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Brown MU, Seong HG, Russell TP, Emrick T. Zwitterionic Sulfonium Sulfonate Polymers: Impacts of Substituents and Inverted Dipole. Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcel U. Brown
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, Conte Center for Polymer Research, University of Massachusetts, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Hong-Gyu Seong
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, Conte Center for Polymer Research, University of Massachusetts, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Thomas P. Russell
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, Conte Center for Polymer Research, University of Massachusetts, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Todd Emrick
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, Conte Center for Polymer Research, University of Massachusetts, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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2
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Kar M, Anas M, Singh A, Basak A, Sen P, Mandal TK. Ion-/Thermo-Responsive fluorescent perylene-poly(ionic liquid) conjugates: One-pot microwave synthesis, self-aggregation and biological applications. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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3
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Liu Y, Russell TP. Electroactive Ionenes: Efficient Interlayer Materials in Organic Photovoltaics. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:1097-1108. [PMID: 35188380 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
ConspectusOrganic photovoltaics (OPVs) have the advantages of being lightweight, mechanically flexible, and solution-processable over large areas, and for decades, they have been the focus of the academic and industrial communities. Recent progress in the design of high-performance organic semiconductors and device optimization has promoted solar cell efficiencies of up to 19%, showing great promise for commercialization. Optimally designed OPVs are achieved using a bicontinuous interpenetrating network of donor and acceptor materials in between two charge-collecting electrodes. Charge extraction and transport between metal electrodes and organic semiconductors are crucial to device operation. The energy-level mismatch when metal electrodes and organic semiconductors are in contact usually induces additional energy barriers and resultant inefficient charge transport and collection, leading to charge carrier recombination at the interface and inferior device performance. To align energy levels at the interface, interlayer materials and their integration into devices have emerged as a widely used strategy to promote the performance of solar cell devices. Interlayer materials have the ability to modify the work functions (WFs) of metal electrodes, holding the potential to enhance the built-in electrostatic field (Vbi) of the devices and suppress the charge recombination loss, which is beneficial to improving the open circuit voltage (VOC), short circuit current density (JSC), and fill factor (FF) of the solar cells.Organic interlayer materials have recently come into focus for fundamental study and practical development because of their diverse molecular design and superior solution processability. Tremendous effort has been devoted to exploring novel organic interlayer materials to achieve all-solution-processed multilayer solar cells. Such interlayer materials usually have orthogonal solubilities relative to the photoactive layer materials, working as multifunctional interfacial layers to manipulate the mechanical and electrical contacts in solar cell devices. Ionenes are a unique class of polyelectrolytes wherein the ionic species reside within the polymer backbone rather than as pendant groups. In ionenes, the charge density is high in comparison to that of other polyelectrolytes, and the periodicity of the charges is easily controlled, providing a tunable density of dipole moments. Ionenes can be readily synthesized from 3° diamines and α,ω-dihaloalkanes to generate polymer chains of ammonium cations connected by flexible hydrocarbon linkages with mobile anions. However, the requisite building blocks of ionenes are not limited to such molecules. Recent advances in combining ionenes with conjugated molecules to generate electroactive ionenes have catalyzed a great amount of interest in such polymers for organic electronic devices.In this Account, we first introduce the molecular design and synthesis of electroactive ionenes. Following this, we will discuss the mechanism and effect of ionenes on the modification of metal electrodes. We then review the strategies for controlling the morphology of ionene interlayers. Finally, we compare the doping effect, conductivity, and charge transport of some representative ionenes and their performance as interlayers in solar cell devices. We present our current understanding based on recent progress and outstanding issues of interlayer materials in OPVs and to propose future directions and opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Thomas P. Russell
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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Liu M, Li M, Jiang Y, Ma Z, Liu D, Ren Z, Russell TP, Liu Y. Conductive Ionenes Promote Interfacial Self-Doping for Efficient Organic Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:41810-41817. [PMID: 34254795 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c07493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Conductive ionenes were synthesized by integrating the electron donor dialkoxynaphthalene (DAN) with the electron acceptor naphthalene diimide (NDI) using the Menshutkin reaction. The crystallinity and morphology of the films of these polymers can be optimized by varying the DAN-to-NDI ratio. These ionenes show strong charge transfer from DAN to NDI, though absent conjugated backbones, affording self-doping polymers with enhanced π-π interactions and excellent electronic properties. This is the first example where an electron donor can dope the electron acceptor in nonconjugated polymers, opening a new avenue for designing efficient interlayer materials. These ionenes markedly modify the electrode interface and promote efficient interfacial self-doping to boost the performance of fullerene-based, non-fullerene-based, and ternary organic solar cells, affording high power conversion efficiencies over a wide range of interlayer thicknesses, from ∼8 to ∼40 nm, with a maximum efficiency of 17.05%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter, Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Mengyang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Center for Advanced Low-dimension Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Yufeng Jiang
