1
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Reifenberger RG, Tsai CSJ. The Interaction and Lift-Off Forces of an Atomic Force Microscope Tip from Single Fibers Extracted from Protective Clothing Fabric. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024. [PMID: 38985834 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
The widespread use of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) poses a potential health hazard to humans, especially to those involved in either nanoparticle manufacturing or the usage and assembly of a final product. In this study, we performed systematic force vs distance experiments (F(z)) using an atomic force microscope (AFM) on fibers commonly used in street clothing and protective laboratory clothing to better characterize the relevant interaction forces between engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) and the contacted fabric fibers. The intent of this study is to identify those factors that influence the interaction of ENPs with fabrics with an aim to improve the efficacy of protective clothing against ENP exposure and mitigate potential health risks. A ∼14 nm diameter AFM SiOx tip (with nanoscale radius of curvature) is considered as an effective oxide ENP. Features present (or absent) in a well-executed F(z) AFM experiment provide a fingerprint that distinguishes the relevant forces and interaction mechanisms in play. Measurements of F(z) as a function of relative humidity were also performed to assess the importance of thin surface water layers in binding nanometer-size oxide ENPs to a fabric fiber. The F(z) data indicate the dominant mechanism for adhesion of the oxide tip to the various fabric fibers (cotton, Tyvek (HD polyethylene), polypropylene, and polyester) can be attributed to a van der Waals interaction. The analysis provides no evidence for long-range electrostatic forces or capillary-induced adhesion of the AFM tip to the fibers studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald G Reifenberger
- Department of Physics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Candace Su-Jung Tsai
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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2
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Kumaki J. In Situ Real-Time Atomic Force Microscopy Observation of the Surface Mobility on Each Domain of a Polystyrene- b-poly(methyl methacrylate) Film at High Temperatures. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:12974-12986. [PMID: 38857434 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c00648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
The surface chain movements within the microdomains of a polystyrene-b-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PS-b-PMMA) and corresponding homopolymer films were observed via in situ real-time atomic force microscopy (AFM) at high temperatures and analyzed quantitatively using particle image velocimetry (PIV). At low temperatures, mobility within the PS microdomains resembled that within the PS homopolymer film, but movements in the PMMA microdomains were notably accelerated compared to the PMMA homopolymer. Conversely, at high temperatures, mobility within both PS and PMMA microdomains was considerably suppressed compared to their respective homopolymer films, likely owing to the fixed linkage of the block chains at the microdomain interface. This combination of real-time AFM observation and PIV analysis is an effective method for quantitatively evaluating surface chain mobility in real space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiro Kumaki
- Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
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3
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Yang H, Wang D. Comparing Surface and Bulk Curing Processes of an Epoxy Vitrimer. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 38470965 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c17460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
We used atomic force microscopy-based infrared spectroscopy (AFM-IR) and nanomechanical mapping (AFM-NM) to image the surface of a vitrimer, specifically dicarboxylic acid-cured diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA), to assess the curing process of a surface layer and compared this to the process in the bulk. We identified the β-hydroxy esters with various functionalities that are the key to form the cross-links for a system, including difunctional DGEBA and carboxylic acids. The IR peaks of the carbonyl group in generated ester groups are distinguished clearly from those in acids, allowing us to quantitatively assess the curing process at the surface and in the bulk. The initial curing at the surface exhibits a gradual cross-linking and is found to be lower than a rapid cross-linking in the bulk due to a relatively lower concentration of the β-hydroxy esters with high functionalities. This curing process leads to a smaller chemically and mechanically heterogeneous nanostructure at the surface relative to the bulk. After multiple reprocessings, a substantial number of esters lacking dynamic exchange capability form in the bulk, which decrease the flowability and reprocessability of the vitrimers and therefore the mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites & Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites & Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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4
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Kumaki J. In Situ Real-Time Atomic Force Microscopy Observations of Chain Mobility at Polymer/Water Interfaces of Poly(methyl methacrylate), Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate), and Poly(2-methoxyethyl methacrylate) Films in Water. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:5270-5277. [PMID: 38422988 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Polymer materials are widely used in water or in contact with an aqueous environment. However, evaluating the chain mobility, a crucial parameter, at a polymer-water interface is challenging. In this study, we, for the first time, observed poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA), and poly(2-methoxyethyl methacrylate) (PMEMA) film surfaces in water via in situ real-time atomic force microscopy (AFM) in tapping mode and quantified the chain mobility. The average displacement between adjacent images (nm/8.75 min) was evaluated using particle image velocimetry. The displacement of PMMA, which has a high bulk glass-transition temperature (Tg) (108 °C) and exhibits limited water absorption, was low both in air (0.54 nm/8.75 min) and water (0.86), while PHEMA, which has a high bulk Tg (99 °C) and exhibits high water absorption, exhibited low mobility in air (0.40) but two orders of magnitude higher mobility in water (60). PMEMA, which has a low bulk Tg (14 °C) and exhibits limited water absorption, already started to move in air (4.5), and its mobility moderately increased in water (20). These behaviors were reasonable, considering the bulk Tg and water absorption characteristics of the polymers. Further, the chain mobility in water was compared with that of dried samples at high temperatures in air. The mobility of PMMA, PHEMA, and PMEMA in water corresponded to that of the dried samples observed in air below the surface Tg (97 °C) for PMMA, at ∼125 °C for PHEMA, and at ∼35 °C for PMEMA. In situ real-time AFM analysis of polymer materials in water is an effective method for evaluating the chain mobility at the polymer/water interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiro Kumaki
- Emeritus Professor, Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
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5
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Putra R, Matsushita K, Ohnishi T, Masuda T. Operando Nanomechanical Mapping of Amorphous Silicon Thin Film Electrodes in All-Solid-State Lithium-Ion Battery Configuration during Electrochemical Lithiation and Delithiation. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:490-498. [PMID: 38190614 PMCID: PMC10801689 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c03012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
An operando bimodal atomic force microscopy system was constructed to perform nanomechanical mapping of an amorphous Si thin film electrode deposited on a Li6.6La3Zr1.6Ta0.4O12 solid electrolyte sheet during electrochemical lithiation/delithiation. The evolution of Young's modulus maps of the Si electrode was successfully tracked as a function of apparent Li content x in lithium silicide (LixSi) simultaneously with real-time surface topography observation. At the initial stage of lithiation, the average modulus steeply decreased due to the generation of LixSi from intrinsic Si, followed by a moderate modulus reduction until the electrode capacity reached 3300 mAh g-1 (Li content x = 3.46). In the following delithiation, the gradual recovery of the average modulus of LixSi was observed up to 1467 mAh g-1 (Li content x = 1.54) at which delithiation stopped due to the significant volume change induced by phase transformation of LixSi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ridwan
P. Putra
- Graduate
School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
- Research
Center for Energy and Environmental Materials (GREEN), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Kyosuke Matsushita
- Research
Center for Energy and Environmental Materials (GREEN), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Ohnishi
- Research
Center for Energy and Environmental Materials (GREEN), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takuya Masuda
- Graduate
School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
- Research
Center for Energy and Environmental Materials (GREEN), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
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6
