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Yoshihara E, Nabil A, Iijima M, Ebara M. A Comparative Study of "Grafting to" and "Grafting from" Conjugation Methods for the Preparation of Antibody-Temperature-Responsive Polymer Conjugates. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:22043-22050. [PMID: 38799371 PMCID: PMC11112704 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Early diagnosis of infectious diseases is still challenging particularly in a nonlaboratory environment or limited resources areas. Thus, sensitive, inexpensive, and easily handled diagnostic approaches are required. The lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) is commonly used in the screening of infectious diseases despite its poor sensitivity, especially with low pathogenic loads (early stages of infection). This article introduces a novel polymeric material that might help in the enrichment and concentration of pathogens to overcome the LFIA misdiagnosis. To achieve this, we evaluated the efficiency of introducing poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) into immunoglobulin G (IgG) as a model antibody using two different conjugation methods: grafting to (GT) and grafting from (GF). The IgG-PNIPAAm conjugates were characterized using SDS-PAGE, DLS, and temperature-responsive phase transition behavior. SDS-PAGE analysis revealed that the GF method was more efficient in introducing the polymer than the GT method, with calculated polymer introduction ratios of 61% and 34%, respectively. The GF method proved to be less susceptible to steric hindrance and more efficient in introducing high-molecular-weight polymers into proteins. These results are consistent with previous studies comparing the GT and GF methods in similar systems. This study represents an important step toward understanding how the choice of polymer incorporation method affects the properties of IgG-PNIPAAm conjugates. The synthesized polymer allowed binding and enrichment of mouse IgG that was used as a model antigen with a clear LFIA band. On the basis of our findings, this system might help in improving the sensitivity of simple diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Yoshihara
- Research
Center for Macromolecules and Biomaterials, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
- Graduate
School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University
of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
| | - Ahmed Nabil
- Research
Center for Macromolecules and Biomaterials, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
- Biotechnology
and Life Sciences Department, Faculty of Postgraduate Studies for
Advanced Sciences (PSAS), Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
- Egyptian
Liver Research Institute and Hospital (ELRIAH), El Mansoura 35511, Egypt
| | - Michihiro Iijima
- Department
of Materials Chemistry and Bioengineering, National Institute of Technology, Oyama College (NIT, Oyama College), 771 Nakakuki, Oyama 323-0806, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Ebara
- Research
Center for Macromolecules and Biomaterials, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
- Graduate
School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University
of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
- Graduate
School of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-0825, Japan
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2
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Song X, Man J, Qiu Y, Wang J, Liu J, Li R, Zhang Y, Li J, Li J, Chen Y. Design, preparation, and characterization of lubricating polymer brushes for biomedical applications. Acta Biomater 2024; 175:76-105. [PMID: 38128641 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The lubrication modification of biomedical devices significantly enhances the functionality of implanted interventional medical devices, thereby providing additional benefits for patients. Polymer brush coating provides a convenient and efficient method for surface modification while ensuring the preservation of the substrate's original properties. The current research has focused on a "trial and error" method to finding polymer brushes with superior lubricity qualities, which is time-consuming and expensive, as obtaining effective and long-lasting lubricity properties for polymer brushes is difficult. This review summarizes recent research advances in the biomedical field in the design, material selection, preparation, and characterization of lubricating and antifouling polymer brushes, which follow the polymer brush development process. This review begins by examining various approaches to polymer brush design, including molecular dynamics simulation and machine learning, from the fundamentals of polymer brush lubrication. Recent advancements in polymer brush design are then synthesized and potential avenues for future research are explored. Emphasis is placed on the burgeoning field of zwitterionic polymer brushes, and highlighting the broad prospects of supramolecular polymer brushes based on host-guest interactions in the field of self-repairing polymer brush applications. The review culminates by providing a summary of methodologies for characterizing the structural and functional attributes of polymer brushes. It is believed that a development approach for polymer brushes based on "design-material selection-preparation-characterization" can be created, easing the challenge of creating polymer brushes with high-performance lubricating qualities and enabling the on-demand creation of coatings. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Biomedical devices have severe lubrication modification needs, and surface lubrication modification by polymer brush coating is currently the most promising means. However, the design and preparation of polymer brushes often involves "iterative testing" to find polymer brushes with excellent lubrication properties, which is both time-consuming and expensive. This review proposes a polymer brush development process based on the "design-material selection-preparation-characterization" strategy and summarizes recent research advances and trends in the design, material selection, preparation, and characterization of polymer brushes. This review will help polymer brush researchers by alleviating the challenges of creating polymer brushes with high-performance lubricity and promises to enable the on-demand construction of polymer brush lubrication coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhong Song
- Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanicalanufacture of Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, PR China; Key National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical Engineering Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, PR China
| | - Jia Man
- Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanicalanufacture of Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, PR China; Key National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical Engineering Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, PR China.