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Zaifei Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Center for Advanced Low-dimension Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Duanzijing Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter, Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhongjie Ren
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter, Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Thomas P Russell
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Yao Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter, Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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5
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Bertran O, Saldías C, Díaz DD, Alemán C. Molecular dynamics simulations on self-healing behavior of ionene polymer-based nanostructured hydrogels. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.123072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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6
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Wu Y, Liu Y, Emrick T, Russell TP. Polymer design to promote low work function surfaces in organic electronics. Prog Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2020.101222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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7
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Bara JE, O'Harra KE. Recent Advances in the Design of Ionenes: Toward Convergence with High‐Performance Polymers. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201900078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason E. Bara
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering University of Alabama Tuscaloosa AL 35487‐0203 USA
| | - Kathryn E. O'Harra
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering University of Alabama Tuscaloosa AL 35487‐0203 USA
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O'Harra KE, Kammakakam I, Bara JE, Jackson EM. Understanding the effects of backbone chemistry and anion type on the structure and thermal behaviors of imidazolium polyimide‐ionenes. POLYM INT 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E O'Harra
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University of Alabama Tuscaloosa AL USA
| | - Irshad Kammakakam
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University of Alabama Tuscaloosa AL USA
| | - Jason E Bara
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University of Alabama Tuscaloosa AL USA
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Liu Y, Sheri M, Cole MD, Yu DM, Emrick T, Russell TP. Transforming Ionene Polymers into Efficient Cathode Interlayers with Pendent Fullerenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:5677-5681. [PMID: 30861272 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201901536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A new and highly efficient cathode interlayer material for organic photovoltaics (OPVs) was produced by integrating C60 fullerene monomers into ionene polymers. The power of these novel "C60 -ionenes" for interface modification enables the use of numerous high work-function metals (e.g., silver, copper, and gold) as the cathode in efficient OPV devices. C60 -ionene boosted power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of solar cells, fabricated with silver cathodes, from 2.79 % to 10.51 % for devices with a fullerene acceptor in the active layer, and from 3.89 % to 11.04 % for devices with a non-fullerene acceptor in the active layer, demonstrating the versatility of this interfacial layer. The introduction of fullerene moieties dramatically improved the conductivity of ionene polymers, affording devices with high efficiency by reducing charge accumulation at the cathode/active layer interface. The power of C60 -ionene to improve electron injection and extraction between metal electrodes and organic semiconductors highlights its promise to overcome energy barriers at the hard-soft materials interface to the benefit of organic electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Madhu Sheri
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Marcus D Cole
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Duk Man Yu
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Todd Emrick
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Thomas P Russell
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
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Liu Y, Sheri M, Cole MD, Yu DM, Emrick T, Russell TP. Transforming Ionene Polymers into Efficient Cathode Interlayers with Pendent Fullerenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201901536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Madhu Sheri
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department University of Massachusetts Amherst 120 Governors Drive Amherst MA 01003 USA
| | - Marcus D. Cole
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department University of Massachusetts Amherst 120 Governors Drive Amherst MA 01003 USA
| | - Duk Man Yu
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department University of Massachusetts Amherst 120 Governors Drive Amherst MA 01003 USA
| | - Todd Emrick
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department University of Massachusetts Amherst 120 Governors Drive Amherst MA 01003 USA
| | - Thomas P. Russell
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department University of Massachusetts Amherst 120 Governors Drive Amherst MA 01003 USA
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11
