1
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Blázquez-Martín A, Bonardd S, Verde-Sesto E, Arbe A, Pomposo JA. Trimethylsilanol Cleaves Stable Azaylides As Revealed by Unfolding of Robust "Staudinger" Single-Chain Nanoparticles. ACS POLYMERS AU 2024; 4:140-148. [PMID: 38618005 PMCID: PMC11010256 DOI: 10.1021/acspolymersau.3c00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we disclose a unique and selective reagent for the cleavage of stable azaylides prepared by the nonhydrolysis Staudinger reaction, enabling the on-demand unfolding of robust single-chain nanoparticles (SCNPs). SCNPs with promising use in catalysis, nanomedicine, and sensing are obtained through intrachain folding of discrete synthetic polymer chains. The unfolding of SCNPs involving reversible interactions triggered by a variety of external stimuli (e.g., pH, temperature, light, and redox potential) or substances (e.g., competitive reagents, solvents, and anions) is well known. Conversely, methods for the unfolding (i.e., intrachain disassembly) of SCNPs with stronger covalent interactions are scarce. We show that trimethylsilanol (Me3SiOH) triggers the efficient unfolding of robust "Staudinger" SCNPs with stable azaylide (-N=P-) moieties as intrachain cross-linking units showing exceptional stability toward water, air, and CS2, a standard reagent for azaylides. As a consequence, Me3SiOH arises as a rare, exceptional, and valuable reagent for the cleavage of stable azaylides prepared by the nonhydrolysis Staudinger reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Blázquez-Martín
- Centro
de Física de Materiales (CSIC - UPV/EHU) − Materials
Physics Center MPC, P°
Manuel Lardizabal 5, E-20018 Donostia, Spain
| | - Sebastián Bonardd
- Centro
de Física de Materiales (CSIC - UPV/EHU) − Materials
Physics Center MPC, P°
Manuel Lardizabal 5, E-20018 Donostia, Spain
- Departamento
de Polímeros y Materiales Avanzados: Física, Química
y Tecnología,University of the Basque
Country (UPV/EHU), P°
Manuel Lardizabal 3, E-20800 Donostia, Spain
| | - Ester Verde-Sesto
- Centro
de Física de Materiales (CSIC - UPV/EHU) − Materials
Physics Center MPC, P°
Manuel Lardizabal 5, E-20018 Donostia, Spain
- IKERBASQUE
− Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, E-48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Arantxa Arbe
- Centro
de Física de Materiales (CSIC - UPV/EHU) − Materials
Physics Center MPC, P°
Manuel Lardizabal 5, E-20018 Donostia, Spain
| | - José A. Pomposo
- Centro
de Física de Materiales (CSIC - UPV/EHU) − Materials
Physics Center MPC, P°
Manuel Lardizabal 5, E-20018 Donostia, Spain
- Departamento
de Polímeros y Materiales Avanzados: Física, Química
y Tecnología,University of the Basque
Country (UPV/EHU), P°
Manuel Lardizabal 3, E-20800 Donostia, Spain
- IKERBASQUE
− Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, E-48009 Bilbao, Spain
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2
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Tian X, Li F, Tang Z, Wang S, Weng K, Liu D, Lu S, Liu W, Fu Z, Li W, Qiu H, Tu M, Zhang H, Li J. Crosslinking-induced patterning of MOFs by direct photo- and electron-beam lithography. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2920. [PMID: 38575569 PMCID: PMC10995132 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47293-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with diverse chemistry, structures, and properties have emerged as appealing materials for miniaturized solid-state devices. The incorporation of MOF films in these devices, such as the integrated microelectronics and nanophotonics, requires robust patterning methods. However, existing MOF patterning methods suffer from some combinations of limited material adaptability, compromised patterning resolution and scalability, and degraded properties. Here we report a universal, crosslinking-induced patterning approach for various MOFs, termed as CLIP-MOF. Via resist-free, direct photo- and electron-beam (e-beam) lithography, the ligand crosslinking chemistry leads to drastically reduced solubility of colloidal MOFs, permitting selective removal of unexposed MOF films with developer solvents. This enables scalable, micro-/nanoscale (≈70 nm resolution), and multimaterial patterning of MOFs on large-area, rigid or flexible substrates. Patterned MOF films preserve their crystallinity, porosity, and other properties tailored for targeted applications, such as diffractive gas sensors and electrochromic pixels. The combined features of CLIP-MOF create more possibilities in the system-level integration of MOFs in various electronic, photonic, and biomedical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Tian