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Peng Z, Zhou Y, Shu H, Yu C, Zhong W. Ultrahigh-Ionic-Conductivity, Antifreezing Poly(amidoxime)-Grafted Polyzwitterion Hydrogel for Facile Integrated into High-Performance Stretchable Flexible Supercapacitor. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:2234-2249. [PMID: 38250425 PMCID: PMC10795038 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c04966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Developing wearable supercapacitors (SCs) with high stretchability, arbitrary deformability, and antifreezing ability is still a challenge. In the present work, an ultrahigh-ionic-conductivity, antifreezing poly(amidoxime)-graft-polyzwitterion (PAO-g-PSBMA) hydrogel electrolyte is fabricated by grafting PSBMA in PAO. Owing to the abundant hydrophilic and high ionic adsorption capacity of amidoxime groups in PAO and zwitterion groups in PSBMA, the as-prepared PAO-g-PSBMA hydrogel can facilitate the dissociation of lithium salt and exhibit an ultrahigh ionic conductivity of 29.8 S m-1 at 25 °C and 3.4 S m-1 even at -30 °C. Employing mATi3C2Tx and mSTi3C2Tx, which contain small amounts of PAO-AGE and PAO-g-PSBMA dispersions, respectively, coated onto both sides of the PAO-g-PSBMA hydrogel, we followed a thermal treatment to facilely form integrated stretchable flexible SCs. The as-prepared SCs show an outstanding recoverable tensile stain of 80% and an excellent electrochemical stability under many types and times of arbitrary deformation. More importantly, as-prepared mATi3C2Tx- and mSTi3C2Tx-based SCs present fantastic antifreezing ability and excellent stability with 74.6 and 78.3% retention of the initial capacitance, respectively, even after 1000 times of stretching to 60% at -30 °C. This work offers a new strategy of using PAO-grafted polyzwitterion for obtaining an antifreezing stretchable SC, which shows a high potential for application in next-generation integrated stretchable devices in various fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Peng
- College of Materials Science
and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Yutang Zhou
- College of Materials Science
and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Honghao Shu
- College of Materials Science
and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Chuying Yu
- College of Materials Science
and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Wenbin Zhong
- College of Materials Science
and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
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7
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Xu R, Liu Y, Yang Z, Jiang Q, Zhang Y, Wang J. Application of calibrated and reusable probes on a home-made scanning probe microscope platform. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2024; 95:013702. [PMID: 38206098 DOI: 10.1063/5.0169091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The replacement of an Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) probe is inevitable due to blunting or contamination of its tip during usage. The fabrication of AFM probes is a complex and costly process, and the mechanical properties of these probes need to be calibrated due to material defects before use, making this procedure intricate. Taking inspiration from the Wollaston probe, we have developed a T-shaped tungsten probe and installed it into a home-made scanning probe microscope. The normal stiffness coefficient of this probe can be determined by gradually eroding the tip and altering the probe mass, resulting in a change in resonance frequency. We assess the reliability of this probe by comparing its scanning topography with that of a commercially available AFM. Furthermore, we investigate the wear resistance of the probe and demonstrate the effectiveness of re-corrosion sharpening after passivation, which yields scanning results equivalent to those obtained with a new probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Zhimu Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Qinmeng Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Yanhui Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Jianli Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
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8
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Meinhardt A, Lakner P, Huber P, Keller TF. Mapping the nanoscale elastic property modulations of polypyrrole thin films in liquid electrolyte with EC-AFM. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 6:102-110. [PMID: 38125599 PMCID: PMC10729878 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00611e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Linking structure to mechanical and elastic properties is a major concern for the development of novel electroactive materials. This work reports on the potential-induced changes in thickness and Young modulus of a substrate supported, perchlorate doped polypyrrole thin film (<100 nm) investigated with electrochemical atomic force microscopy (AFM) under in situ conditions. This was accomplished by nanomechanical mapping of potentiodynamically electropolymerized polypyrrole film in electrolyte solution with AFM during redox cycling. The polypyrrole film thickness and Young modulus follow the electrical potential nearly linearly, increasing due to solvent and ion influx as the film is oxidized, and decreasing during reduction. Our measurements also confirm the presence of a potential-independent, passive swelling which is accompanied by softening of the film, likely caused by osmotic effects. Additionally, the heterogeneous distribution of the Young modulus can be directly traced to the typical nodular surface topography of polypyrrole, with the top of the nodular area possessing lower modulus, thus highlighting the complex relationship between topography and elastic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Meinhardt
- Centre for X-ray and Nano Science (CXNS), Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY Hamburg Germany
- Department of Physics, Hamburg University Hamburg Germany
| | - Pirmin Lakner
- Centre for X-ray and Nano Science (CXNS), Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY Hamburg Germany
- Department of Physics, Hamburg University Hamburg Germany
| | - Patrick Huber
- Centre for X-ray and Nano Science (CXNS), Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY Hamburg Germany
- Hamburg University of Technology, Institute for Materials and X-Ray Physics Hamburg Germany
- Center for Hybrid Nanostructures CHyN, Hamburg University Hamburg Germany
| | - Thomas F Keller
- Centre for X-ray and Nano Science (CXNS), Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY Hamburg Germany
- Department of Physics, Hamburg University Hamburg Germany
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9
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Nguyen HK, Shundo A, Ito M, Pittenger B, Yamamoto S, Tanaka K, Nakajima K. Insights into Mechanical Dynamics of Nanoscale Interfaces in Epoxy Composites Using Nanorheology Atomic Force Microscopy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:38029-38038. [PMID: 37499131 PMCID: PMC10416213 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c06123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Interfacial polymer layers with nanoscale size play critical roles in dissipating the strain energy around cracks and defects in structural nanocomposites, thereby enhancing the material's fracture toughness. However, understanding how the intrinsic mechanical dynamics of the interfacial layer determine the toughening and reinforcement mechanisms in various polymer nanocomposites remains a major challenge. Here, by means of a recently developed nanorheology atomic force microscopy method, also known as nanoscale dynamic mechanical analysis (nDMA), we report direct mapping of dynamic mechanical responses at the interface of a model epoxy nanocomposite under the transition from a glassy to a rubbery state. We demonstrate a significant deviation in the dynamic moduli of the interface from matrix behavior. Interestingly, the sign of the deviation is observed to be reversed when the polymer changes from a glassy to a rubbery state, which provides an excellent explanation for the difference in the modulus reinforcement between glassy and rubbery epoxy nanocomposites. More importantly, nDMA loss tangent images unambiguously show an enhanced viscoelastic response at the interface compared to the bulk matrix in the glassy state. This observation can therefore provide important insights into the nanoscale toughening mechanism that occurs in epoxy nanocomposites due to viscoelastic energy dissipation at the interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung K. Nguyen
- Department
of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical
Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Atsuomi Shundo
- Center
for Polymer Interface and Molecular Adhesion Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Makiko Ito
- Department
of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical
Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Bede Pittenger
- Bruker
Nano Surfaces, AFM Unit, Santa Barbara, California 93117, United States
| | - Satoru Yamamoto
- Center
for Polymer Interface and Molecular Adhesion Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Keiji Tanaka
- Center
for Polymer Interface and Molecular Adhesion Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Ken Nakajima
- Department
of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical
Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
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10