| | - Yinghua Qiu
- Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanicalanufacture of Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, PR China; Key National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical Engineering Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, PR China
| | - Jiali Wang
- Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, PR China
| | - Jianing Liu
- Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, PR China
| | - Ruijian Li
- Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, PR China
| | - Yongqi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanicalanufacture of Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, PR China; Key National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical Engineering Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, PR China
| | - Jianyong Li
- Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanicalanufacture of Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, PR China; Key National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical Engineering Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, PR China
| | - Jianfeng Li
- Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanicalanufacture of Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, PR China; Key National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical Engineering Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, PR China
| | - Yuguo Chen
- Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, PR China
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Serrano MP, Subramanian S, von Bilderling C, Rafti M, Vollmer F. "Grafting-To" Covalent Binding of Plasmonic Nanoparticles onto Silica WGM Microresonators: Mechanically Robust Single-Molecule Sensors and Determination of Activation Energies from Single-Particle Events. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:3455. [PMID: 37050513 PMCID: PMC10098601 DOI: 10.3390/s23073455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
We hereby present a novel "grafting-to"-like approach for the covalent attachment of plasmonic nanoparticles (PNPs) onto whispering gallery mode (WGM) silica microresonators. Mechanically stable optoplasmonic microresonators were employed for sensing single-particle and single-molecule interactions in real time, allowing for the differentiation between binding and non-binding events. An approximated value of the activation energy for the silanization reaction occurring during the "grafting-to" approach was obtained using the Arrhenius equation; the results agree with available values from both bulk experiments and ab initio calculations. The "grafting-to" method combined with the functionalization of the plasmonic nanoparticle with appropriate receptors, such as single-stranded DNA, provides a robust platform for probing specific single-molecule interactions under biologically relevant conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana P. Serrano
- INIFTA-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata B1900, Argentina
| | - Sivaraman Subramanian
- Living Systems Institute, Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Catalina von Bilderling
- INIFTA-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata B1900, Argentina
| | - Matías Rafti
- INIFTA-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata B1900, Argentina
| | - Frank Vollmer
- Living Systems Institute, Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
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Electrical Properties of Polyetherimide-Based Nanocomposites Filled with Reduced Graphene Oxide and Graphene Oxide-Barium Titanate-Based Hybrid Nanoparticles. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14204266. [PMID: 36297843 PMCID: PMC9611699 DOI: 10.3390/polym14204266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The electrical properties of nanocomposites based on polyetherimide (PEI) filled with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and a graphene oxide hybrid material obtained from graphene oxide grafted with poly(monomethyl itaconate) (PMMI) modified with barium titanate nanoparticles (BTN) getting (GO-g-PMMI/BTN) were studied. The results indicated that the nanocomposite filled with GO-g-PMMI/BTN had almost the same electrical conductivity as PEI (1 × 10−11 S/cm). However, the nanocomposite containing 10 wt.% rGO and 10 wt.% GO-g-PMMI/BTN as fillers showed an electrical conductivity in the order of 1 × 10−7 S/cm. This electrical conductivity is higher than that obtained for nanocomposites filled with 10% rGO (1 × 10−8 S/cm). The combination of rGO and GO-g-PMMI/BTN as filler materials generates a synergistic effect within the polymeric matrix of the nanocomposite favoring the increase in the electrical conductivity of the system.
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5
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Rubio N, Suter T, Rana Z, Clancy AJ, Masuda S, Au H, Coulter G, Sirisinudomkit P, McMillan PF, Howard CA, Mattevi C, Brett DJL, Shaffer MSP. Platinum deposition on functionalised graphene for corrosion resistant oxygen reduction electrodes. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. A 2022; 10:20121-20127. [PMID: 36277421 PMCID: PMC9514556 DOI: 10.1039/d2ta03487e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Graphene-related materials are promising supports for electrocatalysts due to their stability and high surface area. Their innate surface chemistries can be controlled and tuned via functionalisation to improve the stability of both the carbon support and the metal catalyst. Functionalised graphenes were prepared using either aryl diazonium functionalisation or non-destructive chemical reduction, to provide groups adapted for platinum deposition. XPS and TGA-MS measurements confirmed the presence of polyethyleneglycol and sulfur-containing functional groups, and provided consistent values for the extent of the reactions. The deposited platinum nanoparticles obtained were consistently around 2 nm via reductive chemistry and around 4 nm via the diazonium route. Although these graphene-supported electrocatalysts provided a lower electrochemical surface area (ECSA), functionalised samples showed enhanced specific activity compared to a commercial platinum/carbon black system. Accelerated stress testing (AST) showed improved durability for the functionalised graphenes compared to the non-functionalised materials, attributed to edge passivation and catalyst particle anchoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Rubio
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Alcala Madrid 28802 Spain
- Department of Chemistry, MSRH, Imperial College London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Theo Suter
- Electrochemical Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London London WC1H 0AJ UK
| | - Zahra Rana
- Electrochemical Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London London WC1H 0AJ UK
| | - Adam J Clancy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London London SW7 2AZ UK
- Department of Chemistry, University College London London WC1H 0AJ UK
| | - Seigo Masuda
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Heather Au
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Gabriel Coulter
- Department of Chemistry, MSRH, Imperial College London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Pichamon Sirisinudomkit
- Department of Chemistry, MSRH, Imperial College London W12 0BZ UK
- Department of Mining and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University Hat Yai 90110 Songkhla Thailand
| | - Paul F McMillan
- Department of Chemistry, University College London London WC1H 0AJ UK
| | - Christopher A Howard
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London London WC1H 0AJ UK
| | | | - Dan J L Brett
- Electrochemical Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London London WC1H 0AJ UK
| | - Milo S P Shaffer
- Department of Chemistry, MSRH, Imperial College London W12 0BZ UK
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London SW7 2AZ UK
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6
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Gao K, Huang Y, Han Y, Gao Y, Dong C, Liu J, Li F, Zhang L. Designing Heterogeneous Surfaces of Two-Dimensional Nanosheets to Maximize Mechanical Reinforcing of Polymer Nanocomposites via Molecular Dynamics Simulation. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Gao
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100013, People’s Republic of China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Advanced Elastomers, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100013, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100013, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongdi Huang
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100013, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yue Han
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100013, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yangyang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100013, People’s Republic of China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Advanced Elastomers, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100013, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100013, People’s Republic of China
| | - Caibo Dong
- Institute of Automation, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100013, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100013, People’s Republic of China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Advanced Elastomers, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100013, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100013, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fanzhu Li
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100013, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liqun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100013, People’s Republic of China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Advanced Elastomers, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100013, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100013, People’s Republic of China
