31328919 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b05316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Infrared surface spectroscopic techniques commonly have long-term issues that (1) the multiple reflections of light in the substrate yield optical interference fringes in the absorption spectrum and (2) the double modulation of light at the interferometer in a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer makes the water-vapor subtraction impossible. These measurement troubles often disturb the quantitative analysis of chemical bands of the analyte thin film. Multiple-angle incidence resolution spectrometry (MAIRS) is not an exception in this matter, either. In the present study, the long-term common issues have first been resolved by fixing the angle of incidence at a large angle, whereas the polarization angle is changed. With this simple conceptual change of MAIRS, as a result, we are ready for concentrating on spectral analysis only without concerning about the measurement troubles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobutaka Shioya
- Laboratory of Chemistry for Functionalized Surfaces, Division of Environmental Chemistry, Institute for Chemical Research , Kyoto University , Gokasho, Uji , Kyoto 611-0011 , Japan
| | - Kazutaka Tomita
- Laboratory of Chemistry for Functionalized Surfaces, Division of Environmental Chemistry, Institute for Chemical Research , Kyoto University , Gokasho, Uji , Kyoto 611-0011 , Japan
| | - Takafumi Shimoaka
- Laboratory of Chemistry for Functionalized Surfaces, Division of Environmental Chemistry, Institute for Chemical Research , Kyoto University , Gokasho, Uji , Kyoto 611-0011 , Japan
| | - Takeshi Hasegawa
- Laboratory of Chemistry for Functionalized Surfaces, Division of Environmental Chemistry, Institute for Chemical Research , Kyoto University , Gokasho, Uji , Kyoto 611-0011 , Japan
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9
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Abstract
Pentacene attracts a great deal of attention as a basic material used in organic thin-film transistors for many years. Pentacene is known to form a highly ordered structure in a thin film, in which the molecular long axis aligns perpendicularly to the substrate surface, i.e., end-on orientation. On the other hand, the face-on oriented thin film, where the molecular plane is parallel to the substrate, has never been found on an inert substrate represented by SiO2. As a result, the face-on orientation has long been believed to be generated only on specific substrates such as a metal single crystal. In the present study, the face-on orientation grown on a SiO2 surface has first been identified by means of visible and infrared p-polarized multiple-angle incidence resolution spectrometry (pMAIRS) together with two-dimensional grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (2D-GIXD). The combination of the multiple techniques readily reveals that the face-on phase is definitely realized as the dominant component. The face-on film is obtained when the film growth is kinetically restricted to be prevented from transforming into the thermodynamically stable structure, i.e., the end-on orientation. This concept is useful for controlling the molecular orientation in general organic semiconductor thin films.
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10
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Seifrid M, Oosterhout SD, Toney MF, Bazan GC. Kinetic Versus Thermodynamic Orientational Preferences for a Series of Isomorphic Molecular Semiconductors. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:10198-10204. [PMID: 31459148 PMCID: PMC6645468 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Due to the anisotropic nature of charge transport through most organic semiconductors, the orientation of the conjugated backbone is of great relevance because it may affect final device properties. Herein, we present a set of four nearly isostructural molecular organic semiconducting materials whose orientation changes drastically with a two-atom change in the conjugated framework. We investigate the X-ray diffraction patterns of these materials in the thin film, both as-deposited from solution and following melt-annealing. Following melt-annealing of the films, crystallites of all four materials orient edge-on with respect to the substrate, which indicates that this orientation is thermodynamically preferred. We can infer that the initial face-on orientation of some of the materials is due to kinetic trapping during the spin-coating process. Previous observations from the literature suggest that the edge-on orientation is the thermodynamically preferable state for many organic semiconducting materials. However, a cohesive explanation for this phenomenon remains elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin
T. Seifrid
- Center
for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Building 232, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Stefan D. Oosterhout
- Stanford
Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC
National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo
Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Michael F. Toney
- Stanford
Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC
National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo
Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Guillermo C. Bazan
- Center
for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Building 232, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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11
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Abiko K, Kato Y. Analysis of the Molecular Orientation of Poly(3-hexylthiophene) on Silicon Treated with Silane Coupling Agents, by Infrared p-Polarized Multiple-angle Incidence Resolution Spectrometry. CHEM LETT 2018. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.171059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katsutoshi Abiko
