1
|
Polesiak E, Makowska-Janusik M, Drapala J, Zagorska M, Banasiewicz M, Kozankiewicz B, Kulszewicz-Bajer I, Pron A. Photophysical and redox properties of new donor-acceptor-donor (DAD) compounds containing benzothiadiazole (A) and dimethyldihydroacridine (D) units: a combined experimental and theoretical study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024. [PMID: 39041807 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp02322f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Four donor-acceptor-donor compounds consisting of 9,9-dimethyl-9,10-dihydroacridine donors differently linked to a benzothiadiazole acceptor were designed using DFT calculations and synthesized, namely 4,7-bis(4-(9,9-dimethyl-9,10-dihydroacridine)phenyl)benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (1), 4,7-bis(2,5-dimethyl-4-(9,9-dimethyl-9,10-dihydroacridine)phenyl)benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (2), 4,7-bis(3,5-di(9,9-dimethyl-9,10-dihydroacridine)phenyl)benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (3), and 4-(3,5-di(9,9-dimethyl-9,10-dihydroacridine)phenyl)-7-(thiophen-2-yl)benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (4). As predicted theoretically, all studied compounds were electrochemically active both in the reduction as well as in the oxidation modes. They underwent one electron quasi-reversible reduction. Oxidation of 1 and 2 involved a two electron process transforming them into dications and carrying out, in parallel, their dimerization. Oxidation of 3 and 4 resulted in their oligomerization (polymerization). The electrochemically determined ionisation potentials (IP) of 1-4 were similar, covering a narrow range of 5.28-5.33 eV and were consistent with DFT calculations. Larger differences were found for experimentally determined electron affinity (EA) values, being significantly lower for 2 (|EA| = 2.59 eV) as compared to 1, 3 and 4 whose |EA| values were higher by 0.15-0.25 eV, again consistent with DFT calculations. DFT calculations predict positive values of ΔE(S1-T1) for all compounds i.e. in the range of 0.18 eV to 0.43 eV for 1, 3 and 4 and a significantly lower value for 2 (0.06 eV), indicating a possible RISC process in this case. DFT calculations of ΔE(S1-T2) lead to negative and very small values for 2-4 implying a possible involvement of higher lying triplets in the generation of singlet excitons. The investigated derivatives exhibited fluorescence in the orange-red spectral range (550-770 nm) and were strongly dependent on the solvent polarity. The highest PLQY value of 37% was measured for 1 in toluene. The PLQY values significantly improved upon deoxygenation of the studied solutions. Solid state samples also exhibited higher PLQY values as compared to those determined for DCM solutions. These findings were rationalized by partial suppression of the vibrationally induced emission quenching in the solid state due to the intermolecular interaction confinement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Polesiak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Malgorzata Makowska-Janusik
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Jan Dlugosz University, Al. Armii Krajowej 13/15, 42-200 Częstochowa, Poland
| | - Jakub Drapala
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Malgorzata Zagorska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Marzena Banasiewicz
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Lotnikow 32/44, 02-668, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Boleslaw Kozankiewicz
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Lotnikow 32/44, 02-668, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Irena Kulszewicz-Bajer
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Adam Pron
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu C, Liang H, Xie R, Zhou Q, Qi M, Yang C, Gu X, Wang Y, Zhang G, Li J, Gong X, Chen J, Zhang L, Zhang Z, Ge X, Wang Y, Yang C, Liu Y, Liu X. A Three-in-One Hybrid Strategy for High-Performance Semiconducting Polymers Processed from Anisole. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2401345. [PMID: 38647436 PMCID: PMC11220690 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202401345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The development of semiconducting polymers with good processability in green solvents and competitive electrical performance is essential for realizing sustainable large-scale manufacturing and commercialization of organic electronics. A major obstacle is the processability-performance dichotomy that is dictated by the lack of ideal building blocks with balanced polarity, solubility, electronic structures, and molecular conformation. Herein, through the integration of donor, quinoid and acceptor units, an unprecedented building block, namely TQBT, is introduced for constructing a serial of conjugated polymers. The TQBT, distinct in non-symmetric structure and high dipole moment, imparts enhanced solubility in anisole-a green solvent-to the polymer TQBT-T. Furthermore, PTQBT-T possess a highly rigid and planar backbone owing to the nearly coplanar geometry and quinoidal nature of TQBT, resulting in strong aggregation in solution and localized aggregates in film. Remarkably, PTQBT-T films spuncast from anisole exhibit a hole mobility of 2.30 cm2 V-1 s-1, which is record high for green solvent-processable semiconducting polymers via spin-coating, together with commendable operational and storage stability. The hybrid building block emerges as a pioneering electroactive unit, shedding light on future design strategies in high-performance semiconducting polymers compatible with green processing and marking a significant stride towards ecofriendly organic electronics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Liu
- College of Materials and MetallurgyGuizhou UniversityGuiyang550025P. R. China
| | - Huanhuan Liang
- College of Materials and MetallurgyGuizhou UniversityGuiyang550025P. R. China
| | - Runze Xie
- College of Materials and MetallurgyGuizhou UniversityGuiyang550025P. R. China
| | - Quanfeng Zhou
- College of Materials and MetallurgyGuizhou UniversityGuiyang550025P. R. China
| | - Miao Qi
- The Molecular FoundryLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryOne Cyclotron RoadBerkeleyCA94720USA
| | - Chongqing Yang
- The Molecular FoundryLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryOne Cyclotron RoadBerkeleyCA94720USA
| | - Xiaodan Gu
- School of Polymer Science and EngineeringCenter for Optoelectronic Materials and DevicesThe University of Southern MississippiHattiesburgMS39406USA
| | - Yunfei Wang
- School of Polymer Science and EngineeringCenter for Optoelectronic Materials and DevicesThe University of Southern MississippiHattiesburgMS39406USA
| | - Guoxiang Zhang
- College of Materials and MetallurgyGuizhou UniversityGuiyang550025P. R. China
| | - Jinlun Li
- College of Materials and MetallurgyGuizhou UniversityGuiyang550025P. R. China
| | - Xiu Gong
- College of PhysicsGuizhou UniversityGuiyang550025P. R. China
| | - Junwu Chen
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and DevicesState Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and DevicesSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510640P. R. China
| | - Lianjie Zhang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and DevicesState Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and DevicesSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510640P. R. China
| | - Zesheng Zhang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and DevicesState Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and DevicesSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510640P. R. China
| | - Xiang Ge
- College of Materials and MetallurgyGuizhou UniversityGuiyang550025P. R. China
| | - Yuanyu Wang
- College of Materials and MetallurgyGuizhou UniversityGuiyang550025P. R. China
| | - Chen Yang
- College of Big Data and Information EngineeringGuizhou UniversityGuiyang550025P. R. China
| | - Yi Liu
- The Molecular FoundryLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryOne Cyclotron RoadBerkeleyCA94720USA
- Materials Sciences DivisionLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryOne Cyclotron RoadBerkeleyCA94720USA
| | - Xuncheng Liu
- College of Materials and MetallurgyGuizhou UniversityGuiyang550025P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Martinez G, Id-Boubrik I, Matsuda W, Carmona-Vargas CC, Hong KI, Munuera C, Seki S, Ruiz-Carretero A. Urea-Comprising Single Core Diketopyrrolopyrrole Derivatives: Exploring the Synthesis, Self-Assembly and Charge Transport Properties. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400392. [PMID: 38391395 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Supramolecular electronics exploits the distinctive features stemming from noncovalent interactions, guiding the self-assembly of molecules to craft materials endowed with customized electronic functionalities. Hydrogen-bonded materials, characterized by their capacity to establish dynamic and stable networks, introduce an extra dimension to the development of supramolecular electronic systems. This study presents a comparative analysis of two remarkably small semiconductors utilizing diketopyrrolopyrrole functionalized with urea units as hydrogen-bonding motifs, strategically positioned at opposing ends of the conjugated core. We show how the subtle distinction in functionalization not only influences morphology and self-assembly dynamics via hydrogen-bonding and π-π stacking formation, but also holds significant consequences for ultimate charge transport properties. Our observations into the interplay of noncovalent interactions provide valuable insights and strategic pathways for the design of novel materials with enhanced electronic characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Martinez