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7
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Rubio N, Au H, Coulter GO, Guetaz L, Gebel G, Mattevi C, Shaffer MSP. Effect of graphene flake size on functionalisation: quantifying reaction extent and imaging locus with single Pt atom tags. Chem Sci 2021; 12:14907-14919. [PMID: 34820107 PMCID: PMC8597866 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01958a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, the locus of functionalisation on graphene-related materials and the progress of the reaction is shown to depend strongly on the starting feedstock. Five characteristically different graphite sources were exfoliated and functionalized using a non-destructive chemical reduction method. These archetypical examples were compared via a model reaction, grafting dodecyl addends, evaluated with TGA-MS, XPS and Raman data. A general increase in grafting ratio (ranging from 1.1 wt% up to 25 wt%) and an improvement in grafting stoichiometry (C/R) were observed as flake radius decreased. Raman spectrum imaging of the functionalised natural flake graphite identified that grafting is directed towards flake edges. This behaviour was further corroborated, at atomistic resolution, by functionalising the graphene layers with bipyridine groups able to complex single platinum atoms. The distribution of these groups was then directly imaged using aberration-corrected HAADF-STEM. Platinum atoms were found to be homogeneously distributed across smaller graphenes; in contrast, a more heterogeneous distribution, with a predominance of edge grafting was observed for larger graphites. These observations show that grafting is directed towards flake edges, but not necessary at edge sites; the mechanism is attributed to the relative inaccessibility of the inner basal plane to reactive moieties, resulting in kinetically driven grafting nearer flake edges. This phenomenology may be relevant to a wide range of reactions on graphenes and other 2d materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Rubio
- Departments of Chemistry & Materials, Imperial College London London UK
| | - Heather Au
- Departments of Chemistry & Materials, Imperial College London London UK
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London London UK
| | - Gabriel O Coulter
- Departments of Chemistry & Materials, Imperial College London London UK
| | - Laure Guetaz
- University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LITEN 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9 France
| | - Gerard Gebel
- University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LITEN 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9 France
| | | | - Milo S P Shaffer
- Departments of Chemistry & Materials, Imperial College London London UK
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8
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Recent advances in the study of structure and properties of fiber composites with an epoxy matrix. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-021-02783-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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9
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Li M, Blum NT, Wu J, Lin J, Huang P. Weaving Enzymes with Polymeric Shells for Biomedical Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2008438. [PMID: 34197008 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202008438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Enzyme therapeutics have received increasing attention due to their high biological specificity, outstanding catalytic efficiency, and impressive therapeutic outcomes. Protecting and delivering enzymes into target cells while retaining enzyme catalytic efficiency is a big challenge. Wrapping of enzymes with rational designed polymer shells, rather than trapping them into large nanoparticles such as liposomes, have been widely explored because they can protect the folded state of the enzyme and make post-functionalization easier. In this review, the methods for wrapping up enzymes with protective polymer shells are mainly focused on. It is aimed to provide a toolbox for the rational design of polymeric enzymes by introducing methods for the preparation of polymeric enzymes including physical adsorption and chemical conjugation with specific examples of these conjugates/hybrid applications. Finally, a conclusion is drawn and key points are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, International Cancer Center, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET), School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Nicholas Thomas Blum
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, International Cancer Center, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET), School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Jiayingzi Wu
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, International Cancer Center, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET), School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, International Cancer Center, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET), School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Peng Huang
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, International Cancer Center, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET), School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
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Hu J, Song Y, Ning N, Zhang L, Yu B, Tian M. An effective strategy for improving the interface adhesion of the immiscible methyl vinyl silicone elastomer/thermoplastic polyurethane blends via developing a hybrid janus particle with amphiphilic brush. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.123375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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11
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Zheng X, Wang J, Rao J. The Chemistry in Surface Functionalization of Nanoparticles for Molecular Imaging. Mol Imaging 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816386-3.00021-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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12
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Sun C, Zhao J, Zhang D, Guo H, Wang X, Hu H. Covalent functionalization of boron nitride nanosheets via reductive activation. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:18379-18389. [PMID: 32870231 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr02850a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hexagonal boron nitride is well known for its unique structure and excellent physical properties, particularly in hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs) with high potential in multiple technological applications. However, its severe layer-by-layer aggregation and incompatibility with processing liquids or condensed phase materials pose a great challenge. Covalent functionalization of BNNSs has been a common approach to address these critical issues, yet it is extremely difficult to carry out due to the chemical inertness of BNNSs. In this study, we report a novel and general route to covalently functionalize BNNSs via a simple reduction reaction. This involves initial negative charging through effective reductive activation which enables subsequent reactions with various organic alkyl halides. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results confirm that linear alkyl chains with varying lengths are successfully grafted onto BNNSs, which leads to matched compatibility with organic media and the exfoliation level of few-layer thickness. The increase of the alkyl chain length considerably promotes their solubility in organic solvents with iodoalkanes as the most efficient grafting agents. Incorporation of alkylated BNNSs into a polymer matrix at low filler loadings leads to significant enhancements in mechanical properties over neat polymers, suggesting their exceptional reinforcement for polymer nanocomposites. This facile and scalable reductive chemistry route is applicable to versatile chemical modifications of BNNSs with diverse functional groups and grafting agents by reactions with suitable electrophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjiu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, No. 53 Zhengzhou Road, Qingdao 266042, China
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13
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Clancy AJ, Au H, Rubio N, Coulter GO, Shaffer MSP. Understanding and controlling the covalent functionalisation of graphene. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:10308-10318. [PMID: 32643711 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt01589j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chemical functionalisation is one of the most active areas of graphene research, motivated by fundamental science, the opportunities to adjust or supplement intrinsic properties, and the need to assemble materials for a broad array of applications. Historically, the primary consideration has been the degree of functionalisation but there is growing interest in understanding how and where modification occurs. Reactions may proceed preferentially at edges, defects, or on graphitic faces; they may be correlated, uncorrelated, or anti-correlated with previously grafted sites. A detailed collation of existing literature data indicates that steric effects play a strong role in limiting the extent of reaction. However, the pattern of functionalisation may have important effects on the resulting properties. This article addresses the unifying principles of current graphene functionalisation technologies, with emphasis on understanding and controlling the locus of functionalisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Clancy
- Dept. Chemistry, UCL, Gower Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK.