- Toyota Central R&D Labs., Inc., 41-1 Yokomichi, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1192, Japan
| | - Yuichi Kato
- Toyota Central R&D Labs., Inc., 41-1 Yokomichi, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1192, Japan
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12
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Sugimoto S, Inutsuka M, Kawaguchi D, Tanaka K. Reorientation Kinetics of Local Conformation of Polyisoprene at Substrate Interface. ACS Macro Lett 2018; 7:85-89. [PMID: 35610922 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.7b00927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The performance of a polymer composite material, in which inorganic fillers are dispersed, is closely related to the aggregation states and dynamics of polymer chains at the interface with the filler. In this study, the local conformation of polyisoprene (PI) at a quartz substrate interface was studied as a model system for the rubber/filler composite material. PI films were prepared from a toluene solution onto quartz substrates by a spin-coating method. Sum-frequency generation spectroscopy revealed that the local conformation of PI chains at the quartz interface depended on the spinning rate. The tilt angle of methyl groups increased with the rotational speed, probably due to the centrifugal force applied to chains and probably also the evaporation rate of the solvent during the solidification process. This result indicates that the interfacial orientation of PI chains can remain even at room temperature, which is 87 K higher than the bulk glass transition temperature (Tgb). The interfacial orientation disappeared at a temperature approximately 120 K higher than Tgb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Sugimoto
- Department
of Automotive Science, ‡Department of Applied Chemistry, §Education Center for
Global Leaders in Molecular Systems for Devices, and ∥International Institute for Carbon-Neutral
Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Manabu Inutsuka
- Department
of Automotive Science, ‡Department of Applied Chemistry, §Education Center for
Global Leaders in Molecular Systems for Devices, and ∥International Institute for Carbon-Neutral
Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kawaguchi
- Department
of Automotive Science, ‡Department of Applied Chemistry, §Education Center for
Global Leaders in Molecular Systems for Devices, and ∥International Institute for Carbon-Neutral
Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Keiji Tanaka
- Department
of Automotive Science, ‡Department of Applied Chemistry, §Education Center for
Global Leaders in Molecular Systems for Devices, and ∥International Institute for Carbon-Neutral
Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
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13
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Ishige R, Tanaka K, Ando S. In Situ Analysis of Chain Orientation Behavior in Thin Film Aromatic Polyimides by Variable Temperature pMAIRS during Thermal Imidization. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201700370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei Ishige
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering; School of Materials and Chemical Technology; Tokyo Institute of Technology; E4-5, 2-12-1 Ookayama Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8552 Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Tanaka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering; School of Materials and Chemical Technology; Tokyo Institute of Technology; E4-5, 2-12-1 Ookayama Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8552 Japan
| | - Shinji Ando
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering; School of Materials and Chemical Technology; Tokyo Institute of Technology; E4-5, 2-12-1 Ookayama Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8552 Japan
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14
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Zhang B, Chen J, Liu B, Wang B, Shen C, Reiter R, Chen J, Reiter G. Morphological Changes of Isotactic Polypropylene Crystals Grown in Thin Films. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiajia Chen
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Baochen Liu
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Binghua Wang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Changyu Shen
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Renate Reiter
- Institute
of Physics and Freiburg Materials Research Center, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jingbo Chen
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Günter Reiter
- Institute
of Physics and Freiburg Materials Research Center, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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Umeyama T, Shibata S, Miyata T, Igarashi K, Koganezawa T, Imahori H. Regioisomer effects of [70]PCBM on film structures and photovoltaic properties of composite films with a crystalline conjugated polymer P3HT. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra08618k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The β-isomer of [70]PCBM induced a face-on P3HT packing, resulting in the superior hole mobility and photovoltaic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomokazu Umeyama
- Department of Molecular Engineering
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 615-8510
- Japan
| | - Sho Shibata
- Department of Molecular Engineering
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 615-8510
- Japan
| | - Tetsushi Miyata
- Department of Molecular Engineering
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 615-8510
- Japan
| | - Kensho Igarashi
- Department of Molecular Engineering
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 615-8510
- Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Imahori
- Department of Molecular Engineering
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 615-8510
- Japan
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