Phenolic Naphthoxazines as Curing Promoters for Benzoxazines

A New Polycyclic Naphthoxazine Resin: Facile Synthesis, Characterization, Polymerization, and Thermal Properties of Its Corresponding Thermosets

A novel polycyclic naphthoxazine resin (NSA-thiq) is synthesized via N, O-acetal forming reaction between o-hydroxyl naphthaldehyde and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline. The chemical structure of the monomer is investigated and confirmed by 1H and 13C NMR, Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and high-resolution mass spectrometry. Besides, the ring-opening polymerization behavior similar to ordinary benzoxazine resins is observed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and in situ FT-IR analyses, leading to the formation of the phenolic cross-linked network. Notably, DSC thermograms indicate that the newly obtained polycyclic naphthoxazine resin exhibits much lower polymerization temperatures compared to many other reported benzoxazine or naphthoxazine resins. Moreover, the corresponding polybenzoxazine (poly(NSA-thiq)) shows comparable thermal stability in comparison with thermosets derived from monobenzoxazine resins. As a consequence of these unique performances, NSA-thiq is applied as a property modifier for a commercialized benzoxazine resin (BA-a). The glass transition temperature of copolymeric thermosets is enhanced without sacrificing too much thermal stability and heat resistance. Here, another series of naphthoxazine thermosetting resin is explored, which can provide more examples for constructing composites based on thermoset polymers.

Solvent-free synthesis of a formaldehyde-free benzoxazine monomer: study of its curing acceleration effect for commercial benzoxazine

A new 2-substituted benzoxazine bearing a phenol was blended with commercial benzoxazine for improving curing and thermomechanical properties.

Review on the Accelerated and Low-Temperature Polymerization of Benzoxazine Resins: Addition Polymerizable Sustainable Polymers

Due to their outstanding and versatile properties, polybenzoxazines have quickly occupied a great niche of applications. Developing the ability to polymerize benzoxazine resin at lower temperatures than the current capability is essential in taking advantage of these exceptional properties and remains to be most challenging subject in the field. The current review is classified into several parts to achieve this goal. In this review, fundamentals on the synthesis and evolution of structure, which led to classification of PBz in different generations, are discussed. Classifications of PBzs are defined depending on building block as well as how structure is evolved and property obtained. Progress on the utility of biobased feedstocks from various bio-/waste-mass is also discussed and compared, wherever possible. The second part of review discusses the probable polymerization mechanism proposed for the ring-opening reactions. This is complementary to the third section, where the effect of catalysts/initiators has on triggering polymerization at low temperature is discussed extensively. The role of additional functionalities in influencing the temperature of polymerization is also discussed. There has been a shift in paradigm beyond the lowering of ring-opening polymerization (ROP) temperature and other areas of interest, such as adaptation of molecular functionality with simultaneous improvement of properties.

Light induced crosslinking of main chain polybenzoxazines

Photo-induced cationic ring opening reactions were performed on main chain polybenzoxazine precursors using iodonium salts.

Design and Effects of the Cinnamic Acids Chemical Structures as Organocatalyst on the Polymerization of Benzoxazines

This study focuses on the catalytic effect of the two geometric isomers of a cinnamic acid derivative, E and Z-forms of 3-methoxycinnamic acid (3OMeCA), analyzing the influence of their chemical structures. E and Z-3OMeCA isomers show very good catalytic effect in the polymerization of benzoxazines, decreasing by 40 and 55 °C, respectively, the polymerization temperatures, for catalyst contents of up to 10% w/w. Isothermal polymerizations show that polymerizations are easily realized and analyzed at temperatures as low as 130 °C and at much shorter times using Z-3OMeCA instead of E-3OMeCA. Thus, both cinnamic acids are good catalysts, with Z-3OMeCA being better. The molecular reasons for this difference and mechanistic implications in benzoxazine polymerizations are also presented.

An apigenin-based bio-benzoxazine with three polymerizable functionalities: sustainable synthesis, thermal latent polymerization, and excellent thermal properties of its thermosets

An apigenin-based benzoxazine exhibiting a thermal latent polymerization behavior, high thermal stability and low flammability has been synthesized from sustainable resources.