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14
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Eckhart KE, Starvaggi FA, Sydlik SA. One-Shot Synthesis of Peptide Amphiphiles with Applications in Directed Graphenic Assembly. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:3878-3886. [PMID: 32687328 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
High molecular weight, synthetic block copolypeptides that self-assemble are in high demand for biomedical applications. The current standard method for synthesis of block copolypeptides is the controlled ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of α-amino acid N-carboxyanhydride (NCA) monomers, where block architectures can be created by sequential NCA monomer addition. Recently, researchers have focused on developing reaction conditions and initiation systems that make NCA ROP more convenient, particularly for interdisciplinary labs without designated polypeptide facilities. In an effort to further simplify and increase the convenience of polypeptide synthesis, we developed a one-shot copolymerization strategy that allows access to block copolypeptides by capitalizing on the inherently faster reactivity of NCA monomers, compared to NTA (N-thiocarboxyanhydride) monomers. For the first time, we combine an NCA and NTA monomer in one reaction to kinetically promote block copolypeptide formation, providing a convenient alternative to sequential monomer addition. The controlled nature of this copolymerization technique is supported by a molecular weight that is modulated by the concentration of the initiator and low dispersities. We used this one-shot copolymerization to synthesize p(lysine)-b-p(leucine), a known peptide amphiphile (PA). Our one-shot PAs are antimicrobial and can spontaneously form ordered, micron-scale assemblies. Covalent conjugation of one-shot PAs to a graphenic backbone results in a functional graphenic material (FGM) with a self-assembled morphology, paving the way for creation of sophisticated FGM scaffolds with polypeptide-templated, hierarchical order. Overall, we demonstrate that this novel, one-shot copolymerization strategy produces functional copolypeptides with macroscopic sequence control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karoline E Eckhart
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Francesca A Starvaggi
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Stefanie A Sydlik
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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15
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Randall JD, Stanfield MK, Eyckens DJ, Pinson J, Henderson LC. Expanding the Scope of Surface Grafted Polymers Using Electroinitiated Polymerization. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:7217-7226. [PMID: 32437618 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The ability to rapidly modify the surface of materials is a powerful means of tailoring interfaces and interphases for a variety of applications. In this work, we demonstrate the extensive scope of an electrochemically mediated surface modification technique, able to install a range of surface grafted polymers of varying polarity and functionality. The irreversible reduction of aryldiazonium salts initiates polymer growth and provides a "priming layer" for the polymers to attach to, covalently anchoring them to the surface. We show the broad applicability of this technique through polymerization of 19 acrylate monomers, as well as a noncarbonyl bearing monomer species, styrene. Surface bound films were characterized using FT-IR, ellipsometry, and water contact angle.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Randall
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Melissa K Stanfield
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Daniel J Eyckens
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Jean Pinson
- Université Paris, ITODYS, CNRS, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Luke C Henderson
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
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16
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17
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Zou Y, Ito S, Yoshino F, Suzuki Y, Zhao L, Komatsu N. Polyglycerol Grafting Shields Nanoparticles from Protein Corona Formation to Avoid Macrophage Uptake. ACS NANO 2020; 14:7216-7226. [PMID: 32379425 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c02289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Upon contact with biofluids, proteins are quickly adsorbed onto the nanoparticle (NP) surface to form a protein corona, which initiates the opsonization and facilitates the rapid clearance of the NP by macrophage uptake. Although polyethylene glycol (PEG) functionalization has been the standard approach to evade macrophage uptake by reducing protein adsorption, it cannot fully eliminate nonspecific uptake. Herein, polyglycerol (PG) grafting is demonstrated as a better alternative to PEG. NPs of various size and material were grafted with PG and PEG at 30, 20, and 10 wt % contents by controlling the reaction conditions, and the resulting NP-PG and NP-PEG were characterized qualitatively by IR spectroscopy and quantitatively by thermogravimetric analysis. Their resistivity to adsorption of the proteins in fetal bovine serum and human plasma were compared by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, bicinchoninic acid assay, and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, giving a consistent conclusion that PG shields protein adsorption more efficiently than does PEG. The macrophage uptake was assayed by transmission electron microscopy and by extinction spectroscopy or inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, revealing that PG avoids macrophage uptake more efficiently than does PEG. In particular, a NP coated with PG at 30 wt % (NP-PG-h) prevents corona formation almost completely, regardless of NP size and core material, leading to the complete evasion of macrophage uptake. Our findings demonstrate that PG grafting is a promising strategy in nanomedicine to improve anti-biofouling property and stealth efficiency in nanoformulations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fumi Yoshino
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta, Otsu 520-2192, Japan
| | | | - Li Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection & School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
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18
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Yan K, Kong H, Cui Z, Fu P, Liu M, Qiao X, Pang X. A Versatile Strategy for Unimolecular Micelle-Derived Hollow Polymer Nanoparticles as General Nanoreactors. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:6690-6697. [PMID: 32493013 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c00673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We reported the synthesis of a well-defined hollow polymer nanoparticle derived from star-shaped unimolecular micelles. β-Cyclodextrin was first applied as an efficient macroinitiator to prepare a star-shaped PCL via ring-opening polymerization (ROP). Then, the star-shaped PCL was modified to be a macro-RAFT agent for photoinduced electron/energy transfer-reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (PET-RAFT) polymerization of S-Cl monomers. The prepared unimolecular micelles can be photocross-linked under UV irradiation after a simple nucleophilic substitution reaction, which made -Cl groups to be -N3 groups. After the selective removal of the PCL core, hollow polymer nanoparticles were achieved and exhibited to be a general nanoreactor strategy for the fabrication of nanocrystals with well-controlled architectures. Compared with unimolecular micelle templates, the nanocrystals prepared by hollow templates are absolutely pure as no polymer chains are embedded in the inorganic nanocrystals. In addition, by changing the concentration of the precursor, the structure of the nanocrystal can be changed from a normal spherical structure to a hollow structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailong Yan
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Living Polymerizations and Functional Nanomaterials, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Huimin Kong
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Living Polymerizations and Functional Nanomaterials, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zhe Cui