- University of Strasbourg, Institute Charles Sadron, CNRS, UPR22, 23 Rue du Loess, 67034, Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Imrane Id-Boubrik
- University of Strasbourg, Institute Charles Sadron, CNRS, UPR22, 23 Rue du Loess, 67034, Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Wakana Matsuda
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, 615-8510, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Christian C Carmona-Vargas
- University of Strasbourg, Institute Charles Sadron, CNRS, UPR22, 23 Rue du Loess, 67034, Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Kyeong-Im Hong
- University of Strasbourg, Institute Charles Sadron, CNRS, UPR22, 23 Rue du Loess, 67034, Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas CSIC, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Munuera
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas CSIC, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Shu Seki
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, 615-8510, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Amparo Ruiz-Carretero
- University of Strasbourg, Institute Charles Sadron, CNRS, UPR22, 23 Rue du Loess, 67034, Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas CSIC, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhou Q, Liu C, Li J, Xie R, Zhang G, Ge X, Zhang Z, Zhang L, Chen J, Gong X, Yang C, Wang Y, Liu Y, Liu X. A skeletal randomization strategy for high-performance quinoidal-aromatic polymers. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024; 11:283-296. [PMID: 37943155 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh01143g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Enhancing the solution-processability of conjugated polymers (CPs) without diminishing their thin-film crystallinity is crucial for optimizing charge transport in organic field-effect transistors (OFETs). However, this presents a classic "Goldilocks zone" dilemma, as conventional solubility-tuning methods for CPs typically yield an inverse correlation between solubility and crystallinity. To address this fundamental issue, a straightforward skeletal randomization strategy is implemented to construct a quinoid-donor conjugated polymer, PA4T-Ra, that contains para-azaquinodimethane (p-AQM) and oligothiophenes as repeat units. A systematic study is conducted to contrast its properties against polymer homologues constructed following conventional solubility-tuning strategies. An unusually concurrent improvement of solubility and crystallinity is realized in the random polymer PA4T-Ra, which shows moderate polymer chain aggregation, the highest crystallinity and the least lattice disorder. Consequently, PA4T-Ra-based OFETs, fabricated under ambient air conditions, deliver an excellent hole mobility of 3.11 cm2 V-1 s-1, which is about 30 times higher than that of the other homologues and ranks among the highest for quinoidal CPs. These findings debunk the prevalent assumption that a random polymer backbone sequence results in decreased crystallinity. The considerable advantages of the skeletal randomization strategy illuminate new possibilities for the control of polymer aggregation and future design of high-performance CPs, potentially accelerating the development and commercialization of organic electronics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quanfeng Zhou
- College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Cheng Liu
- College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Jinlun Li
- College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Runze Xie
- College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Guoxiang Zhang
- College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Xiang Ge
- College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Zesheng Zhang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Lianjie Zhang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Junwu Chen
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiu Gong
- College of Physics, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Chen Yang
- College of Big Data and Information Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yuanyu Wang
- College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Yi Liu
- The Molecular Foundry and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA.
