1
|
Ntetsikas K, Ladelta V, Bhaumik S, Hadjichristidis N. Quo Vadis Carbanionic Polymerization? ACS POLYMERS AU 2023; 3:158-181. [PMID: 37065716 PMCID: PMC10103213 DOI: 10.1021/acspolymersau.2c00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Living anionic polymerization will soon celebrate 70 years of existence. This living polymerization is considered the mother of all living and controlled/living polymerizations since it paved the way for their discovery. It provides methodologies for synthesizing polymers with absolute control of the essential parameters that affect polymer properties, including molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, composition and microstructure, chain-end/in-chain functionality, and architecture. This precise control of living anionic polymerization generated tremendous fundamental and industrial research activities, developing numerous important commodity and specialty polymers. In this Perspective, we present the high importance of living anionic polymerization of vinyl monomers by providing some examples of its significant achievements, presenting its current status, giving several insights into where it is going (Quo Vadis) and what the future holds for this powerful synthetic method. Furthermore, we attempt to explore its advantages and disadvantages compared to controlled/living radical polymerizations, the main competitors of living carbanionic polymerization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Ntetsikas
- Polymer Synthesis Laboratory, KAUST
Catalysis Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
(KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Viko Ladelta
- Polymer Synthesis Laboratory, KAUST
Catalysis Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
(KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Saibal Bhaumik
- Polymer Synthesis Laboratory, KAUST
Catalysis Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
(KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Nikos Hadjichristidis
- Polymer Synthesis Laboratory, KAUST
Catalysis Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
(KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Steube M, Johann T, Barent RD, Müller AH, Frey H. Rational design of tapered multiblock copolymers for thermoplastic elastomers. Prog Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2021.101488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
3
|
Jin Z, Wang H, Hu X, Liu Y, Hu Y, Zhao S, Zhu N, Fang Z, Guo K. Anionic polymerizations in a microreactor. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00360g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Anionic polymerizations in a microreactor enable fast mixing, high-level control, and scale-up synthesis of polymers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Jin
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211800, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211800, China
| | - Huiyue Wang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211800, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211800, China
| | - Xin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211800, China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211800, China
| | - Yihuan Liu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211800, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211800, China
| | - Yujing Hu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211800, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211800, China
| | - Shuangfei Zhao
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211800, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211800, China
| | - Ning Zhu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211800, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211800, China
| | - Zheng Fang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211800, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211800, China
| | - Kai Guo
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211800, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211800, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zahoranová A, Luxenhofer R. Poly(2-oxazoline)- and Poly(2-oxazine)-Based Self-Assemblies, Polyplexes, and Drug Nanoformulations-An Update. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001382. [PMID: 33448122 PMCID: PMC11468752 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
For many decades, poly(2-oxazoline)s and poly(2-oxazine)s, two closely related families of polymers, have led the life of a rather obscure research topic with only a few research groups world-wide working with them. This has changed in the last five to ten years, presumably triggered significantly by very promising clinical trials of the first poly(2-oxazoline)-based drug conjugate. The huge chemical and structural toolbox poly(2-oxazoline)s and poly(2-oxazine)s has been extended very significantly in the last few years, but their potential still remains largely untapped. Here, specifically, the developments in macromolecular self-assemblies and non-covalent drug delivery systems such as polyplexes and drug nanoformulations based on poly(2-oxazoline)s and poly(2-oxazine)s are reviewed. This highly dynamic field benefits particularly from the extensive synthetic toolbox poly(2-oxazoline)s and poly(2-oxazine)s offer and also may have the largest potential for a further development. It is expected that the research dynamics will remain high in the next few years, particularly as more about the safety and therapeutic potential of poly(2-oxazoline)s and poly(2-oxazine)s is learned.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Zahoranová
- Institute of Applied Synthetic ChemistryVienna University of TechnologyGetreidemarkt 9/163MCVienna1060Austria
| | - Robert Luxenhofer
- Functional Polymer MaterialsChair for Advanced Materials SynthesisInstitute for Functional Materials and BiofabricationDepartment of Chemistry and PharmacyJulius‐Maximilians‐Universität WürzburgRöntgenring 11Würzburg97070Germany