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Living Polymerizations and Functional Nanomaterials, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Peng Fu
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Living Polymerizations and Functional Nanomaterials, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Minying Liu
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Living Polymerizations and Functional Nanomaterials, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xiaoguang Qiao
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Living Polymerizations and Functional Nanomaterials, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xinchang Pang
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Living Polymerizations and Functional Nanomaterials, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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19
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Au H, Rubio N, Buckley DJ, Mattevi C, Shaffer MSP. Thermal Decomposition of Ternary Sodium Graphite Intercalation Compounds. Chemistry 2020; 26:6545-6553. [PMID: 32142591 PMCID: PMC7317426 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Graphite intercalation compounds (GICs) are often used to produce exfoliated or functionalised graphene related materials (GRMs) in a specific solvent. This study explores the formation of the Na‐tetrahydrofuran (THF)‐GIC and a new ternary system based on dimethylacetamide (DMAc). Detailed comparisons of in situ temperature dependent XRD with TGA‐MS and Raman measurements reveal a series of dynamic transformations during heating. Surprisingly, the bulk of the intercalation compound is stable under ambient conditions, trapped between the graphene sheets. The heating process drives a reorganisation of the solvent and Na molecules, then an evaporation of the solvent; however, the solvent loss is arrested by restacking of the graphene layers, leading to trapped solvent bubbles. Eventually, the bubbles rupture, releasing the remaining solvent and creating expanded graphite. These trapped dopants may provide useful property enhancements, but also potentially confound measurements of grafting efficiency in liquid‐phase covalent functionalization experiments on 2D materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Au
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.,Department of Chemistry and Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Noelia Rubio
- Department of Chemistry and Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | | | - Cecilia Mattevi
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Milo S P Shaffer
- Department of Chemistry and Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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20
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Bukvic AJ, Crivoi DG, Garwood HG, McKay AI, Chen TTD, Martínez-Martínez AJ, Weller AS. Tolerant to air σ-alkane complexes by surface modification of single crystalline solid-state molecular organometallics using vapour-phase cationic polymerisation: SMOM@polymer. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:4328-4331. [PMID: 32191244 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc01140a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Vapour-phase surface-initiated cationic polymerisation of ethylvinylether occurs at single-crystals of the σ-alkane complex [Rh(Cy2PCH2CH2PCy2)(NBA)][BArF4]. This new surface interface makes these normally very air sensitive materials tolerant to air, while also allowing for onward single-crystal to single-crystal reactivity at metal sites within the lattice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Bukvic
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
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21
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Sun W, Liu W, Wu Z, Chen H. Chemical Surface Modification of Polymeric Biomaterials for Biomedical Applications. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 41:e1900430. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201900430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sun
- College of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Materials ScienceCollaborative Innovation Center for New Type Urbanization and Social Governance of Jiangsu ProvinceSoochow University Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Wenying Liu
- College of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Materials ScienceCollaborative Innovation Center for New Type Urbanization and Social Governance of Jiangsu ProvinceSoochow University Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Zhaoqiang Wu
- College of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Materials ScienceCollaborative Innovation Center for New Type Urbanization and Social Governance of Jiangsu ProvinceSoochow University Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Hong Chen
- College of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Materials ScienceCollaborative Innovation Center for New Type Urbanization and Social Governance of Jiangsu ProvinceSoochow University Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
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22
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Schmidt SJ, Holt BD, Arnold AM, Sydlik SA. Polyester functional graphenic materials as a mechanically enhanced scaffold for tissue regeneration. RSC Adv 2020; 10:8548-8557. [PMID: 35497868 PMCID: PMC9049999 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra10646d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional metal implants such as titanium, cobalt, and chromium have found wide utility in medicine; however, these come with a risk of toxicity. To overcome metal-related toxicity and enable degradability, polyesters including polycaprolactone (PCL), polylactic acid (PLA), and polyglycolic acid (PGA) show promise for the replacement of various biomedical applications of metals due to their accepted biocompatibility and FDA approval. However, polyesters are less stiff than their metallic counterparts, limiting their application to non-load bearing injury sites, such as fixation hardware for fingers. To improve mechanical properties, graphene oxide (GO)-polyester composites are a promising class of biodegradable scaffolds. Initial reports of these composites are encouraging, but mechanical properties still fall short. Traditional composites rely on non-covalent association between GO and the polyesters, which often leads to failure at the interface and weakens the overall strength of the material. Herein, we present a strategy for attachment of these FDA-approved polyesters onto a derivative of GO using a robust covalent bond. By covalently functionalizing the graphenic backbone with polyesters and without metal catalysts, we create functional graphenic materials (FGMs) to not only simultaneously retain biodegradability and compatibility, but also mechanically strengthen PCL, PLA, and PGA; we observed an average increase in the Young's modulus of over 140% compared to the graphenic backbone. These polyester-functionalized FGMs are a promising platform technology for tissue implants. Polyesters are a promising class of biocompatible polymer, however, their mechanical properties fall short of metals and ceramics. This paper covalently binds polyesters to graphenic moieties resulting in enhanced mechanical properties.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian D Holt
- Carnegie Mellon University 4400 Fifth Ave Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
| | - Anne M Arnold
- Carnegie Mellon University 4400 Fifth Ave Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
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23
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Papageorgiou DG, Li Z, Liu M, Kinloch IA, Young RJ. Mechanisms of mechanical reinforcement by graphene and carbon nanotubes in polymer nanocomposites. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:2228-2267. [PMID: 31930259 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr06952f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polymer nanocomposites reinforced with carbon-based nanofillers are gaining increasing interest for a number of applications due to their excellent properties. The understanding of the reinforcing mechanisms is, therefore, very important for the maximization of performance. This present review summarizes the current literature status on the mechanical properties of composites reinforced with graphene-related materials (GRMs) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and identifies the parameters that clearly affect the mechanical properties of the final materials. It is also shown how Raman spectroscopy can be utilized for the understanding of the stress transfer efficiency from the matrix to the reinforcement and it can even be used to map stress and strain in graphene. Importantly, it is demonstrated clearly that continuum micromechanics that was initially developed for fibre-reinforced composites is still applicable at the nanoscale for both GRMs and CNTs. Finally, current problems and future perspectives are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios G Papageorgiou