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Xuncheng Liu
- College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Han H, Choi JH, Ahn J, Lee H, Choi C, Jung W, Yeom J, Hwang DK, Sung BJ, Lim JA. Chiral Diketopyrrolopyrrole-Based Conjugated Polymers with Intramolecular Rotation-Isomeric Conformation Asymmetry for Near-Infrared Circularly Polarized Light-Sensing Organic Phototransistors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 38032109 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c13976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in chiral nanomaterials interacting with circularly polarized (CP) light open new expectations for optoelectronics in various research fields such as quantum- and biology-related technology. To fully utilize the great potential of chiral optoelectronic devices, the development of chiral optoelectronic devices that function in the near-infrared (NIR) region is required. Herein, we demonstrate a NIR-absorbing, chiroptical, low-band-gap polymer semiconductor for high-performance NIR CP light phototransistors. A newly synthesized diketopyrrolopyrrole-based donor-acceptor-type chiral π-conjugated polymer with an asymmetric alkyl side chain exhibits strong chiroptical activity in a wavelength range of 700-1000 nm. We found that the attachment of an enantiomerically pure stereogenic alkyl substituent to the π-conjugated chromophore backbone led to strong chiroptical activity through symmetry breaking of the π-conjugation of the backbone in a molecular rotational motion while maintaining the coplanar backbone conformation for efficient charge transport. The NIR CP light-sensing phototransistors based on a chiral π-conjugated polymer photoactive single channel layer exhibit a high photoresponsivity of 26 A W-1 under NIR CP light irradiation at 920 nm, leading to excellent NIR CP light distinguishability. This study will provide a rationale and strategy for designing chiral π-conjugated polymers for high-performance NIR chiral optoelectronics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyemi Han
- Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Ho Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongtae Ahn
- Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanna Lee
- Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Changsoon Choi
- Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Wookjin Jung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyeon Yeom
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Kyung Hwang
- Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Nanoscience and Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong June Sung
- Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Ah Lim
- Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Nanoscience and Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhou Y, Zhang K, Chen Z, Zhang H. Molecular Design Concept for Enhancement Charge Carrier Mobility in OFETs: A Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6645. [PMID: 37895626 PMCID: PMC10607980 DOI: 10.3390/ma16206645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
In the last two decades, organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) have garnered increasing attention from the scientific and industrial communities. The performance of OFETs can be evaluated based on three factors: the charge transport mobility (μ), threshold voltage (Vth), and current on/off ratio (Ion/off). To enhance μ, numerous studies have concentrated on optimizing charge transport within the semiconductor layer. These efforts include: (i) extending π-conjugation, enhancing molecular planarity, and optimizing donor-acceptor structures to improve charge transport within individual molecules; and (ii) promoting strong aggregation, achieving well-ordered structures, and reducing molecular distances to enhance charge transport between molecules. In order to obtain a high charge transport mobility, the charge injection from the electrodes into the semiconductor layer is also important. Since a suitable frontier molecular orbitals' level could align with the work function of the electrodes, in turn forming an Ohmic contact at the interface. OFETs are classified into p-type (hole transport), n-type (electron transport), and ambipolar-type (both hole and electron transport) based on their charge transport characteristics. As of now, the majority of reported conjugated materials are of the p-type semiconductor category, with research on n-type or ambipolar conjugated materials lagging significantly behind. This review introduces the molecular design concept for enhancing charge carrier mobility, addressing both within the semiconductor layer and charge injection aspects. Additionally, the process of designing or converting the semiconductor type is summarized. Lastly, this review discusses potential trends in evolution and challenges and provides an outlook; the ultimate objective is to outline a theoretical framework for designing high-performance organic semiconductors that can advance the development of OFET applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Haichang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics of Ministry of Education, Shandong Province (QUST), School of Polymer Science & Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, 53-Zhengzhou Road, Qingdao 266042, China; (Y.Z.); (K.Z.); (Z.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Humphreys J, Killalea CE, Pop F, Davies ES, Siligardi G, Amabilino DB. Self-assembly of chiral diketopyrrolopyrrole chromophores giving supramolecular chains in monolayers and twisted microtapes. Chirality 2023; 35:281-297. [PMID: 36760121 PMCID: PMC10947275 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Chiral diketopyrrolopyrroles appended with enantiomeric ethyl lactate functions through an ether linkage to the aryl backbone of the chromophore were synthesized via the Mitsunobu reaction. The molecules have good solubility and excellent optical properties, high molar absorption coefficients, and fluorescence quantum yields. Helical aggregates with circular dichroism arising from the supramolecular arrangement are seen in both solution and thin films, and the aggregates also display circularly polarized luminescence (glum ≈ ±0.1). The molecules assemble to give monolayers on graphite and precipitate from solution forming supramolecular twisted tapes hundreds of microns long.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Humphreys