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Labarre L, Squillace O, Liu Y, Fryer PJ, Kaur P, Whitaker S, Marsh JM, Zhang ZJ. Hair surface interactions against different chemical functional groups as a function of environment and hair condition. Int J Cosmet Sci 2023; 45:224-235. [PMID: 36683407 PMCID: PMC10946710 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The nature and magnitude of molecular interactions on hair surfaces underpin the design of formulated products, of which the application involves a competitive adsorption process between cationic surfactants, fatty alcohols and surface actives such as silicone. The knowledge of molecular interaction with hair surface will not only provide insight on the surface binding affinity but also offer an effective methodology in characterizing surface deposits. METHODS Untreated and chemically treated hair samples were treated with either conditioner chassis alone (gel network) or conditioner chassis plus silicone (chassis/TAS). Hair surface interactions against four different chemical functional groups, namely methyl (-CH3 ), acid (-COOH), amine (-NH2 ) and hydroxyl (-OH), were quantified in both ambient and aqueous environment using Chemical Force Microscopy, a method based on atomic force microscopy (AFM). RESULTS Surface adhesion on hair in ambient is dominated by capillary force that is determined by both the wettability of hair fibre (hydrophobic vs. hydrophilic), presence of any deposits and the chemical functionality of the AFM cantilever. Capillary force is diminished and replaced by electrostatic interaction when polar groups are present on both hair and AFM cantilever. A distinctively different force, hydrophobic interaction, plays a major role when virgin hair and hydrophobic functionalized AFM cantilever make contact in water. CONCLUSION Results acquired by AFM cantilevers of different functional groups show that hydrophobic interaction is a key driver for deposition on virgin hair, whilst electrostatic interaction is the most important one for bleached hair. Interfacial conformation of chassis components upon deposition is determined by the hair surface properties. Our study highlights the possibility of a range of polar groups, not necessarily negatively charged, on the damaged hair. Unlike conventional surface chemical analysis method, it is possible to quantitatively evaluate the interfacial conformation of deposited surface actives on hair, which identifies the target moieties for conditioning products on different types of hair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Labarre
- School of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Birmingham, EdgbastonBirminghamUK
| | - Ophélie Squillace
- School of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Birmingham, EdgbastonBirminghamUK
| | - Yu Liu
- School of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Birmingham, EdgbastonBirminghamUK
| | - Peter J. Fryer
- School of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Birmingham, EdgbastonBirminghamUK
| | - Preeti Kaur
- The Procter & Gamble CompanyMason Business CentreMasonOhioUSA
| | - Shane Whitaker
- The Procter & Gamble CompanyMason Business CentreMasonOhioUSA
| | | | - Zhenyu J. Zhang
- School of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Birmingham, EdgbastonBirminghamUK
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11
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ALTİNTAS O. Novel Well-defined Polystyrene-block-Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) Block Copolymers. JOURNAL OF THE TURKISH CHEMICAL SOCIETY, SECTION A: CHEMISTRY 2023. [DOI: 10.18596/jotcsa.1184492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A facile preparation of polystyrene-block-poly(lactide-co-glycolide) PS-b-PLGA block copolymers was reported in detail. Well-defined PS-b-PLGA block copolymers were successfully obtained via living anionic polymerization and ring-opening polymerization. First, hydroxyl-terminated linear polystyrenes were prepared by living anionic polymerization. The resulting polymers were used as macroinitiators for ring-opening copolymerization of lactide and glycolide in the presence of the 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) as a catalyst in dichloromethane at ambient temperature. Transesterification and formation of DBU-initiated polymers were minimized by optimizing the catalyst concentration. Three block copolymers were synthesized in various molecular weights from 5000 g/mol to 33600 g/mol with low polydispersity. The formation of well-defined PS-b-PLGA block copolymers was followed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and size-exclusion chromatography. Thermal properties of the block copolymers were investigated by thermal gravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. The morphology of the block copolymers was investigated using small-angle X-ray scattering in the bulk and via grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering as well as atomic force microscopy in thin film demonstrating organized nanostructures with uniform domain sizes. Overall, this manuscript describes an expanded polymer toolbox for PLGA-based polymers for next-generation lithography applications.
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12
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Quantification of interfacial structure at nanoscale and its relationship with viscoelastic glass transition of SiO2/elastomer nanocomposites. POLYMER 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2023.125798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
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13
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Physicochemical Modifications on Thin Films of Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) and Its Nanocomposite with Expanded Graphite Nanostructured by Ultraviolet and Infrared Femtosecond Laser Irradiation. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14235243. [PMID: 36501637 PMCID: PMC9737047 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, the formation of laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) on the surfaces of thin films of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and PET reinforced with expanded graphite (EG) was studied. Laser irradiation was carried out by ultraviolet (265 nm) and near-infrared (795 nm) femtosecond laser pulses, and LIPSS were formed in both materials. In all cases, LIPSS had a period close to the irradiation wavelength and were formed parallel to the polarization of the laser beam, although, in the case of UV irradiation, differences in the formation range were observed due to the different thermal properties of the neat polymer in comparison to the composite. To monitor the modification of the physicochemical properties of the surfaces after irradiation as a function of the laser wavelength and of the presence of the filler, different techniques were used. Contact angle measurements were carried out using different reference liquids to measure the wettability and the solid surface free energies. The initially hydrophilic surfaces became more hydrophilic after ultraviolet irradiation, while they evolved to become hydrophobic under near-infrared laser irradiation. The values of the surface free energy components showed changes after nanostructuring, mainly in the polar component. Additionally, for UV-irradiated surfaces, adhesion, determined by the colloidal probe technique, increased, while, for NIR irradiation, adhesion decreased. Finally, nanomechanical properties were measured by the PeakForce Quantitative Nanomechanical Mapping method, obtaining maps of elastic modulus, adhesion, and deformation. The results showed an increase in the elastic modulus in the PET/EG, confirming the reinforcing action of the EG in the polymer matrix. Additionally, an increase in the elastic modulus was observed after LIPSS formation.
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14
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Chandrashekar A, Givois A, Belardinelli P, Penning CL, Aragón AM, Staufer U, Alijani F. Sensitivity of viscoelastic characterization in multi-harmonic atomic force microscopy. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:8748-8755. [PMID: 36349749 PMCID: PMC9709660 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00482h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Quantifying the nanomechanical properties of soft-matter using multi-frequency atomic force microscopy (AFM) is crucial for studying the performance of polymers, ultra-thin coatings, and biological systems. Such characterization processes often make use of cantilever's spectral components to discern nanomechanical properties within a multi-parameter optimization problem. This could inadvertently lead to an over-determined parameter estimation with no clear relation between the identified parameters and their influence on the experimental data. In this work, we explore the sensitivity of viscoelastic characterization in polymeric samples to the experimental observables of multi-frequency intermodulation AFM. By performing simulations and experiments we show that surface viscoelasticity has negligible effect on the experimental data and can lead to inconsistent and often non-physical identified parameters. Our analysis reveals that this lack of influence of the surface parameters relates to a vanishing gradient and non-convexity while minimizing the objective function. By removing the surface dependency from the model, we show that the characterization of bulk properties can be achieved with ease and without any ambiguity. Our work sheds light on the sensitivity issues that can be faced when optimizing for a large number of parameters and observables in AFM operation, and calls for the development of new viscoelastic models at the nanoscale and improved computational methodologies for nanoscale mapping of viscoelasticity using AFM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhilash Chandrashekar
- Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Arthur Givois
- Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Casper L Penning
- Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Alejandro M Aragón
- Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Urs Staufer
- Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Farbod Alijani
- Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands.