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Fu Li
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Zhenyuan Tang
- Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Song Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Kangkang Weng
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Shaoyong Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Wangyu Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zhong Fu
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Wenjun Li
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Hengwei Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Min Tu
- Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Jinghong Li
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Beijing Institute of Life Science and Technology, Beijing, 102206, China
- Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory of Physical Science at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
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3
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Shayan M, Abdollahi MF, Lawrence MC, Guinand EC, Goulet M, George T, Masuda JD, Katz MJ, Laventure A, Werner-Zwanziger U, Chitnis SS. Rigid PN cages as 3-dimensional building blocks for crystalline or amorphous networked materials. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:2629-2632. [PMID: 38345342 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05804b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Three-dimensional covalent connectors are valuable synthons for accessing crystalline or amorphous networks. Currently, fused polycyclic alkanes are employed as connectors in this context. We debut phosphorus-nitrogen (PN) cages as new 3-dimensional (3-D) inorganic connectors that yield crystalline and amorphous networks, including examples with gas porosity. We show that the high tunability of PN cages accelerates network diversification and the presence of a responsive 31P NMR spectroscopic handle provides structural insight. Collectively, this work unlocks a new and convenient 3-D synthon for reticular chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Shayan
- Chemistry Department, Dalhousie University, 6274 Coburg Road, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Maryam F Abdollahi
- Chemistry Department, Dalhousie University, 6274 Coburg Road, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Mason Chester Lawrence
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland 45 Arctic Avenue, St. Johns, Newfoundland, A1C 5S7, Canada.
| | - Etienne C Guinand
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland 45 Arctic Avenue, St. Johns, Newfoundland, A1C 5S7, Canada.
| | - Maxime Goulet
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal CP 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada.
| | - Tanner George
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Mary's University 923 Robie Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3C3, Canada
| | - Jason D Masuda
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Mary's University 923 Robie Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3C3, Canada
| | - Michael J Katz
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland 45 Arctic Avenue, St. Johns, Newfoundland, A1C 5S7, Canada.
| | - Audrey Laventure
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal CP 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada.
| | - Ulrike Werner-Zwanziger
- Chemistry Department, Dalhousie University, 6274 Coburg Road, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Saurabh S Chitnis
- Chemistry Department, Dalhousie University, 6274 Coburg Road, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada.