- The GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable ChemistryThe University of Nottingham Jubilee CampusNottinghamUK
- School of ChemistryUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - C. Elizabeth Killalea
- The GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable ChemistryThe University of Nottingham Jubilee CampusNottinghamUK
- School of ChemistryUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Flavia Pop
- The GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable ChemistryThe University of Nottingham Jubilee CampusNottinghamUK
- School of ChemistryUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
- Present address:
MOLTECH‐Anjou, UMR 6200, CNRSUniversity of AngersAngersFrance
| | | | - Giuliano Siligardi
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation CampusDidcotOxfordshireUK
| | - David B. Amabilino
- The GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable ChemistryThe University of Nottingham Jubilee CampusNottinghamUK
- School of ChemistryUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB‐CSIC)Campus Universitari de CerdanyolaBarcelonaSpain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang Q, Huang J, Wang K, Huang W. Recent Structural Engineering of Polymer Semiconductors Incorporating Hydrogen Bonds. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2110639. [PMID: 35261083 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202110639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Highly planar, extended π-electron organic conjugated polymers have been increasingly attractive for achieving high-mobility organic semiconductors. In addition to the conventional strategy to construct rigid backbone by covalent bonds, hydrogen bond has been employed extensively to increase the planarity and rigidity of polymer via intramolecular noncovalent interactions. This review provides a general summary of high-mobility semiconducting polymers incorporating hydrogen bonds in field-effect transistors over recent years. The structural engineering of the hydrogen bond-containing building blocks and the discussion of theoretical simulation, microstructural characterization, and device performance are covered. Additionally, the effects of the introduction of hydrogen bond on self-healing, stretchability, chemical sensitivity, and mechanical properties are also discussed. The review aims to help and inspire design of new high-mobility conjugated polymers with superiority of mechanical flexibility by incorporation of hydrogen bond for the application in flexible electronics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Jianyao Huang
- CAS key Laboratory of Organic Solids, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Kai Wang
- Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Wei Huang
- Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lv SY, Li QY, Li BW, Wang JY, Mu YB, Li L, Pei J, Wan XB. Thiazole-Flanked Thiazoloisoindigo as a Monomer for Balanced Ambipolar Polymeric Field-effect Transistors. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-022-2731-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
10
|
Luo N, Ren P, Feng Y, Shao X, Zhang HL, Liu Z. Side-Chain Engineering of Conjugated Polymers for High-Performance Organic Field-Effect Transistors. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:1131-1146. [PMID: 35084195 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c03909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Past decades have witnessed the rapid development of conjugated polymers because of their promising semiconducting properties and applications in organic field-effect transistors (OFETs). Recent studies have shown that side-chain engineering of conjugated polymers is an efficient strategy to increase semiconducting performance. This Perspective focuses on the side-chain modulation of conjugated polymers and evaluating their effects on the performance of OFETs. The challenges and potential applications of functional high-performance OFETs through side-chain engineering are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Peng Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yu Feng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Xiangfeng Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hao-Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zitong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yu X, Li C, Gao C, Chen L, Zhang X, Zhang G, Zhang D. Enhancing the healing ability and charge transport thermal stability of a diketopyrrolopyrrole based conjugated polymer by incorporating coumarin groups in the side chains. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Organic Solids Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- School of Chemical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Cheng Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Organic Solids Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Chenying Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Organic Solids Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- School of Chemical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Liangliang Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Organic Solids Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- School of Chemical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Xisha Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Organic Solids Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- School of Chemical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Guanxin Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Organic Solids Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Deqing Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Organic Solids Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- School of Chemical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mullin WJ, Sharber SA, Thomas SW. Optimizing the