- Department of Materials and National Graphene Institute, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Zheling Li
- Department of Materials and National Graphene Institute, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Mufeng Liu
- Department of Materials and National Graphene Institute, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Ian A Kinloch
- Department of Materials and National Graphene Institute, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Robert J Young
- Department of Materials and National Graphene Institute, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
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24
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Avashthi G, Maktedar SS, Singh M. Surface-Induced in Situ Sonothermodynamically Controlled Functionalized Graphene Oxide for in Vitro Cytotoxicity and Antioxidant Evaluations. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:16385-16401. [PMID: 31616817 PMCID: PMC6787894 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b01939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Graphene oxide-based advanced functional materials offer an ultimate solution for wider biomedical applications. In situ thermodynamically ultrasound-assisted direct covalent functionalization of graphene oxide (GO) with sulfanilamide (SA) has synthesized f-(SA)GO. Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, selected area electron diffraction pattern, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) have analyzed the f-(SA)GO structure for functional activities, expressed through synergistic impact of heteroatomic domains (SIHAD). The TGA of GO and f-(SA)GO demonstrates their total weight losses of 82.0 and 61.1%, respectively. Enhanced thermal stability of f-(SA)GO infers an exothermic behavior obtained with DSC. The surface-induced in situ thermodynamically controlled nonspontaneous reaction for f-(SA)GO has facilitated calculations for activation energy (E a) = - 2.65 × 103 kJ mol-1 and Gibbs free energy (ΔG) = 8.3741 kJ mol-1, energetics for biological activities with sulforhodamine B assay on MCF-7 and Vero cell lines and antioxidant potential by free radical scavenging activity with DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl). Cell viabilities are >89.8% for Vero and >90.1% for MCF-7 with f-(SA)GO over 10 to 80 μg mL-1. Its cytocompatibility infers establishment of a new material. The morphological effect on MCF-7 and Vero cell lines confirm its structurally stable biocompatibility. The SIHAD of f-(SA)GO scavenges radical activity, and its heteroatomic structure causes valuable physiochemical activities. f-(SA)GO could emerge as an advanced functional biomaterial for structurally and thermally stable biocompatible nanocoatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopal Avashthi
- School of Chemical
Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar 382030, India
| | - Shrikant S. Maktedar
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Srinagar 190006, Jammu
and Kashmir, India
| | - Man Singh
- School of Chemical
Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar 382030, India
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25
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Simultaneous voltammetric determination of acetaminophen, naproxen, and theophylline using an in-situ polymerized poly(acrylic acid) nanogel covalently grafted onto a carbon black/La 2O 3 composite. Mikrochim Acta 2019; 186:651. [PMID: 31463587 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-3752-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Lanthanum oxide nanomaterials were decorated with carbon black (CB) and grafted with a poly(acrylic acid) nanogel to obtain a composite material (CB-g-PAA/La2O3) for simultaneous determination of acetaminophen (AMP), naproxen (NPX), and theophylline (TPH). The nanogel was synthesized by in-situ free radical polymerization. The composite was dropped onto a glassy carbon electrode (GCE), and the modified GCE displays robust electrocatalytic activity towards AMP, NPX, and TPH, with voltammetric signals that are enhanced compared to a bare GCE. Features of merit for AMP, NPX, and TPH, respectively, include (a) peak potentials of 0.42, 0.85 and 0.12 V (vs. Ag/AgCl), (b) linear ranges from 0.05-887, 0.05-884, and 0.02-888 μM, and (c) detection limits of 20, 35, and 15 nM. The practical applicability of the CB-g-PAA/La2O3/GCE was illustrated by analyzing serum and urine samples. Graphical abstract Schematic presentation of simultaneous electrochemical sensing of acetaminophen (AMP), naproxen (NPX), and theophylline (TPH) in real sample analysis using poly(acrylic acid) nanogel covalently grafted onto a carbon black/La2O3 composite (CB-g-PAA/La2O3/GCE).
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26
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Shakeel A, Bhattacharya R, Jeevanandham S, Kochhar D, Singh A, Mehra L, Ghufran M, Garg P, Sangam S, Biswas S, Tyagi A, Kalyanasundaram D, Chakrabarti S, Mukherjee M. Graphene Quantum Dots in the Game of Directing Polymer Self-Assembly to Exotic Kagome Lattice and Janus Nanostructures. ACS NANO 2019; 13:9397-9407. [PMID: 31381848 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b04188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) are the harbingers of a paradigm shift that revitalize self-assembly of the colloidal puzzle by adding shape and size to the material-design palette. Although self-assembly is ubiquitous in nature, the extent to which these molecular legos can be engineered reminds us that we are still apprenticing polymer carpenters. In this quest to unlock exotic nanostructures ascending from eventual anisotropy, we have utilized different concentrations of GQDs as a filler in free-radical-mediated aqueous copolymerization. Extensive polymer grafting over the geometrically confined landscape of GQDs (0.05%) bolsters crystallization instilling a loom which steers interaction of polymeric cilia into interlaced equilateral triangles with high sophistication. Such two-dimensional (2D) assemblies epitomizing the planar tiling of "Star of David" forming a molecular kagome lattice (KL) without metal templation evoke petrichor. Interestingly, a higher percentage (0.3%) of GQDs allow selective tuning of the interfacial property of copolymers breaking symmetry due to surface energy incongruity, producing exotic Janus nanomicelles (JNMs). Herein, with the help of a suite of characterizations, we delineate the mechanism behind the formation of the KL and JNMs which forms a depot of heightened drug accretion with targeted delivery of 5-fluorouracil in the colon as validated by gamma scintigraphy studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeeba Shakeel
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology , Amity University , Noida 201303 , India
| | - Rohan Bhattacharya
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology , Amity University , Noida 201303 , India
- Amity Institute of Click Chemistry Research and Studies , Amity University , Noida 201303 , India
| | - Sampathkumar Jeevanandham
- Amity Institute of Click Chemistry Research and Studies , Amity University , Noida 201303 , India
- Amity Institute of Nanotechnology , Amity University , Noida 201303 , India
| | - Dakshi Kochhar
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology , Amity University , Noida 201303 , India
| | - Aarti Singh
- Amity Institute of Click Chemistry Research and Studies , Amity University , Noida 201303 , India
| | - Lalita Mehra
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences , Defence Research & Development Organisation , Timarpur , Delhi 110054 , India
| | - Maryam Ghufran
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research , Amity University , Noida 201303 , India
| | - Piyush Garg
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology , Amity University , Noida 201303 , India