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4
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Li F, Liu SF, Liu W, Hou ZW, Jiang J, Fu Z, Wang S, Si Y, Lu S, Zhou H, Liu D, Tian X, Qiu H, Yang Y, Li Z, Li X, Lin L, Sun HB, Zhang H, Li J. 3D printing of inorganic nanomaterials by photochemically bonding colloidal nanocrystals. Science 2023; 381:1468-1474. [PMID: 37769102 DOI: 10.1126/science.adg6681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
3D printing of inorganic materials with nanoscale resolution offers a different materials processing pathway to explore devices with emergent functionalities. However, existing technologies typically involve photocurable resins that reduce material purity and degrade properties. We develop a general strategy for laser direct printing of inorganic nanomaterials, as exemplified by more than 10 semiconductors, metal oxides, metals, and their mixtures. Colloidal nanocrystals are used as building blocks and photochemically bonded through their native ligands. Without resins, this bonding process produces arbitrary three-dimensional (3D) structures with a large inorganic mass fraction (~90%) and high mechanical strength. The printed materials preserve the intrinsic properties of constituent nanocrystals and create structure-dictated functionalities, such as the broadband chiroptical responses with an anisotropic factor of ~0.24 for semiconducting cadmium chalcogenide nanohelical arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu Li
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Shao-Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wangyu Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zheng-Wei Hou
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiaxi Jiang
- Center for Advanced Mechanics and Materials, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhong Fu
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Song Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yilong Si
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shaoyong Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hongwei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaoli Tian
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hengwei Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuchen Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhengcao Li
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Center for Advanced Mechanics and Materials, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Linhan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hong-Bo Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jinghong Li
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing Institute of Life Science and Technology, Beijing 102206, China
- Center for BioAnalytical Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory of Physical Science at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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5
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Park JY, Kwak SL, Park HJ, Hwang DH. Indolocarbazole-Based Photo-Crosslinkable Hole-Transporting Layer for Efficient Solution-Processed Organic Light-Emitting Diodes. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:1934. [PMID: 37446451 DOI: 10.3390/nano13131934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
We designed and synthesized a new indolocarbazole-based polymer, poly(N,N-diphenyl(5,11-dihexylindolo[3,2,1-jk]carbazol-2-yl)amine) (PICA), for solution-processed organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). The highest occupied and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy levels of this polymer, -5.25 and -2.46 eV, respectively, are suitable for hole transport from the anode to the emissive layer. PICA was photo-crosslinked by UV irradiation with ethane-1,2-diyl bis(4-azido-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzoate) (FPA) as the photoinitiator. Successful crosslinking was confirmed by a decreased intensity in the azide-stretching FT-IR peak and solvent test with toluene (a suitable solvent for PICA). The PICA film photo-crosslinked with 3 wt% FPA showed enhanced solvent resistance (90%) compared to the non-crosslinked neat PICA film (<20%). Moreover, OLED devices using PICA-based hole-transporting layers exhibited better device performance (EQE/LE/PE: 8.88%/12.97/8.12 in red devices, 10.84%/38.47 cd/A/25.06 lm/W in green devices) than those using poly-TPD:FPA. We demonstrated that the photo-crosslinked PICA can be applied as a hole-transporting layer in solution-processed OLEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Yong Park
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Lee Kwak
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Hea Jung Park
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Changwon National University, Changwon 51140, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Hoon Hwang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
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6
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Wijesundera SA, Liyanage SH, Biswas P, Reuther JF, Yan M. Trehalose-Grafted Glycopolymer: Synthesis via the Staudinger Reaction and Capture of Mycobacteria. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:238-245. [PMID: 36524824 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c01096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A new trehalose-grafted poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (HEMA) glycopolymer was synthesized via the perfluorophenyl azide (PFPA)-mediated Staudinger reaction between poly(HEMA-co-HEMA-PFPA) and a diphenylphosphine-derivatized trehalose. The reaction occurred rapidly at room temperature without the use of any catalyst, giving the trehalose glycopolymers over 68% yield after 1 h. The grafting density of trehalose can be controlled by the copolymer composition in poly(HEMA-co-HEMA-PFPA), resulting in 6.1% (TP1) or 37% (TP2) at 10:1 and 1:1 HEMA/HEMA-PFPA feed ratio, respectively. The trehalose glycopolymer was covalently attached on glass slides or silicon wafers using a thin film of poly(HEMA-co-HEMA-PFPA) as the adhesion layer, achieved through the C-H insertion reaction of the photogenerated singlet perfluorophenyl nitrene. To demonstrate the ability of the trehalose glycopolymer to capture mycobacteria, arrays of the trehalose glycopolymer were fabricated and treated with Mycobacterium smegmatis. Results from the optical, fluorescence, and scanning electron microscopy showed that mycobacteria were indeed captured on the trehalose glycopolymer. The amount of mycobacteria captured increased with the percent trehalose in the trehalose glycopolymer and also with the concentration of the trehalose glycopolymer. In addition, the captured bacteria could be visualized by the naked eye under the illumination of a hand-held UV lamp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samurdhi A Wijesundera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
| | - Sajani H Liyanage
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