Cyanuric chloride as a potent catalyst for the reduction of curing temperature of benzoxazines

Cyanuric chloride (2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine, TCT) was used as a catalyst to lower the ring opening polymerization (ROP) temperature of 1,3-benzoxazines.

Bioinspired Design Provides High-Strength Benzoxazine Structural Adhesives

A synthetic strategy to incorporate catechol functional groups into benzoxazine thermoset monomers was developed, leading to a family of bioinspired small-molecule resins and main-chain polybenzoxazines derived from biologically available phenols. Lap-shear adhesive testing revealed a polybenzoxazine derivative with greater than 5 times improved shear strength on aluminum substrates compared to a widely studied commercial benzoxazine resin. Derivative synthesis identified the catechol moiety as an important design feature in the adhesive performance and curing behavior of this bioinspired thermoset. Favorable mechanical properties comparable to commercial resin were maintained, and glass transition temperature and char yield under nitrogen were improved. Blending of monomers with bioinspired main-chain polybenzoxazine derivatives provided formulations with enhanced shear adhesive strengths up to 16 MPa, while alloying with commercial core-shell particle-toughened epoxy resins led to shear strengths exceeding 20 MPa. These results highlight the utility of bioinspired design and the use of biomolecules in the preparation of high-performance thermoset resins and adhesives with potential utility in transportation and aerospace industries and applications in advanced composites synthesis.

Synthesis and Properties of Quinoxaline-Containing Benzoxazines and Polybenzoxazines

The object of this work is to prepare quinoxaline-based benzoxazines and evaluate thermal properties of their thermosets. For this object, 4,4'-(quinoxaline-2,3-diyl)diphenol (QDP)/furfurylamine-based benzoxazine (QDP-fu) and 4,4',4″,4‴-([6,6'-biquinoxaline]-2,2',3,3'-tetrayl)tetraphenol (BQTP)/furfurylamine-based benzoxazine (BQTP-fu) were prepared. The structures of QDP-fu and BQTP-fu were successfully confirmed by FTIR and ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectra. We studied the curing behavior of QDP-fu and BQTP-fu and thermal properties of their thermosets. According to DSC thermograms, QDP-fu and BQTP-fu have the attractive onset exothermic temperatures of 181 and 186 °C, respectively. The onset temperature is approximately 45 °C lower than that of a bisphenol A/furfurylamine-based benzoxazines. According to DMA TMA and TGA thermograms, the thermoset of BQTP-fu shows impressive thermal properties, with a T _g value of 418 °C, a coefficient of thermal expansion of 39 ppm/°C, a 5% decomposition temperature of 430 °C, and a char yield of 72%.

One-Pot Synthesis of Amide-Functional Main-Chain Polybenzoxazine Precursors

Main-chain polybenzoxazines containing amide linkages were successfully prepared in one pot. Three different polymers were synthesized by reacting 3,4-dihydrocoumarine (DHC) and paraformaldehyde with 1,3-diaminopropane or 1,6-diaminohexane or Jeffamine ED-900. The one-pot reaction proceeded through the combination of the ring-opening of DHC with amines, and subsequent Mannich and ring-closure reactions occurring in a cascading manner. The obtained polymer from Jeffamine exhibited good film-forming properties, and free-standing flexible films were easily solvent- casted on Teflon plates. All polymeric precursors were characterized by spectroscopic analysis, and their curing behavior and thermal stability were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA).

Triazine-functionalized covalent benzoxazine framework for direct synthesis of N-doped microporous carbon

A covalent benzoxazine framework was synthesized and underwent thermal curing, carbonization and KOH activation providing the nitrogen-doped microporous carbon.

Coumarines as masked phenols for amide functional benzoxazines

Benzoxazines with amide linkages were successfully prepared from 3,4-dihydrocoumarine using either one-pot or stepwise pathways.

Combining polybenzoxazines and polybutadienes via simultaneous inverse and direct vulcanization for flexible and recyclable thermosets by polysulfide dynamic bonding

Simultaneous inverse and direct vulcanization of a benzoxazine and a polybutadiene gave recyclable films through dynamic S–S bonding.