- Soft Matter ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryHelsinki UniversityHelsinki00014Finland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bai H, Leng X, Han L, Yang L, Li C, Shen H, Lei L, Zhang S, Wang X, Ma H. Thermally Controlled On/Off Switch in a Living Anionic Polymerization of 1-Cyclopropylvinylbenzene with an Anion Migrated Ring-Opening Mechanism. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyuan Bai
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xuefei Leng
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Li Han
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Lincan Yang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Heyu Shen
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Lan Lei
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Songbo Zhang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xuefei Wang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Hongwei Ma
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zaquen N, Rubens M, Corrigan N, Xu J, Zetterlund PB, Boyer C, Junkers T. Polymer Synthesis in Continuous Flow Reactors. Prog Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2020.101256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
|
7
|
Reis MH, Leibfarth FA, Pitet LM. Polymerizations in Continuous Flow: Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Diverse Polymeric Materials. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:123-133. [PMID: 35638663 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.9b00933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The number of reports using continuous flow technology in tubular reactors to perform precision polymerizations has grown enormously in recent years. Flow polymerizations allow highly efficient preparation of polymers exhibiting well-defined molecular characteristics, and has been applied to a slew of monomers and various polymerization mechanisms, including anionic, cationic, radical, and ring-opening. Polymerization conducted in continuous flow offers several distinct advantages, including improved efficiency, reproducibility, and enhanced safety for exothermic polymerizations using highly toxic components, high pressures, and high temperatures. The further development of this technology is thus of relevance for many industrial polymerization processes. While much progress has been demonstrated in recent years, opportunities remain for increasing the compositional and architectural complexity of polymeric materials synthesized in a continuous fashion. Extending the reactor processing principles that have heretofore been focused on optimizing homopolymerization to include multisegment block copolymers, particularly from monomers that propagate via incompatible mechanisms, represents a major challenge and coveted target for continuous flow polymerization. Likewise, the spatial and temporal control of reactivity afforded by flow chemistry has and will continue to enable the production of complex polymeric architectures. This Viewpoint offers a brief background of continuous flow polymerization focused primarily on tubular (micro)reactors and includes selected examples that are relevant to these specific developments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus H. Reis
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Frank A. Leibfarth
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Louis M. Pitet
- Advanced Polymer Functionalization Group, Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Martelarenlaan 42, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Van De Walle M, Petit C, Blinco JP, Barner-Kowollik C. Visible-light reversible photopolymerisation: insights via online photoflow – electrospray ionisation – mass spectrometry. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01119c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we introduce a scalable photopolyaddition polymerisations using the pyrene-chalcone [2+2]-cycloaddition and monitor the photodepolymerisation process via an online photoflow – electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry setup.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Van De Walle
- Centre for Materials Science
- Centre for a Waste Free World
- School of Chemistry and Physics
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane
| | - Charlotte Petit
- Centre for Materials Science
- Centre for a Waste Free World
- School of Chemistry and Physics
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane
| | - James P. Blinco
- Centre for Materials Science
- Centre for a Waste Free World
- School of Chemistry and Physics
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Centre for Materials Science
- Centre for a Waste Free World
- School of Chemistry and Physics
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lin B, Hedrick JL, Park NH, Waymouth RM. Programmable High-Throughput Platform for the Rapid and Scalable Synthesis of Polyester and Polycarbonate Libraries. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:8921-8927. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b02450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Binhong Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - James L. Hedrick
- IBM Research-Almaden, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, California 95120, United States
| | - Nathaniel H. Park
- IBM Research-Almaden, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, California 95120, United States
| | - Robert M. Waymouth
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Anionic Polymerization Using Flow Microreactors. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 24:molecules24081532. [PMID: 31003462 PMCID: PMC6514773 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24081532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Flow microreactors are expected to make a revolutionary change in chemical synthesis involving various fields of polymer synthesis. In fact, extensive flow microreactor studies have opened up new possibilities in polymer chemistry including cationic polymerization, anionic polymerization, radical polymerization, coordination polymerization, polycondensation and ring-opening polymerization. This review provides an overview of flow microreactors in anionic polymerization and their various applications.