| | - Priyanka Biswas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
| | - James F Reuther
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
| | - Mingdi Yan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
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7
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Suleymanov AA, Kraus BM, Damiens T, Ruggi A, Solari E, Scopelliti R, Fadaei‐Tirani F, Severin K. Fluorinated Tetraarylethenes: Universal Tags for the Synthesis of Solid State Luminogens. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202213429. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202213429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdusalom A. Suleymanov
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Barbara M. Kraus
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Thibault Damiens
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Albert Ruggi
- Département de Chimie Université de Fribourg 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Euro Solari
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Rosario Scopelliti
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Farzaneh Fadaei‐Tirani
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Kay Severin
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
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8
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Suleymanov AA, Kraus BM, Damiens T, Ruggi A, Solari E, Scopelliti R, Fadaei‐Tirani F, Severin K. Fluorinated Tetraarylethenes: Universal Tags for the Synthesis of Solid State Luminogens. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202213429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdusalom A. Suleymanov
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Barbara M. Kraus
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Thibault Damiens
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Albert Ruggi
- Département de Chimie Université de Fribourg 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Euro Solari
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Rosario Scopelliti
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Farzaneh Fadaei‐Tirani
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Kay Severin
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
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9
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Li F, Chen C, Lu S, Chen X, Liu W, Weng K, Fu Z, Liu D, Zhang L, Abudukeremu H, Lin L, Wang Y, Zhong M, Zhang H, Li J. Direct Patterning of Colloidal Nanocrystals via Thermally Activated Ligand Chemistry. ACS NANO 2022; 16:13674-13683. [PMID: 35867875 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c04033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Precise patterning with microscale lateral resolution and widely tunable heights is critical for integrating colloidal nanocrystals into advanced optoelectronic and photonic platforms. However, patterning nanocrystal layers with thickness above 100 nm remains challenging for both conventional and emerging direct photopatterning methods, due to limited light penetration depths, complex mechanical and chemical incompatibilities, and others. Here, we introduce a direct patterning method based on a thermal mechanism, namely, the thermally activated ligand chemistry (or TALC) of nanocrystals. The ligand cross-linking or decomposition reactions readily occur under local thermal stimuli triggered by near-infrared lasers, affording high-resolution and nondestructive patterning of various nanocrystals under mild conditions. Patterned quantum dots fully preserve their structural and photoluminescent quantum yields. The thermal nature allows for TALC to pattern over 10 μm thick nanocrystal layers in a single step, far beyond those achievable in other direct patterning techniques, and also supports the concept of 2.5D patterning. The thermal chemistry-mediated TALC creates more possibilities in integrating nanocrystal layers in uniform arrays or complex hierarchical formats for advanced capabilities in light emission, conversion, and modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu Li
- Department of Chemistry, Center for BioAnalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Changhao Chen
- School of Materials Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shaoyong Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Center for BioAnalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xueguang Chen
- Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wangyu Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Center for BioAnalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Kangkang Weng
- Department of Chemistry, Center for BioAnalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhong Fu
- Department of Chemistry, Center for BioAnalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Center for BioAnalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lipeng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Center for BioAnalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hannikezi Abudukeremu
- Department of Chemistry, Center for BioAnalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Linhan Lin
- Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Minlin Zhong
- School of Materials Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Center for BioAnalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jinghong Li
- Department of Chemistry, Center for BioAnalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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10
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Heiss TK, Dorn RS, Prescher JA. Bioorthogonal Reactions of Triarylphosphines and Related Analogues. Chem Rev 2021; 121:6802-6849. [PMID: 34101453 PMCID: PMC10064493 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bioorthogonal phosphines were introduced in the context of the Staudinger ligation over 20 years ago. Since that time, phosphine probes have been used in myriad applications to tag azide-functionalized biomolecules. The Staudinger ligation also paved the way for the development of other phosphorus-based chemistries, many of which are widely employed in biological experiments. Several reviews have highlighted early achievements in the design and application of bioorthogonal phosphines. This review summarizes more recent advances in the field. We discuss innovations in classic Staudinger-like transformations that have enabled new biological pursuits. We also highlight relative newcomers to the bioorthogonal stage, including the cyclopropenone-phosphine ligation and the phospha-Michael reaction. The review concludes with chemoselective reactions involving phosphite and phosphonite ligations. For each transformation, we describe the overall mechanism and scope. We also showcase efforts to fine-tune the reagents for specific functions. We further describe recent applications of the chemistries in biological settings. Collectively, these examples underscore the versatility and breadth of bioorthogonal phosphine reagents.