self‐assembly
of conjugated polymers and small molecules through structurally programmed
non‐covalent
control. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Seth A. Sharber
- Department of Chemistry Tufts University Medford Massachusetts USA
- Aramco Services Company, Aramco Research Center Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Samuel W. Thomas
- Department of Chemistry Tufts University Medford Massachusetts USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yao ZF, Wang JY, Pei J. High-performance polymer field-effect transistors: from the perspective of multi-level microstructures. Chem Sci 2020; 12:1193-1205. [PMID: 34163881 PMCID: PMC8179153 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc06497a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The multi-level microstructure of conjugated polymers is the most critical parameter determining the charge transport property in field-effect transistors (FETs). However, controlling the hierarchical microstructures and the structural evolution remains a significant challenge. In this perspective, we discuss the key aspects of multi-level microstructures of conjugated polymers towards high-performance FETs. We highlight the recent progress in the molecular structures, solution-state aggregation, and polymer crystal structures, representing the multi-level microstructures of conjugated polymers. By tuning polymer hierarchical microstructures, we attempt to provide several guidelines for developing high-performance polymer FETs and polymer electronics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Fan Yao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Jie-Yu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Jian Pei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lin YC, Chen CK, Chiang YC, Hung CC, Fu MC, Inagaki S, Chueh CC, Higashihara T, Chen WC. Study on Intrinsic Stretchability of Diketopyrrolopyrrole-Based π-Conjugated Copolymers with Poly(acryl amide) Side Chains for Organic Field-Effect Transistors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:33014-33027. [PMID: 32536156 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c07496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The development of a π-conjugated polymer with hydrogen-bonding moieties has aroused great attention because of the improved molecular stacking and the hydrogen-bonding network. In this study, PDPPTVT (diketopyrrolopyrrole-thiophenevinylenethiophene) and PDPPSe (diketopyrrolopyrrole-selenophene) alkylated with a carbosilane (SiC8) side chain and poly(acryl amide) (PAM)-incorporated alkyl side chain were prepared, and their structure-performance and structure-stretchability correlation were evaluated. By incorporating the DPPTVT backbone and 0, 5, 10, or 20% PAM-incorporated alkyl side chain, the μh value could reach 2.0, 0.97, 0.74, and 0.42 cm2 V-1 s-1, respectively (P1 to P4). The polymer with the PDPPSe backbone and 5% PAM-incorporated alkyl side-chain (P5) exhibited the maximum μh value of 0.96 cm2 V-1 s-1. By extending the PAM moiety from the backbone with alkyl spacers, the solid-state packing and edge-on orientation can be properly maintained. Surprisingly, the PAM-incorporated alkyl side-chain can provide a hydrogen-bonding network serving as sacrificial bonding to mechanical deformation. Therefore, the relevant changes in the crystallographic parameters including the crystalline size and the in-plane π-π stacking distance with a 100% external strain were less than 4 and 0.8%, respectively, from P1 to P3. Therefore, P3 achieved an excellent stretchability while maintaining its molecular orientation and charge-transporting performance. Even with 100% external strain, P3 still provided an orthogonal μh over 0.1 cm2 V-1 s-1. Moreover, by substituting the TVT moiety with the Se moiety, the ductility of the backbone can be further increased when the elastic modulus decreases from 0.80 to 0.36 GPa for P2 to P5. The achieved high μh retention is over 20% after 500 stretching-releasing cycles with a 60% external strain perpendicular to the channel direction for the polymer composed of PDPPSe and 5% PAM content. The results manifest that our newly designed DPP with the PAM-incorporated alkyl side chain provides a promising approach to promote the intrinsic stretchability of the π-conjugated polymers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Cheng Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Kai Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Chi Chiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chien Hung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Advanced Research Center for Green Materials Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Mao-Chun Fu
- Department of Organic Materials Science, Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Shin Inagaki
- Department of Organic Materials Science, Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Chu-Chen Chueh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Advanced Research Center for Green Materials Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Tomoya Higashihara