Collapse
|
11
|
Endo Y, Furusawa M, Shimazaki T, Takahashi Y, Nakahara Y, Nagaki A. Molecular Weight Distribution of Polymers Produced by Anionic Polymerization Enables Mixability Evaluation. Org Process Res Dev 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.8b00403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Endo
- Micro Chemical Production Study Consortium in Kyoto University, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
- Isolation And Purification Group, Process Development Section, Process Development Labs, Research Institute For Bioscience Products & Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki-ku, Kanagawa 210-8681, Japan
| | - Mai Furusawa
- Micro Chemical Production Study Consortium in Kyoto University, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
- Oppama Research Laboratory, Toho Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., 5-2931, Urago-cho, Yokosuka-shi, Kanagawa 237-0062, Japan
| | - Toshiya Shimazaki
- Micro Chemical Production Study Consortium in Kyoto University, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
- Tacmina Co., 2-2-14 Awajimachi, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-0047, Japan
| | - Yusuke Takahashi
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Yuichi Nakahara
- Micro Chemical Production Study Consortium in Kyoto University, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
- New Frontiers Research Group, Frontier Research Labs., Institute For Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki-ku, Kanagawa 210-8681, Japan
| | - Aiichiro Nagaki
- Micro Chemical Production Study Consortium in Kyoto University, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Trazkovich AJ, Wendt MF, Hall LM. Effect of Copolymer Sequence on Local Viscoelastic Properties near a Nanoparticle. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex J. Trazkovich
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 140 W 19th Ave., Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Cooper Tire & Rubber Company, 701 Lima Ave., Findlay, Ohio 45840, United States
| | - Mitchell F. Wendt
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 140 W 19th Ave., Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Lisa M. Hall
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 140 W 19th Ave., Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Subnaik SI, Hobbs CE. Flow-facilitated ring opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) and post-polymerization modification reactions. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00822e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Continuous flow facilitates ROMP reactions to prepare homopolymers and block copolymers and allows for in-line post-polymerization click modifications.
Collapse
|
14
|
Rubens M, Junkers T. Comprehensive control over molecular weight distributions through automated polymerizations. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01013k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Automated synthesis by mixing of individual polymer distributions to tune the shape and properties of artificial molecular weight distributions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Rubens
- Hasselt University
- 3500 Hasselt
- Belgium
- Polymer Reaction Design Group
- School of Chemistry
| | - Tanja Junkers
- Hasselt University
- 3500 Hasselt
- Belgium
- Polymer Reaction Design Group
- School of Chemistry
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Steube M, Johann T, Galanos E, Appold M, Rüttiger C, Mezger M, Gallei M, Müller AHE, Floudas G, Frey H. Isoprene/Styrene Tapered Multiblock Copolymers with up to Ten Blocks: Synthesis, Phase Behavior, Order, and Mechanical Properties. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Steube
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Tobias Johann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Max Planck Graduate
Center, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Eftyxis Galanos
- Department of Physics, University of Ioannina, P.O. Box 1186, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Michael Appold
- Macromolecular Chemistry Department, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss Str. 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Christian Rüttiger
- Macromolecular Chemistry Department, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss Str. 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Markus Mezger
- Max Planck Institute
for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudingerweg 7, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Markus Gallei
- Macromolecular Chemistry Department, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss Str. 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Axel H. E. Müller
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - George Floudas
- Department of Physics, University of Ioannina, P.O. Box 1186, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
- Max Planck Institute
for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Holger Frey
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Corrigan N, Manahan R, Lew ZT, Yeow J, Xu J, Boyer C. Copolymers with Controlled Molecular Weight Distributions and Compositional Gradients through Flow Polymerization. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|