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Laschewsky A, Rosenhahn A. Molecular Design of Zwitterionic Polymer Interfaces: Searching for the Difference. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:1056-1071. [PMID: 30048142 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b01789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The widespread occurrence of zwitterionic compounds in nature has incited their frequent use in designing biomimetic materials. Therefore, zwitterionic polymers are a thriving field. A particular interest for this particular polymer class has currently focused on their use in establishing neutral, low-fouling surfaces. After highlighting strategies to prepare model zwitterionic surfaces as well as those that are more suitable for practical purposes relying strongly on radical polymerization methods, we present recent efforts to diversify the structure of the hitherto quite limited variety of zwitterionic monomers and of the derived polymers. We identify key structural variables, consider their influence on essential properties such as overall hydrophilicity and long-term stability, and discuss promising targets for the synthesis of new variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Laschewsky
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam , Karl-Liebknechtstr. 24-25 , 14476 Potsdam-Golm , Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP , Geiselbergstr. 69 , 14476 Potsdam-Golm , Germany
| | - Axel Rosenhahn
- Analytische Chemie-Biogrenzflächen , Ruhr-Universität Bochum , Universitätsstr. 150 NC , 44801 Bochum , Germany
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12
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Liu Y, Sheri M, Cole MD, Emrick T, Russell TP. Combining Fullerenes and Zwitterions in Non‐Conjugated Polymer Interlayers to Raise Solar Cell Efficiency. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:9675-9678. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201803748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Liu
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department University of Massachusetts Amherst 120 Governors Drive Amherst MA 01003 USA
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Madhu Sheri
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department University of Massachusetts Amherst 120 Governors Drive Amherst MA 01003 USA
| | - Marcus D. Cole
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department University of Massachusetts Amherst 120 Governors Drive Amherst MA 01003 USA
| | - Todd Emrick
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department University of Massachusetts Amherst 120 Governors Drive Amherst MA 01003 USA
| | - Thomas P. Russell
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department University of Massachusetts Amherst 120 Governors Drive Amherst MA 01003 USA
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
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Liu Y, Sheri M, Cole MD, Emrick T, Russell TP. Combining Fullerenes and Zwitterions in Non‐Conjugated Polymer Interlayers to Raise Solar Cell Efficiency. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201803748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Liu
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department University of Massachusetts Amherst 120 Governors Drive Amherst MA 01003 USA
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Madhu Sheri
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department University of Massachusetts Amherst 120 Governors Drive Amherst MA 01003 USA
| | - Marcus D. Cole
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department University of Massachusetts Amherst 120 Governors Drive Amherst MA 01003 USA
| | - Todd Emrick
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department University of Massachusetts Amherst 120 Governors Drive Amherst MA 01003 USA
| | - Thomas P. Russell
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department University of Massachusetts Amherst 120 Governors Drive Amherst MA 01003 USA
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
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Liu Y, Cole MD, Jiang Y, Kim PY, Nordlund D, Emrick T, Russell TP. Chemical and Morphological Control of Interfacial Self-Doping for Efficient Organic Electronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1705976. [PMID: 29504157 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201705976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Solution-based processing of materials for electrical doping of organic semiconductor interfaces is attractive for boosting the efficiency of organic electronic devices with multilayer structures. To simplify this process, self-doping perylene diimide (PDI)-based ionene polymers are synthesized, in which the semiconductor PDI components are embedded together with electrolyte dopants in the polymer backbone. Functionality contained within the PDI monomers suppresses their aggregation, affording self-doping interlayers with controllable thickness when processed from solution into organic photovoltaic devices (OPVs). Optimal results for interfacial self-doping lead to increased power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of the fullerene-based OPVs, from 2.62% to 10.64%, and of the nonfullerene-based OPVs, from 3.34% to 10.59%. These PDI-ionene interlayers enable chemical and morphological control of interfacial doping and conductivity, demonstrating that the conductive channels are crucial for charge transport in doped organic semiconductor films. Using these novel interlayers with efficient doping and high conductivity, both fullerene- and nonfullerene-based OPVs are achieved with PCEs exceeding 9% over interlayer thicknesses ranging from ≈3 to 40 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Liu
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Marcus D Cole
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Yufeng Jiang
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Paul Y Kim
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Dennis Nordlund
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Todd Emrick
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Thomas P Russell
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
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