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15
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Surface characterization of an ultra-soft contact lens material using an atomic force microscopy nanoindentation method. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20013. [PMID: 36411325 PMCID: PMC9678857 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24701-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
As new ultra-soft materials are being developed for medical devices and biomedical applications, the comprehensive characterization of their physical and mechanical properties is both critical and challenging. To characterize the very low surface modulus of the novel biomimetic lehfilcon A silicone hydrogel contact lens coated with a layer of a branched polymer brush structure, an improved atomic force microscopy (AFM) nanoindentation method has been applied. This technique allows for precise contact-point determination without the effects of viscous squeeze-out upon approaching the branched polymer. Additionally, it allows individual brush elements to be mechanically characterized in the absence of poroelastic effects. This was accomplished by selecting an AFM probe with a design (tip size, geometry, and spring constant) that was especially suited to measuring the properties of soft materials and biological samples. The enhanced sensitivity and accuracy of this method allows for the precise measurement of the very soft lehfilcon A material, which has an extremely low elastic modulus in the surface region (as low as 2 kPa) and extremely high elasticity (nearly 100%) in an aqueous environment. The surface-characterization results not only reveal the ultra-soft nature of the lehfilcon A lens surface but also demonstrate that the elastic modulus exhibits a 30 kPa/200 nm gradient with depth due to the disparity between the modulus of the branched polymer brushes and the SiHy substrate. This surface-characterization methodology may be applied to other ultra-soft materials and medical devices.
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16
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Koike K, Kumaki J. Chain Movements at the Topmost Surface of Poly(methyl methacrylate) and Polystyrene Films Directly Evaluated by In Situ High-Temperature Atomic Force Microscopy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:13707-13719. [PMID: 36318939 PMCID: PMC9671121 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c01788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The surfaces of polymeric materials are thermodynamically unstable, and the glass-transition temperature (Tg) is significantly lower than that in the bulk material. However, the mobility of the chains at the top of the surface has never been directly evaluated. In this study, the movements of the topmost chains of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and polystyrene (PS) bulk films were observed in situ at high temperatures with atomic force microscopy in tapping mode. PMMA and PS chains started moving at ∼97 and ∼50 °C, respectively, which were slightly and significantly below the values of their bulk Tg (PMMA, 108 °C; PS, 104 °C), respectively. The activation energies of the apparent diffusion constants of PMMA and PS, derived by particle image velocimetry analysis, were 193 and 151 kJ mol-1, respectively, and reasonable for the glass transition. Movements of isolated PMMA chains deposited on a PMMA film by the Langmuir-Blodgett technique were also observed and confirmed to be essentially the same as those on the PMMA film surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouki Koike
- Department of Organic Materials Science,
Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Jiro Kumaki
- Department of Organic Materials Science,
Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
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17
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Yang SG, Zhang LQ, Cui J, Zeng XB, Guo B, Liu F, Ungar G. Morphology of Shear-Induced Polymer Cylindrites Revealed by 3D Optical Imaging. Macromolecules 2022; 56:198-206. [PMID: 36644554 PMCID: PMC9835984 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Two-photon confocal laser microscopy was used to obtain three-dimensional (3D) images of the morphology of poly(lactic acid) after shear-induced crystallization. The necessary fluorescence contrast was achieved by doping the polymer with Nile Red. The dye gets partially rejected from the growing crystalline aggregates during their formation, thus creating a renderable high-low fluorescence boundary outlining the shape of the aggregates. Parallel-plate melt-shearing and pulling a glass fiber through the melt were used as the two methods to achieve shear-induced crystallization. This study focuses on the shape of the resulting cylindrites, i.e., large-diameter shish-kebabs. The first 3D images of polymer cylindrites show that, if far from boundaries, they are circular cylinders, highly regular after fiber pull, but less so after parallel-plate shear. In the latter case, the cylindrite reveals the trajectory of the foreign particle that had nucleated its growth. Interestingly, lateral growth of the cylindrites was found to accelerate toward the sample surface when approaching it, giving the cylindrite an elliptical cross section. Furthermore and surprisingly, in the case of fiber pull, a row of spherulites is nucleated at the polymer-substrate interface nearest to the fiber, aligned along the fiber axis and appearing ahead of the rest of the space-filling spherulites. Both the phenomena, elliptical cylindrites and row of spherulites, are attributed to negative pressure buildup peaking at the cylindrite growth front and at the nearby film surface caused by crystallization-induced volume contraction. The pressure and flow distribution in the system is confirmed by numerical simulation. The results illustrate the value of 3D imaging of crystalline morphology in polymer science and polymer processing industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Gui Yang
- Shaanxi
International Research Center for Soft Materials, State Key Laboratory
for Mechanical Behaviour of Materials, Xi’an
Jiaotong University, Xi’an710049, China,
| | - Liang-Qing Zhang
- College
of Material Science and Engineering, Xi’an
University of Science and Technology, Xi’an710054, China
| | - Jiaming Cui
- Shaanxi
International Research Center for Soft Materials, State Key Laboratory
for Mechanical Behaviour of Materials, Xi’an
Jiaotong University, Xi’an710049, China
| | - Xiang-bing Zeng
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Sheffield, SheffieldS1 3JD, U.K.
| | - Baolin Guo
- State
Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Frontier Institute
of Science and Technology, Xi’an
Jiaotong University, Xi’an710049, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Shaanxi
International Research Center for Soft Materials, State Key Laboratory
for Mechanical Behaviour of Materials, Xi’an
Jiaotong University, Xi’an710049, China
| | - Goran Ungar
- Shaanxi
International Research Center for Soft Materials, State Key Laboratory
for Mechanical Behaviour of Materials, Xi’an
Jiaotong University, Xi’an710049, China,Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Sheffield, SheffieldS1 3JD, U.K.,;
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18
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Liirò-Peluso L, Wrigley J, Amabilino DB, Beton PH. Submolecular Resolution Imaging of P3HT:PCBM Nanostructured Films by Atomic Force Microscopy: Implications for Organic Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2022; 5:13794-13804. [PMID: 36338328 PMCID: PMC9623582 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.2c01399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The efficiency of organic bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells depends greatly on both the bulk and surface structure of the nanostructured bicontinuous interpenetrating network of materials, known as the active layer. The morphology of the top layer of a coated film is often resolved at the scale of a few nanometers, but fine details of the domains and the order within them are more difficult to identify. Here, we report a high-resolution atomic force microscopy (AFM) investigation of various stoichiometries of the well-studied poly(3-hexylthiophene):[6,6]-phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester (P3HT:PCBM) active layer mixture. Images of the surface were obtained using AC-mode AFM exciting higher-order resonance frequencies of a standard silicon probe, a promising technique for acquiring real-space images of organic-based thin films with nanoscale and even submolecular resolution. We provide firm evidence of the nanoscale organization of the P3HT polymer and of the P3HT:PCBM stoichiometric mixtures at the surface-air interface of the BHJ architecture. Our study shows the characteristic periodicity of the regioregular P3HT identified in the nanoscale domain areas with submolecular resolution. Such areas are then distorted in place when adding different quantities of PCBM forming stoichiometric mixtures. When the samples were exposed to ambient light, the morphologies were very different, and submolecular resolution was not achieved. This approach is shown to provide a precise view of the active layer's nanostructure and will be useful for studies of other materials as a function of various parameters, with particular attention to the role of the acceptor in tuning morphology for understanding optimum performance in organic photovoltaic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Liirò-Peluso
- The
GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable Chemistry, School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Triumph Road, Nottingham NG7 2TU, U.K.