| | - Sujata Sangam
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology , Amity University , Noida 201303 , India
| | - Subhrajit Biswas
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research , Amity University , Noida 201303 , India
| | - Amit Tyagi
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences , Defence Research & Development Organisation , Timarpur , Delhi 110054 , India
| | - Dinesh Kalyanasundaram
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering , Indian Institute of Technology Delhi , Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016 , India
| | - Sandip Chakrabarti
- Amity Institute of Nanotechnology , Amity University , Noida 201303 , India
| | - Monalisa Mukherjee
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology , Amity University , Noida 201303 , India
- Amity Institute of Click Chemistry Research and Studies , Amity University , Noida 201303 , India
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27
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Irzhak VI, Dzhardimalieva GI, Uflyand IE. Structure and properties of epoxy polymer nanocomposites reinforced with carbon nanotubes. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-019-1896-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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28
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Wang S, Meng H, Li Y, Sun D, Zhan Y, Ge X, Chen L. Polymer brushes grafted from graphene via bioinspired polydopamine chemistry and activators regenerated by electron transfer atom transfer radical polymerization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.29310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuangshuang Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Liaocheng University; Liaocheng 252059 China
| | - Han Meng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Liaocheng University; Liaocheng 252059 China
| | - Yuchao Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Liaocheng University; Liaocheng 252059 China
| | - Da Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Liaocheng University; Liaocheng 252059 China
| | - Yanhu Zhan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Liaocheng University; Liaocheng 252059 China
| | - Xiangcai Ge
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Liaocheng University; Liaocheng 252059 China
| | - Lin Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Liaocheng University; Liaocheng 252059 China
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29
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Clancy AJ, Leese HS, Rubio N, Buckley DJ, Greenfield JL, Shaffer MSP. Depleting Depletion: Maintaining Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Dispersions after Graft-To Polymer Functionalization. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:15396-15402. [PMID: 30428675 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b03144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Grafting polymers onto single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) usefully alters properties but does not typically yield stable, solvated species directly. Despite the expectation of steric stabilization, a damaging (re)dispersion step is usually necessary. Here, poly(vinyl acetate)s (PVAc's) of varying molecular weights are grafted to individualized, reduced SWCNTs at different concentrations to examine the extent of reaction and degree of solvation. The use of higher polymer concentrations leads to an increase in grafting ratio (weight fraction of grafted polymer relative to the SWCNT framework), approaching the limit of random sequentially adsorbed Flory "mushrooms" on the surface. However, at higher polymer concentrations, a larger percentage of SWCNTs precipitate during the reaction; an effect which is more significant for larger weight polymers. The precipitation is attributed to depletion interactions generated by ungrafted homopolymer overcoming Coulombic repulsion of adjacent like-charged SWCNTs; a simple model is proposed. Larger polymers and greater degrees of functionalization favor stable solvation, but larger and more concentrated homopolymers increase depletion aggregation. By using low concentrations (25 μM) of larger molecular weight PVAc (10 kDa), up to 65% of grafted SWCNTs were retained in solution (at 65 μg mL-1) directly after the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Clancy
- Department of Chemistry , University College London , London WC1E 7JE , United Kingdom
- Institute for Materials Discovery , University College London , London WC1E 7JE , United Kingdom
| | - Hannah S Leese
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Bath , Bath BA2 7AY , United Kingdom
| | | | - David J Buckley
- National Physical Laboratory , Teddington TW11 0LW , United Kingdom
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30
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Paolino M, Grisci G, Castriconi F, Reale A, Giuliani G, Donati A, Bonechi C, Giorgi G, Mendichi R, Piovani D, Boccia AC, Canetti M, Samperi F, Dattilo S, Scialabba C, Licciardi M, Paccagnini E, Gentile M, Cappelli A. Densely PEGylated Polybenzofulvene Brushes for Potential Applications in Drug Encapsulation. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:E234. [PMID: 30445768 PMCID: PMC6321592 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10040234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The technique of grafting side chains onto a linear polymeric backbone is commonly used to confer to the new polymeric material with desired properties, such as tunable solubility, ionic charge, biocompatibility, or specific interactions with biological systems. In this paper, two new polybenzofulvene backbones were assembled by spontaneous polymerization of the appropriate benzofulvene monomers (4,6-PO-BF3k and 4',6-PO-BF3k) bearing two clickable propargyloxy groups in different positions of the 3-phenylindene scaffold. Poly-4,6-PO-BF3k and poly-4',6-PO-BF3k were grafted with monomethyl oligo(ethylene glycol) (MOEG) to prepare two new polybenzofulvene brushes (i.e., poly-4,6-MOEG-9-TM-BF3k and poly-4',6-MOEG-9-TM-BF3k) by means of a "grafting onto" approach, that were characterized from the point of view of their macromolecular features, aggregation liability, and in a preliminary evaluation of biocompatibility. The obtained results make these PEGylated polybenzofulvene brushes (PPBFB) derivatives potentially useful as nanocarriers for nanoencapsulation and delivery of drug molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Paolino
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018⁻2022), Università degli Studi di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Grisci
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018⁻2022), Università degli Studi di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Federica Castriconi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018⁻2022), Università degli Studi di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Annalisa Reale
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018⁻2022), Università degli Studi di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Germano Giuliani
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018⁻2022), Università degli Studi di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Donati
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018⁻2022), Università degli Studi di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Claudia Bonechi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018⁻2022), Università degli Studi di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Gianluca Giorgi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018⁻2022), Università degli Studi di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Raniero Mendichi
- Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole (CNR), Via A. Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Daniele Piovani
- Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole (CNR), Via A. Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | | | - Maurizio Canetti
- Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole (CNR), Via A. Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Filippo Samperi
- Istituto per i Polimeri, Compositi e Biomateriali (IPCB) U.O.S. di Catania, CNR, Via Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy.
| | - Sandro Dattilo
- Istituto per i Polimeri, Compositi e Biomateriali (IPCB) U.O.S. di Catania, CNR, Via Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy.