- Department of Organic Materials Science, Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Wen-Chang Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Advanced Research Center for Green Materials Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sabury S, Adams TJ, Kocherga M, Kilbey SM, Walter MG. Synthesis and optoelectronic properties of benzodithiophene-based conjugated polymers with hydrogen bonding nucleobase side chain functionality. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00972e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nucleobase functionalities in conjugated, alternating copolymers participate in interbase hydrogen bonding, which promotes molecular assembly and organization in thin films and enhances optical and electronic properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sina Sabury
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Tennessee – Knoxville
- Knoxville
- USA
| | - Tyler J. Adams
- Department of Chemistry
- University of North Carolina – Charlotte
- Charlotte
- USA
| | - Margaret Kocherga
- Department of Chemistry
- University of North Carolina – Charlotte
- Charlotte
- USA
| | - S. Michael Kilbey
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Tennessee – Knoxville
- Knoxville
- USA
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering
| | - Michael G. Walter
- Department of Chemistry
- University of North Carolina – Charlotte
- Charlotte
- USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Yang Y, Liu Z, Zhang G, Zhang X, Zhang D. The Effects of Side Chains on the Charge Mobilities and Functionalities of Semiconducting Conjugated Polymers beyond Solubilities. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1903104. [PMID: 31483542 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201903104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Recent decades have witnessed the rapid development of semiconducting polymers in terms of high charge mobilities and applications in transistors. Significant efforts have been made to develop various conjugated frameworks and linkers. However, studies are increasingly demonstrating that the side chains of semiconducting polymers can significantly affect interchain packing, thin film crystallinity, and thus semiconducting performance. Ways to modify the side alkyl chains to improve the interchain packing order and charge mobilities for conjugated polymers are first discussed. It is shown that modifying the branching chains by moving the branching points away from the backbones can boost the charge mobilities, which can also be improved through partially replacing branching chains with linear ones. Second, the effects of side chains with heteroatoms and functional groups are discussed. The siloxane-terminated side chains are utilized to enhance the semiconducting properties. The fluorinated alkyl chains are beneficial for improving both charge mobility and air stability. Incorporating H bonding group side chains can improve thin film crystallinities and boost charge mobilities. Notably, incorporating functional groups (e.g., glycol, tetrathiafulvalene, and thymine) into side chains can improve the selectivity of field-effect transistor (FET)-based sensors, while photochromic group containing side chains in conjugated polymers result in photoresponsive semiconductors and optically tunable FETs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yizhou Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Organic Solids Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zitong Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Organic Solids Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Guanxin Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Organic Solids Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Xisha Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Organic Solids Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Deqing Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Organic Solids Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wei C, Zhang W, Huang J, Li H, Zhou Y, Yu G. Realizing n-Type Field-Effect Performance via Introducing Trifluoromethyl Groups into the Donor–Acceptor Copolymer Backbone. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Congyuan Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Weifeng Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Jianyao Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Hao Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yankai Zhou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Gui Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Gasperini A, Wang GJN, Molina-Lopez F, Wu HC, Lopez J, Xu J, Luo S, Zhou D, Xue G, Tok JBH, Bao Z. Characterization of Hydrogen Bonding Formation and Breaking in Semiconducting Polymers under Mechanical Strain. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gasperini
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5025, United States
| | - Ging-Ji Nathan Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5025, United States
| | - Francisco Molina-Lopez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5025, United States
| | - Hung-Chin Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5025, United States
| | - Jeffrey Lopez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5025, United States
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5025, United States
| | - Shaochuan Luo
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Dongshan Zhou
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Gi Xue
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jeffery B.-H. Tok
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5025, United States
| | - Zhenan Bao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5025, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Leone AK, Mueller EA, McNeil AJ. The History of Palladium-Catalyzed Cross-Couplings Should Inspire the Future of Catalyst-Transfer Polymerization. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:15126-15139. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b09103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K. Leone
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Emily A. Mueller
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Anne J. McNeil
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| |
Collapse
|