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11
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Li Y, Busatto N, Roth PJ. Perfluorophenyl Azides: Photo, Staudinger, and Multicomponent Postpolymerization Reactions on Homopolymers and PISA-Made Nanoparticles. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuman Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, U.K
| | - Nicolas Busatto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, U.K
| | - Peter J. Roth
- Department of Chemistry, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, U.K
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12
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Deb T, Tu J, Franzini RM. Mechanisms and Substituent Effects of Metal-Free Bioorthogonal Reactions. Chem Rev 2021; 121:6850-6914. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Titas Deb
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, 30 S 2000 E, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Julian Tu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, 30 S 2000 E, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Raphael M. Franzini
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, 30 S 2000 E, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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Abstract
Synthesis of semifluorinated polymers containing fluorous groups on the backbone or as side chains is an increasingly popular field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A. Jaye
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Ellen M. Sletten
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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14
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Xie S, Sundhoro M, Houk KN, Yan M. Electrophilic Azides for Materials Synthesis and Chemical Biology. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:937-948. [PMID: 32207916 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Organic azides are involved in a variety of useful transformations, including nitrene chemistry, reactions with nucleophiles and electrophiles, and cycloadditions. The 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of azides constitute a major class of highly reliable and versatile reactions, as shown by the development and rapid adoption of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry. Metal-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (Cu/RuAAC), the prototypical click reaction, has found wide utility in pharmaceutical, biomedical, and materials sciences. The strain-promoted, or distortion-accelerated, azide-alkyne cycloaddition eliminates the need for a metal catalyst.In the azide-mediated 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions, azides are ambiphilic, i.e., HOMO-LUMO-controlled dipoles where both the HOMO and LUMO interact strongly with the dipolarophile. Azide-alkyne cycloaddition proceeds primarily through the HOMOazide-LUMOdipolarophile interaction, and electron-deficient dipolarophiles react more readily. The inverse-electron-demand reaction, involving the LUMOazide-HOMOdipolarophile interaction, is less common because of the low stability of electron-deficient azides such as acyl, sulfonyl, and phosphoryl azides. Nevertheless, there have been reports since the 1960s showing enhanced reaction kinetics between electron-poor azides and electron-rich dipolarophiles. Our laboratory has developed the use of perfluoroaryl azides (PFAAs), a class of stable electron-deficient azides, as nitrene precursors and for reactions with nucleophiles and electron-rich dipolarophiles. Perfluorination on the aryl ring also facilitates the synthesis of PFAAs and quantitative analysis of the products by 19F NMR spectroscopy.In this Account, we summarize key reactions involving electrophilic azides and applications of these reactions in materials synthesis and chemical biology. These electron-deficient azides exhibit unique reactivity toward nucleophiles and electron-rich or strained dipolarophiles, in some cases leading to new transformations that do not require any catalysts or products that are impossible to obtain from the nonelectrophilic azides. We highlight work from our laboratories on reactions of PFAAs with enamines, enolates, thioacids, and phosphines. In the reactions of PFAAs with enamines or enolates, the triazole or triazoline cycloaddition products undergo further rearrangement to give amidines or amides as the final products at rates of up to 105 times faster than their non-fluorinated anlogues. Computational investigations by the distortion/interaction activation strain model reveal that perfluorination lowers the LUMO of the aryl azide as well as the overall activation energy of the reaction by decreasing the distortion energies of the reactants to reach the transition states. The PFAA-enamine reaction can be carried out in a one-pot fashion using readily available starting materials of aldehyde and amine, making the reaction especially attractive, for example, in the functionalization of nanomaterials and derivatization of antibiotics for the preparation of theranostic nanodrugs. Similar fast kinetics was also observed for the PPAA-mediated Staudinger reaction, which proceeds at 104 times higher rate than the classic Staudinger ligation, giving stable phosphoimines in high yields. The reaction is biorthogonal, allowing cell-surface labeling with minimal background noise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Madanodaya Sundhoro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 1 University Avenue, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