- School
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Nottingham, University
Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.
| | - James Wrigley
- School
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Nottingham, University
Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.
| | - David B. Amabilino
- The
GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable Chemistry, School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Triumph Road, Nottingham NG7 2TU, U.K.
- Institut
de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones
Científicas, Carrer dels Til.lers, Campus Universitari de Bellaterra, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Peter H. Beton
- School
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Nottingham, University
Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.
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19
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Zhou T, Jiang X. Modulating luminescence and assembled shapes of ultrasmall Au nanoparticles towards hierarchical information encryption. Chem Sci 2022; 13:12107-12113. [PMID: 36349114 PMCID: PMC9601247 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04031j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Because of their intriguing luminescence performances, ultrasmall Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) and their assemblies hold great potential in diverse applications, including information security. However, modulating luminescence and assembled shapes of ultrasmall AuNPs to achieve a high-security level of stored information is an enduring and significant challenge. Herein, we report a facile strategy using Pluronic F127 as an adaptive template for preparing Au nanoassemblies (AuNAs) with controllable structures and tunable luminescence to realize hierarchical information encryption through modulating excitation light. The template guided ultrasmall AuNP in situ growth in the inner core and assembled these ultrasmall AuNPs into intriguing necklace-like or spherical nanoarchitectures. By regulating the type of ligand and reductant, their emission was also tunable, ranging from green to the second near-infrared (NIR-II) region. The excitation-dependent emission could be shifted from red to NIR-II, and this significant shift was considerably distinct from the small range variation of conventional nanomaterials in the visible region. In virtue of tunable luminescence and controllable structures, we expanded their potential utility to hierarchical information encryption, and the true information could be decrypted in a two-step sequential manner by regulating excitation light. These findings provided a novel pathway for creating uniform nanomaterials with desired functions for potential applications in information security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingyao Zhou
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology 1088 Xueyuan Road, Nanshan District Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 P. R. China
| | - Xingyu Jiang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology 1088 Xueyuan Road, Nanshan District Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 P. R. China
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20
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Wang S, Luo Z, Liang J, Hu J, Jiang N, He J, Li Q. Polymer Nanocomposite Dielectrics: Understanding the Matrix/Particle Interface. ACS NANO 2022; 16:13612-13656. [PMID: 36107156 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c07404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Polymer nanocomposite dielectrics possess exceptional electric properties that are absent in the pristine dielectric polymers. The matrix/particle interface in polymer nanocomposite dielectrics is suggested to play decisive roles on the bulk material performance. Herein, we present a critical overview of recent research advances and important insights in understanding the matrix/particle interfacial characteristics in polymer nanocomposite dielectrics. The primary experimental strategies and state-of-the-art characterization techniques for resolving the local property-structure correlation of the matrix/particle interface are dissected in depth, with a focus on the characterization capabilities of each strategy or technique that other approaches cannot compete with. Limitations to each of the experimental strategy are evaluated as well. In the last section of this Review, we summarize and compare the three experimental strategies from multiple aspects and point out their advantages and disadvantages, critical issues, and possible experimental schemes to be established. Finally, the authors' personal viewpoints regarding the challenges of the existing experimental strategies are presented, and potential directions for the interface study are proposed for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Power Systems, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhen Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Power Systems, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiajie Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Power Systems, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Power Systems, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Naisheng Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jinliang He
- State Key Laboratory of Power Systems, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Power Systems, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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21
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Wang BW, Liu H, Ying J, Liu CT, Shen CY, Wang YM. Effect of Physical Aging on Heterogeneity of Poly(ε-caprolactone) Toughening Poly(lactic acid) Probed by Nanomechanical Mapping. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-022-2806-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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Liu H, Liang X, Nakajima K. Nanoscale
strain–stress
mapping for a thermoplastic elastomer revealed using a combination of
in situ
atomic force microscopy nanomechanics and Delaunay triangulation. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20220345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haonan Liu
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering Tokyo Institute of Technology Tokyo Japan
| | - Xiaobin Liang
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering Tokyo Institute of Technology Tokyo Japan
| | - Ken Nakajima
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering Tokyo Institute of Technology Tokyo Japan
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23
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Testing of Rubber Composites Reinforced with Carbon Nanotubes. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14153039. [PMID: 35956555 PMCID: PMC9370756 DOI: 10.3390/polym14153039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have attracted growing interest as a filler in rubber nanocomposites due to their mechanical and electrical properties. In this study, the mechanical properties of a NR/BR/IR/SBR compound reinforced with single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) were investigated using atomic force microscopy (AFM), tensile tests, hardness tests, and a dynamical mechanical analysis (DMA). The tested materials differed in SWCNT content (1.00–2.00 phr) and were compared with a reference compound without the nanofiller. AFM was used to obtain the topography and spectroscopic curves based on which local elasticity was characterized. The results of the tensile and hardness tests showed a reinforcing effect of the SWCNTs. It was observed that an addition of 2.00 phr of the SWCNTs resulted in increases in tensile strength by 9.5%, Young’s modulus by 15.44%, and hardness by 11.18%, while the elongation at break decreased by 8.39% compared with the reference compound. The results of the temperature and frequency sweep DMA showed higher values of storage and loss moduli, as well as lower values of tangent of phase angle, with increasing SWCNT content.
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24
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Bornani K, Mendez NF, Altorbaq AS, Müller AJ, Lin Y, Qu EZ, Zhang K, Kumar SK, Schadler LS. In Situ Atomic Force Microscopy Tracking of Nanoparticle Migration in Semicrystalline Polymers. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:818-824. [PMID: 35675165 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We present in situ tracking of silica nanoparticle (NP) migration from a poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) melt into interlamellar region using in situ atomic force microscopy (AFM). Our results confirm the previous hypothesis that NPs migrate into the interlamellar regions at crystallization growth rates smaller than a critical value under isothermal conditions. Under these slow crystallization conditions, bare silica NPs are rejected as defects by the growing crystal of PEO, and the in situ imaging on the large (50 nm) NPs helps track the migration into the amorphous zones. We extend this AFM technique to estimate lamellar growth rates that correlate with spherulite growth rates determined by polarized light optical microscopy (PLOM) but at smaller undercoolings than are typical for PLOM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamlesh Bornani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, United States
| | - Nicholas F Mendez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Abdullah S Altorbaq
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Alejandro J Müller
- POLYMAT and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Science Foundation, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Yueqian Lin
- Division of Natural and Applied Sciences, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, Jiangsu 215300, China
| | - Eric Zhonghang Qu
- Division of Natural and Applied Sciences, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, Jiangsu 215300, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Division of Natural and Applied Sciences, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, Jiangsu 215300, China
| | - Sanat K Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Linda S Schadler
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, United States
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25
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Nanomechanical Characterization of Bacterial Polyhydroxyalkanoates Using Atomic Force Microscopy. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12104994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Polyhydroxyalkanoates are a promising class of biopolymers that can allow the production of sustainable plastic materials. The mechanical properties of such materials are very important for possible industrial applications, but the amount of polymer required for common mechanical testing can be orders of magnitude more than what is possible to achieve with a lab-scale process. Nanoindentation with the Atomic Force Microscope allows an estimation of the Elastic Modulus that can be used as a preliminary measurement on PHA when only a limited amount of material is available. Poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) copolymers were analyzed, with moduli ranging from 528 ± 62 MPa to 1623 ± 172 MPa, according to both the composition and the crystallization kinetics.