| | - Cinzia Scialabba
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Mariano Licciardi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Eugenio Paccagnini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Mariangela Gentile
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Andrea Cappelli
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018⁻2022), Università degli Studi di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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Pardo-Figuerez M, Martin NRW, Player DJ, Roach P, Christie SDR, Capel AJ, Lewis MP. Controlled Arrangement of Neuronal Cells on Surfaces Functionalized with Micropatterned Polymer Brushes. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:12383-12391. [PMID: 30411006 PMCID: PMC6217525 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Conventional in vitro cultures are useful to represent simplistic neuronal behavior; however, the lack of organization results in random neurite spreading. To overcome this problem, control over the directionality of SH-SY5Y cells was attained, utilizing photolithography to pattern the cell-repulsive anionic brush poly(potassium 3-sulfopropyl methacrylate) (PKSPMA) into tracks of 20, 40, 80, and 100 μm width. These data validate the use of PKSPMA brush coatings for a long-term culture of the SH-SY5Y cells, as well as providing a methodology by which the precise deposition of PKSPMA can be utilized to achieve a targeted control over the SH-SY5Y cells. Specifically, the PKSPMA brush patterns prevented cell attachment, allowing the SH-SY5Y cells to grow only on noncoated glass (gaps of 20, 50, 75, and 100 μm width) at different cell densities (5000, 10 000, and 15 000 cells/cm2). This research demonstrates the importance of achieving cell directionality in vitro, while these simplistic models could provide new platforms to study complex neuron-neuron interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pardo-Figuerez
- National
Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine (NCSEM), School of
Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, and Department of Chemistry, School
of Science, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, U.K.
| | - Neil R. W. Martin
- National
Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine (NCSEM), School of
Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, and Department of Chemistry, School
of Science, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, U.K.
| | - Darren J. Player
- National
Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine (NCSEM), School of
Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, and Department of Chemistry, School
of Science, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, U.K.
- Institute
of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, University College London, Stanmore HA7 4LP, U.K.
| | - Paul Roach
- National
Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine (NCSEM), School of
Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, and Department of Chemistry, School
of Science, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, U.K.
| | - Steven D. R. Christie
- National
Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine (NCSEM), School of
Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, and Department of Chemistry, School
of Science, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, U.K.
| | - Andrew J. Capel
- National
Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine (NCSEM), School of
Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, and Department of Chemistry, School
of Science, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, U.K.
| | - Mark P. Lewis
- National
Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine (NCSEM), School of
Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, and Department of Chemistry, School
of Science, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, U.K.
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Clancy AJ, Bayazit MK, Hodge SA, Skipper NT, Howard CA, Shaffer MSP. Charged Carbon Nanomaterials: Redox Chemistries of Fullerenes, Carbon Nanotubes, and Graphenes. Chem Rev 2018; 118:7363-7408. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Clancy
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
- Institute for Materials Discovery, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, U.K
| | - Mustafa K. Bayazit
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, U.K
| | - Stephen A. Hodge
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, Engineering Department, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, U.K
| | - Neal T. Skipper
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
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Chen J, Liu B, Gao X, Xu D. A review of the interfacial characteristics of polymer nanocomposites containing carbon nanotubes. RSC Adv 2018; 8:28048-28085. [PMID: 35542749 PMCID: PMC9083916 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra04205e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper provides an overview of recent advances in research on the interfacial characteristics of carbon nanotube–polymer nanocomposites. The state of knowledge about the chemical functionalization of carbon nanotubes as well as the interaction at the interface between the carbon nanotube and the polymer matrix is presented. The primary focus of this paper is on identifying the fundamental relationship between nanocomposite properties and interfacial characteristics. The progress, remaining challenges, and future directions of research are discussed. The latest developments of both microscopy and scattering techniques are reviewed, and their respective strengths and limitations are briefly discussed. The main methods available for the chemical functionalization of carbon nanotubes are summarized, and particular interest is given to evaluation of their advantages and disadvantages. The critical issues related to the interaction at the interface are discussed, and the important techniques for improving the properties of carbon nanotube–polymer nanocomposites are introduced. Additionally, the mechanism responsible for the interfacial interaction at the molecular level is briefly described. Furthermore, the mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties of the nanocomposites are discussed separately, and their influencing factors are briefly introduced. Finally, the current challenges and opportunities for efficiently translating the remarkable properties of carbon nanotubes to polymer matrices are summarized in the hopes of facilitating the development of this emerging area. Potential topics of oncoming focus are highlighted, and several suggestions concerning future research needs are also presented. The state of research on the characteristics at the interface in polymer nanocomposites is reviewed. Special emphasis is placed on the recent advances in the fundamental relationship between interfacial characteristics and nanocomposite properties.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Chen
- Department of Energy and Power Engineering
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering
- Henan Polytechnic University
- Jiaozuo
- China
| | - Baofang Liu
- Department of Energy and Power Engineering
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering
- Henan Polytechnic University
- Jiaozuo
- China
| | - Xuhui Gao
- Department of Energy and Power Engineering
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering
- Henan Polytechnic University
- Jiaozuo
- China
| | - Deguang Xu
- Department of Energy and Power Engineering
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering
- Henan Polytechnic University
- Jiaozuo
- China
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Au H, Rubio N, Shaffer MSP. Brominated graphene as a versatile precursor for multifunctional grafting. Chem Sci 2017; 9:209-217. [PMID: 29629089 PMCID: PMC5869303 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc03455e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A non-destructive and versatile chemical reduction method was used to dissolve and subsequently brominate few-layer graphene sheets (FLGs). The brominated FLGs provide a convenient precursor for the synthesis of a variety of directly functionalised graphenes.
A non-destructive and versatile chemical reduction method was used to dissolve and subsequently brominate few-layer graphene sheets (FLGs); the direct covalent attachment of bromine to the graphene framework was demonstrated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The brominated few-layer graphenes (FLG-Br) provide a convenient, stable, liquid-phase precursor, suitable for the synthesis of a variety of directly functionalised graphenes. As an example, the FLG-Br species was used to initiate atom transfer radical polymerisation (ATRP), to obtain poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)-grafted graphene (FLG-PMMA), which was six times more dispersible in acetone than controls. In addition, the FLG-Br is active for nucleophilic substitution reactions, as illustrated by the preparation of methoxypolyethylene glycol (mPEG)- and OH-substituted derivatives. The products were characterised by thermogravimetric analysis coupled with mass spectrometry (TGA-MS), XPS and Raman spectroscopy. Grafting ratios (GR) for these polymer-grafted materials varied between 6 and 25%; even at these GRs, all graphene derivatives showed increased solubility in organic solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Au
- Departments of Chemistry & Materials , Imperial College London , London , SW7 2AZ , UK .
| | - Noelia Rubio
- Departments of Chemistry & Materials , Imperial College London , London , SW7 2AZ , UK .
| | - Milo S P Shaffer
- Departments of Chemistry & Materials , Imperial College London , London , SW7 2AZ , UK .
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