| | - K. N. Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Mingdi Yan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 1 University Avenue, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
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15
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Reactive & Efficient: Organic Azides as Cross-Linkers in Material Sciences. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25041009. [PMID: 32102403 PMCID: PMC7070646 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25041009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The exceptional reactivity of the azide group makes organic azides a highly versatile family of compounds in chemistry and the material sciences. One of the most prominent reactions employing organic azides is the regioselective copper(I)-catalyzed Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition with alkynes yielding 1,2,3-triazoles. Other named reactions include the Staudinger reduction, the aza-Wittig reaction, and the Curtius rearrangement. The popularity of organic azides in material sciences is mostly based on their propensity to release nitrogen by thermal activation or photolysis. On the one hand, this scission reaction is accompanied with a considerable output of energy, making them interesting as highly energetic materials. On the other hand, it produces highly reactive nitrenes that show extraordinary efficiency in polymer crosslinking, a process used to alter the physical properties of polymers and to boost efficiencies of polymer-based devices such as membrane fuel cells, organic solar cells (OSCs), light-emitting diodes (LEDs), and organic field-effect transistors (OFETs). Thermosets are also suitable application areas. In most cases, organic azides with multiple azide functions are employed which can either be small molecules or oligo- and polymers. This review focuses on nitrene-based applications of multivalent organic azides in the material and life sciences.
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16
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Ogueri KS, Escobar Ivirico JL, Li Z, Blumenfield RH, Allcock HR, Laurencin CT. Synthesis, Physicochemical Analysis, and Side Group Optimization of Degradable Dipeptide-Based Polyphosphazenes as Potential Regenerative Biomaterials. ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2019; 1:1568-1578. [PMID: 32699835 PMCID: PMC7375698 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.9b00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and physicochemical analysis of mixed-substituent dipeptide-based polyphosphazene polymers, poly[(glycineethylglycinato) x (phenylphenoxy) y phosphazene] (PNGEG x PhPh y ) and poly[(ethylphenylalanato) x (glycineethylglycinato) y phosphazene] (PNEPA x GEG y ), using glycylglycine ethyl ester (GEG) as the primary substituent side group and cosubstituting with phenylphenol (PhPh) and phenylalanine ethyl ester (EPA), respectively. The suitability of the cosubstituted polyphosphazenes to regenerative engineering was evaluated. The physicochemical evaluation revealed that the molecular weights, glass transition temperatures, hydrophilicity, and mechanical properties could be modulated by varying the compositions of the side groups to obtain a variety of properties. The PNEPA25GEG75 and PNGEG75PhPh25 polymers exhibited the most promising physicochemical properties. These two polymers were further subjected to in vitro hydrolysis and cell proliferation studies using poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLAGA) as a control. The hydrolysis experiments revealed that the two polymers hydrolyzed to near-neutral pH media (~5.3 to 7.0) in a relatively slow fashion, whereas a pH value as low as 2.2 was obtained for the PLAGA media over 12 weeks of degradation study. Furthermore, the two polymers showed continuous MC3T3 cell proliferation and growth in comparison to PLAGA over a 21-day culture period. These findings establish that cosubstitution of different side groups of polyphosphazenes and exploitation of the hydrogen-bonding capacity of peptide bonds in GEG offer a flexible tool that can be employed to make new and fascinating polymeric biomaterials with different and tailored properties that can suit different regenerative needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth S. Ogueri
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
- Connecticut Convergence Institute, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, United States
| | - Jorge L. Escobar Ivirico
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
- Connecticut Convergence Institute, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, United States
| | - Zhongjing Li
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Riley H. Blumenfield
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Harry R. Allcock
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Chemical Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Cato T. Laurencin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