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26
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Murphy JG, Raybin JG, Sibener SJ. Correlating polymer structure, dynamics, and function with atomic force microscopy. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia G. Murphy
- The James Franck Institute and Department of Chemistry The University of Chicago Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Jonathan G. Raybin
- The James Franck Institute and Department of Chemistry The University of Chicago Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Steven J. Sibener
- The James Franck Institute and Department of Chemistry The University of Chicago Chicago Illinois USA
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27
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Li TT, Cheng SB, Feng LF, Gu XP, Zhang CL, Hu GH. Measuring the Interfacial Thickness of Immiscible Polymer Blends by Nano-probing of Atomic Force Microscopy. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-022-2682-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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29
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Wu R, Matta M, Paulsen BD, Rivnay J. Operando Characterization of Organic Mixed Ionic/Electronic Conducting Materials. Chem Rev 2022; 122:4493-4551. [PMID: 35026108 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Operando characterization plays an important role in revealing the structure-property relationships of organic mixed ionic/electronic conductors (OMIECs), enabling the direct observation of dynamic changes during device operation and thus guiding the development of new materials. This review focuses on the application of different operando characterization techniques in the study of OMIECs, highlighting the time-dependent and bias-dependent structure, composition, and morphology information extracted from these techniques. We first illustrate the needs, requirements, and challenges of operando characterization then provide an overview of relevant experimental techniques, including spectroscopy, scattering, microbalance, microprobe, and electron microscopy. We also compare different in silico methods and discuss the interplay of these computational methods with experimental techniques. Finally, we provide an outlook on the future development of operando for OMIEC-based devices and look toward multimodal operando techniques for more comprehensive and accurate description of OMIECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiheng Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Micaela Matta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Bryan D Paulsen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jonathan Rivnay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
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30
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Chain movements of a molecularly flat PMMA substrate surface prepared by thermal imprinting with mica and isolated PMMA chains deposited on the PMMA substrate observed by AFM around the bulk Tg. Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-021-00600-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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31
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Gisbert VG, Garcia R. Accurate Wide-Modulus-Range Nanomechanical Mapping of Ultrathin Interfaces with Bimodal Atomic Force Microscopy. ACS NANO 2021; 15:20574-20581. [PMID: 34851086 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c09178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The nanoscale determination of the mechanical properties of interfaces is of paramount relevance in materials science and cell biology. Bimodal atomic force microscopy (AFM) is arguably the most advanced nanoscale method for mapping the elastic modulus of interfaces. Simulations, theory, and experiments have validated bimodal AFM measurements on thick samples (from micrometer to millimeter). However, the bottom-effect artifact, this is, the influence of the rigid support on the determination of the Young's modulus, questions its accuracy for ultrathin materials and interfaces (1-15 nm). Here we develop a bottom-effect correction method that yields the intrinsic Young's modulus value of a material independent of its thickness. Experiments and numerical simulations validate the accuracy of the method for a wide range of materials (1 MPa to 100 GPa). Otherwise, the Young's modulus of an ultrathin material might be overestimated by a 10-fold factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor G Gisbert
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, c/Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo Garcia
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, c/Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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32
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Soliman MM, Sakr TM, Rashed HM, Hamed AA, Abd El-Rehim HA. Polyethylene oxide-polyacrylic acid-folic acid (PEO-PAAc) nanogel as a 99m Tc targeting receptor for cancer diagnostic imaging. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2021; 64:534-547. [PMID: 34582054 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles are frequently used as targeting delivery systems for therapeutic and diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals. Polyethylene oxide-polyacrylic acid (PEO-PAAc) nanogel was prepared via γ-radiation-induced polymerization. Variable factors affecting nanoparticles size were investigated. The nanogel was radiolabeled with the imaging radioisotope 99m Tc and finally conjugated with folic acid to target folate receptor actively. PEO-PAAc-folic acid gel was characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Biodistribution was studied in normal mice and solid tumor-bearing mice via intravenous and intratumor injections of the radiolabeled PEO-PAAc-folic acid nanogel. Results of biodistribution showed high selective uptake of the prepared complex in tumor muscle compared with normal muscle for both intravenous and intratumor injections. The T/NT ratio was found to be 6.186 and 294.5 for intravenous and intratumor injections, respectively. Consequently, 99m Tc-PEO-PAAc-folic acid complex could be a promising agent for cancer diagnostic imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moamen M Soliman
- Department of Polymers, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Tamer M Sakr
- Radioactive Isotopes and Generator Department, Hot Labs Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hassan M Rashed
- Labeled Compounds Department, Hot Labs Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt.,Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sinai University, Kantara, Egypt
| | - Ashraf A Hamed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hassan A Abd El-Rehim
- Department of Polymers, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
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33
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Collinson DW, Sheridan RJ, Palmeri MJ, Brinson LC. Best practices and recommendations for accurate nanomechanical characterization of heterogeneous polymer systems with atomic force microscopy. Prog Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2021.101420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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34
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Zhang S, Weng Y, Ma C. Quantitative Nanomechanical Mapping of Polyolefin Elastomer at Nanoscale with Atomic Force Microscopy. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2021; 16:113. [PMID: 34216298 PMCID: PMC8254710 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-021-03568-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Elastomeric nanostructures are normally expected to fulfill an explicit mechanical role and therefore their mechanical properties are pivotal to affect material performance. Their versatile applications demand a thorough understanding of the mechanical properties. In particular, the time dependent mechanical response of low-density polyolefin (LDPE) has not been fully elucidated. Here, utilizing state-of-the-art PeakForce quantitative nanomechanical mapping jointly with force volume and fast force volume, the elastic moduli of LDPE samples were assessed in a time-dependent fashion. Specifically, the acquisition frequency was discretely changed four orders of magnitude from 0.1 up to 2 k Hz. Force data were fitted with a linearized DMT contact mechanics model considering surface adhesion force. Increased Young's modulus was discovered with increasing acquisition frequency. It was measured 11.7 ± 5.2 MPa at 0.1 Hz and increased to 89.6 ± 17.3 MPa at 2 kHz. Moreover, creep compliance experiment showed that instantaneous elastic modulus E1, delayed elastic modulus E2, viscosity η, retardation time τ were 22.3 ± 3.5 MPa, 43.3 ± 4.8 MPa, 38.7 ± 5.6 MPa s and 0.89 ± 0.22 s, respectively. The multiparametric, multifunctional local probing of mechanical measurement along with exceptional high spatial resolution imaging open new opportunities for quantitative nanomechanical mapping of soft polymers, and can potentially be extended to biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan, China.
| | - Yihui Weng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan, China
| | - Chunhua Ma
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan, China.
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35
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36
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Liu S, Chambers TG, Cutts WD. Comparison of nanostructure and nanomechanical properties of cast and air sides of polyimide films from different manufacturers. Micron 2021; 145:103059. [PMID: 33751938 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2021.103059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Polyimide films are widely applied in harsh environments because of their outstanding performance. High-quality polyimide films are often manufactured through a two-step process. The complicated procedure results in different properties on the two sides, i.e., the air side and cast side of the films, and the quality of products from different manufacturers varies notably. In the present work, polyimide films with two thicknesses (1 and 2 mm) from four manufacturers were investigated. Atomic force microscope and FT-IR spectrometer were employed to monitor morphology, roughness, nanomechanical properties, and corresponding relative imidization degree on the two sides of each film. Statistical tools were applied to analyze the data. T-test suggests that the two sides of the same film were significantly different in roughness, DMT modulus, and relative imidization degree (p < 0.05). The roughness on the air side was consistently smaller than that of the cast side. ANOVA was used to compare differences among the manufacturers. Manufacturer B provided the smoothest films with the highest DMT moduli and imidization degrees. A positive correlation was found between the DMT modulus and imidization degree (r = 0.7330). Nanostructure and nanomechanical properties could affect the quality of the film. Striped morphology and adhesion were found on the cast side of the 2-mm film from manufacturer D, which compromised the film tension in the direction perpendicular to the strips. Investigations of morphology and mechanical properties of polyimide film at the nanoscale would help us better characterize the film, assure its quality, and select suitable film and side for proper applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyang Liu
- Center for Materials and Manufacturing Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Troy University, AL 36082, USA.
| | - Taylor G Chambers
- Center for Materials and Manufacturing Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Troy University, AL 36082, USA
| | - William D Cutts
- Center for Materials and Manufacturing Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Troy University, AL 36082, USA
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37
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Nanomechanical and Chemical Mapping of the Structure and Interfacial Properties in Immiscible Ternary Polymer Systems. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-021-2567-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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38
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Wibowo ES, Park BD. Crystalline Lamellar Structure of Thermosetting Urea–Formaldehyde Resins at a Low Molar Ratio. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eko Setio Wibowo
- Department of Wood Science and Technology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Dae Park
- Department of Wood Science and Technology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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39
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Kumar G, Dash SR, Neogi S. Dual-catalyst engineered porous organic framework for visible-light triggered, metal-free and aerobic sp3 C H activation in highly synergistic and recyclable fashion. J Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2020.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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40
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Gisbert VG, Amo CA, Jaafar M, Asenjo A, Garcia R. Quantitative mapping of magnetic properties at the nanoscale with bimodal AFM. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:2026-2033. [PMID: 33449980 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr08662b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that a force microscope operated in a bimodal configuration enables the mapping of magnetic interactions with high quantitative accuracy and high-spatial resolution (∼30 nm). Bimodal AFM operation doubles the number of observables with respect to conventional magnetic force microscopy methods which enables to determine quantitatively in a single processing step several magnetic properties. The theory of bimodal AFM provides analytical expressions for different magnetic force models, in particular those characterized by power-law and exponential distance dependences. Bimodal AFM provides a self-evaluation protocol to test the accuracy of the measurements. The agreement obtained between the experiments and theory for two different magnetic samples support the application of bimodal AFM to map quantitatively long-range magnetic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor G Gisbert
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, c/Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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41
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Zaccaria CL, Cedrati V, Nitti A, Chiesa E, Martinez de Ilarduya A, Garcia-Alvarez M, Meli M, Colombo G, Pasini D. Biocompatible graft copolymers from bacterial poly(γ-glutamic acid) and poly(lactic acid). Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00737h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Biocompatible graft copolymers from bacterial poly(γ-glutamic acid) and poly(lactic acid) are realized using a “grafting to” approach combined with click chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valeria Cedrati
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM Research Unit
- University of Pavia
- 27100 Pavia
- Italy
| | - Andrea Nitti
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM Research Unit
- University of Pavia
- 27100 Pavia
- Italy
| | - Enrica Chiesa
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture
- University of Pavia
- 27100 Pavia
- Italy
| | | | | | | | - Giorgio Colombo
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM Research Unit
- University of Pavia
- 27100 Pavia
- Italy
- SCITEC-CNR
| | - Dario Pasini
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM Research Unit
- University of Pavia
- 27100 Pavia
- Italy
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42
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Martínez‐Tong DE, Pomposo JA, Verde‐Sesto E. Triggering Forces at the Nanoscale: Technologies for Single‐Chain Mechanical Activation and Manipulation. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 42:e2000654. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E. Martínez‐Tong
- Departamento de Polímeros y Materiales Avanzados: Física, Química y Tecnología University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) P. Manuel Lardizábal 3 Donostia‐San Sebastián 20018 Spain
- Centro de Física de Materiales (UPV/EHU‐CSIC) P. Manuel Lardizábal 5 San Sebastián 20018 Spain
| | - José A. Pomposo
- Departamento de Polímeros y Materiales Avanzados: Física, Química y Tecnología University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) P. Manuel Lardizábal 3 Donostia‐San Sebastián 20018 Spain
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CFM) (CSIC‐UPV/EHU)—Materials Physics Center (MPC) Paseo Manuel de Lardizábal 5 Donostia‐San Sebastián 20018 Spain
- IKERBASQUE—Basque Foundation for Science Plaza Euskadi 5 Bilbao 48009 Spain
| | - Ester Verde‐Sesto
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CFM) (CSIC‐UPV/EHU)—Materials Physics Center (MPC) Paseo Manuel de Lardizábal 5 Donostia‐San Sebastián 20018 Spain
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43
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Watanabe Y, Ichinohe H, Kumaki J. In situ AFM Observation of the Movements of Isolated Isotactic Poly(methyl methacrylate) Chains in a Precursor Film of an Oligo(methyl methacrylate) Droplet Spreading on Mica. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:12327-12335. [PMID: 32965125 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a powerful tool to observe polymer chains at the molecular level. In this study, we show that the movements of isolated linear polymer chains in a precursor film of a droplet of an oligomer spreading on a substrate could be visualized in situ at the molecular level by AFM for the first time. The system was an isotactic poly(methyl methacrylate) (it-PMMA) solubilized in an oligo(MMA) matrix (it-PMMA/oligo(MMA) = 1/10,000 w/w) spreading on mica under high humidity. Because of the limited resolution of the AFM instrument, condensed linear polymer chains could not be visualized, but a small amount of it-PMMA chains that were solubilized as isolated chains in the oligo(MMA) matrix could be visualized in the precursor film, the contrast of which came from a large difference in glass transition temperature (Tg) of it-PMMA and oligo(MMA). The it-PMMA chains in the precursor film spread in the radial direction of the droplet with vigorously changing chain conformations. The spreading rate of it-PMMA chains under 72% relative humidity was ∼1/30 of the spreading rate of the oligo(MMA) matrix, which was estimated based on the decrease in the volume of the macroscopic droplet. The spreading of the it-PMMA chains and droplet strongly depended on humidity and was suppressed with the decrease in humidity, most likely because of the increase in friction with the substrate. The difference in the spreading rate of it-PMMA and oligo(MMA) further increased under low humidity. The dynamic molecular information of a precursor film by AFM should help to elucidate the wetting dynamics on a substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Watanabe