- Connecticut Convergence Institute, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, United States
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, United States
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17
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Noy JM, Li Y, Smolan W, Roth PJ. Azide–para-Fluoro Substitution on Polymers: Multipurpose Precursors for Efficient Sequential Postpolymerization Modification. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janina-Miriam Noy
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Yuman Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, U.K
| | - Willi Smolan
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Peter J. Roth
- Department of Chemistry, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, U.K
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18
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Lampl M, Schlapp-Hackl I, Wurst K, Gelbrich T, Kopacka H, Müller T, Kreutz C, Naier B, Partl GJ, Kahlenberg V, Amer H, Bacher M, Rosenau T, Huppertz H, Schottenberger H. Synthetic and structural studies on pentafluorobenzylated imidazole systems. J Fluor Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2018.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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19
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Xie S, Zhou J, Chen X, Kong N, Fan Y, Zhang Y, Hammer G, Castner DG, Ramström O, Yan M. A Versatile Catalyst-Free Perfluoroaryl Azide-Aldehyde-Amine Conjugation Reaction. MATERIALS CHEMISTRY FRONTIERS 2019; 3:251-256. [PMID: 31543961 PMCID: PMC6754110 DOI: 10.1039/c8qm00516h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A tri-component reaction, involving an electrophilically-activated perfluoroaryl azide, an enolizable aldehyde and an amine, reacts readily at room temperature without any catalysts in solvents including aqueous conditions to yield a stable amidine conjugate. The versatility of this reaction is demonstrated in the conjugation of an amino acid without prior protection of the carboxyl group, and in the synthesize antibiotic-nanoparticle conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Xie
- Department of Chemistry, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Juan Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xuan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA. E-mail: ,
| | - Na Kong
- Department of Chemistry, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yanmiao Fan
- Department of Chemistry, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gerry Hammer
- Departments of Bioengineering and Chemical Engineering, National ESCA and Surface Analysis Center for Biomedical Problems, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - David G Castner
- Departments of Bioengineering and Chemical Engineering, National ESCA and Surface Analysis Center for Biomedical Problems, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Olof Ramström
- Department of Chemistry, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA. E-mail: ,
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, SE-39182 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Mingdi Yan
- Department of Chemistry, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA. E-mail: ,
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20
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Ndugire W, Wu B, Yan M. Synthesis of Carbohydrate-Grafted Glycopolymers Using a Catalyst-Free, Perfluoroarylazide-Mediated Fast Staudinger Reaction. Molecules 2019; 24:E157. [PMID: 30609799 PMCID: PMC6337264 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24010157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycopolymers have gained increasing importance in investigating glycan-lectin interactions, as drug delivery vehicles and in modulating interactions with proteins. The synthesis of these glycopolymers is still a challenging and rigorous exercise. In this regard, the highly efficient click reaction, copper (I)-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition, has been widely applied not only for its efficiency but also for its tolerance of the appended carbohydrate groups. However, a significant drawback of this method is the use of the heavy metal catalyst which is difficult to remove completely, and ultimately toxic to biological systems. In this work, we present the synthesis of carbohydrate-grafted glycopolymers utilizing a mild and catalyst-free perfluorophenyl azide (PFPA)-mediated Staudinger reaction. Using this strategy, mannose (Man) and maltoheptaose (MH) were grafted onto the biodegradable poly(lactic acid) (PLA) by stirring a PFAA-functionalized PLA with a phosphine-derivatized Man or MH in DMSO at room temperature within an hour. The glycopolymers were characterized by ¹H-NMR, 19F-NMR, 31P-NMR and FTIR.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Ndugire
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 1 University Ave., Lowell, MA 01854, USA.
| | - Bin Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 1 University Ave., Lowell, MA 01854, USA.
| | - Mingdi Yan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 1 University Ave., Lowell, MA 01854, USA.
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