- Department of Organic Materials Science, Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Hayato Ichinohe
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Jiro Kumaki
- Department of Organic Materials Science, Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
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44
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Mai DJ, Schroeder CM. 100th Anniversary of Macromolecular Science Viewpoint: Single-Molecule Studies of Synthetic Polymers. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:1332-1341. [PMID: 35638639 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Single polymer studies have revealed unexpected and heterogeneous dynamics among identical or seemingly similar macromolecules. In recent years, direct observation of single polymers has uncovered broad distributions in molecular behavior that play a key role in determining bulk properties. Early single polymer experiments focused primarily on biological macromolecules such as DNA, but recent advances in synthesis, imaging, and force spectroscopy have enabled broad exploration of chemically diverse polymer systems. In this Viewpoint, we discuss the recent study of synthetic polymers using single-molecule methods. In terms of polymer synthesis, direct observation of single chain polymerization has revealed heterogeneity in monomer insertion events at catalytic centers and decoupling of local and global growth kinetics. In terms of single polymer visualization, recent advances in super-resolution imaging, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and liquid-cell transmission electron microscopy (LC-TEM) can resolve structure and dynamics in single synthetic chains. Moreover, single synthetic polymers can be probed in the context of bulk material environments, including hydrogels, nanostructured polymers, and crystalline polymers. In each area, we highlight key challenges and exciting opportunities in using single polymer techniques to enhance our understanding of polymer science. Overall, the expanding versatility of single polymer methods will enable the molecular-scale design and fundamental understanding of a broad range of chemically diverse and functional polymeric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle J. Mai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Charles M. Schroeder
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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45
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Nguyen-Tri P, Carrière P, Duong A, Nanda S. Graphene Oxide-Induced Interfacial Transcrystallization of Single-Fiber Milkweed/Polycaprolactone/Polyvinylchloride Composites. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:22430-22439. [PMID: 32923801 PMCID: PMC7482230 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the interfacial crystallization is crucial for semi-crystalline polymer/natural fiber composites because it links to the final properties. This work reports, for the first time, the interfacial crystallization of a miscible blend between polycaprolactone (PCL) and polyvinylchloride (PVC) with milkweed fibers. We have first described the morphology of the fibers and the chemical composition of waxes covered on its surface. Our findings show that the transcrystallization (TC) layer of PCL/PVC could appear at the interface by simply coating with a layer of graphene oxide (GO) on the milkweed fiber. In our study, atomic force microscopy-infrared spectroscopy analysis shows that the crystallinity of the blends is higher at the vicinity of the interface compared to that in the bulk. The kinetic of the interfacial crystallization in terms of spherulite morphology and crystal growth rates at the nanoscale is examined. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy were used to analyze the prepared GO and evaluate its relationship with the interfacial crystallization behavior of the blends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong Nguyen-Tri
- Department
of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, University du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivieres G9A 5H7, Québec, Canada
| | - Pascal Carrière
- Laboratoire
des Matériaux, Polymères, Interfaces et Environnement
Marin (MAPIEM), Université de Toulon, La Garde 83130 France
| | - Adam Duong
- Department
of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, University du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivieres G9A 5H7, Québec, Canada
| | - Sonil Nanda
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7N 5A9, Saskatchewan, Canada
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46
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Robles-Hernández B, Soccio M, Castrillo I, Guidotti G, Lotti N, Alegría Á, Martínez-Tong DE. Poly(alkylene 2,5-furanoate)s thin films: Morphology, crystallinity and nanomechanical properties. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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47
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Garcia R. Nanomechanical mapping of soft materials with the atomic force microscope: methods, theory and applications. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:5850-5884. [PMID: 32662499 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00318b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Fast, high-resolution, non-destructive and quantitative characterization methods are needed to develop materials with tailored properties at the nanoscale or to understand the relationship between mechanical properties and cell physiology. This review introduces the state-of-the-art force microscope-based methods to map at high-spatial resolution the elastic and viscoelastic properties of soft materials. The experimental methods are explained in terms of the theories that enable the transformation of observables into material properties. Several applications in materials science, molecular biology and mechanobiology illustrate the scope, impact and potential of nanomechanical mapping methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Garcia
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, c/Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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48
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Sasahara Y, Miyake Y, Kumaki J. Preparation of a Si(111) Atomically Flat Substrate via Wet Etching and Evaluation as an AFM Substrate for Observations of Isolated Chains, Crystals, and Crystallization of Isotactic Poly(methyl methacrylate) at the Molecular Level. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:7494-7504. [PMID: 32484676 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c01098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To observe a polymer chain deposited on a substrate by atomic force microscopy (AFM) at the molecular level, the substrate should be atomically flat and stable under laboratory conditions and adsorb polymer chains firmly. Therefore, substrates used under laboratory conditions are practically limited to mica, highly ordered pyrolytic graphite, and atomically stepped sapphire, and polymers observed by AFM at the molecular level are also limited. A silicon wafer is frequently used as a substrate for AFM observation for somewhat macroscopic observations, but the surface of the silicon wafer is too rough to observe polymer chains deposited on it at the molecular level. In this study, we prepared an atomically stepped Si(111) substrate via wet etching in NH4F and evaluated it as an AFM substrate. The Si(111) substrate was stable as an AFM substrate, and isolated poly(methyl methacrylate) (it-PMMA) chains and a crystalline monolayer deposited on the substrate were observed by AFM at the molecular level. An it-PMMA amorphous monolayer deposited on mica crystallized under high humidity, but that on the Si(111) substrate did not because of the difference in the surface nature and the crystal structure of the substrates. The Si(111) substrate was hydrophobic, and the it-PMMA monolayers could be deposited as a multilayer, which could not be formed on hydrophilic mica. The crystallization behavior of an it-PMMA amorphous multilayer and an amorphous/crystalline mixed multilayer on the Si(111) substrate was also evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Sasahara
- Department of Organic Materials Science, Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Yuya Miyake
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Jiro Kumaki
- Department of Organic Materials Science, Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
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49
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Suthiwanich K, Hiraguchi Y, Nyu T, Mondarte EAQ, Takai M, Hayashi T. Imaging the Nanophase-separated Structure of Block Copolymer Thin Film by Atomic Force Microscopy in Aqueous Solution. CHEM LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.190894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kasinan Suthiwanich
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8502, Japan
| | - Yukari Hiraguchi
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Takashi Nyu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8502, Japan
| | - Evan Angelo Quimada Mondarte
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8502, Japan
| | - Madoka Takai
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Hayashi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8502, Japan
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- JST-PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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50
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Liu Y, Vancso GJ. Polymer single chain imaging, molecular forces, and nanoscale processes by Atomic Force Microscopy: The ultimate proof of the macromolecular hypothesis. Prog Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2020.101232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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