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Qiu Y, Zhao X, Li H, Liu S, Yu W. Microstructures and Rheological Properties of Short-Side-Chain Perfluorosulfonic Acid in Water/2-Propanol. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1863. [PMID: 39000718 PMCID: PMC11244402 DOI: 10.3390/polym16131863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The viscosity and viscoelasticity of polyelectrolyte solutions with a single electrostatic interaction have been carefully studied experimentally and theoretically. Despite some theoretical models describe experimental results well, the influence of multiple interactions (electrostatic and hydrophobic) on rheological scaling is not yet fully resolved. Herein, we systematically study the microstructures and rheological properties of short-side-chain perfluorosulfonic acid (S-PFSA), the most promising candidate of a proton exchange membrane composed of a hydrophobic backbone with hydrophilic side-chains, in water/2-propanol. Small-angle X-ray scattering confirms that semiflexible S-PFSA colloidal particles with a length of ~38 nm and a diameter of 1-1.3 nm are formed, and the concentration dependence of the correlation length (ξ) obeys the power law ξ~c-0.5 consistent with the prediction of Dobrynin et al. By combining macrorheology with diffusing wave spectroscopy microrheology, the semidilute unentangled, semidilute entangled, and concentrated regimes corresponding to the scaling relationships ηsp~c0.5, ηsp~c1.5, and ηsp~c4.1 are determined. The linear viscoelasticity indicates that the entanglement concentration (ce) obtained from the dependence of ηsp on the polymer concentration is underestimated owing to hydrophobic interaction. The true entanglement concentration (cte) is obtained by extrapolating the plateau modulus (Ge) to the terminal modulus (Gt). Furthermore, Ge and the plateau width, τr/τe (τr and τe denote reptation time and Rouse time), scale as Ge~c2.4 and τr/τe~c4.2, suggesting that S-PFSA dispersions behave like neutral polymer solutions in the concentrated regime. This work provides mechanistic insight into the rheological behavior of an S-PFSA dispersion, enabling quantitative control over the flow properties in the process of solution coating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Qiu
- Advanced Rheology Institute, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xinyang Zhao
- Advanced Rheology Institute, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hong Li
- Shanghai Electrochemical Energy Devices Research Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Sijun Liu
- Advanced Rheology Institute, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Wei Yu
- Advanced Rheology Institute, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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2
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G Lopez C, Matsumoto A, Shen AQ. Dilute polyelectrolyte solutions: recent progress and open questions. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:2635-2687. [PMID: 38427030 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00468f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Polyelectrolytes are a class of polymers possessing ionic groups on their repeating units. Since counterions can dissociate from the polymer backbone, polyelectrolyte chains are strongly influenced by electrostatic interactions. As a result, the physical properties of polyelectrolyte solutions are significantly different from those of electrically neutral polymers. The aim of this article is to highlight key results and some outstanding questions in the polyelectrolyte research from recent literature. We focus on the influence of electrostatics on conformational and hydrodynamic properties of polyelectrolyte chains. A compilation of experimental results from the literature reveals significant disparities with theoretical predictions. We also discuss a new class of polyelectrolytes called poly(ionic liquid)s that exhibit unique physical properties in comparison to ordinary polyelectrolytes. We conclude this review by listing some key research challenges in order to fully understand the conformation and dynamics of polyelectrolytes in solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos G Lopez
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, 52056, Germany
| | - Atsushi Matsumoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui City, Fukui 910-8507, Japan.
| | - Amy Q Shen
- Micro/Bio/Nanofluidics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan.
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3
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Liu G, Larson RG, Li L, Luo H, He X, Niu Y, Li G. Influence of Chain Entanglement on Rheological and Mechanical Behaviors of Polymerized Ionic Liquids. Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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Bharati D, Saroj A. Plasticization effect of ionic liquid on structural, thermal and ion transport properties of CS-PVA-NaI based bio-polymer electrolyte membranes. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2023.2175223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Devesh Bharati
- Department of Physics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Achchhe Saroj
- Department of Physics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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5
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Matsumoto A, Ukai R, Osada H, Sugihara S, Maeda Y. Tuning the Solution Viscosity of Ionic-Liquid-Based Polyelectrolytes with Solvent Dielectric Constants via the Counterion Condensation. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Matsumoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui-shi, Fukui910-8507, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Ukai
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui-shi, Fukui910-8507, Japan
| | - Hiroto Osada
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui-shi, Fukui910-8507, Japan
| | - Shinji Sugihara
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui-shi, Fukui910-8507, Japan
| | - Yasushi Maeda
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui-shi, Fukui910-8507, Japan
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6
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Cashen RK, Donoghue MM, Schmeiser AJ, Gebbie MA. Bridging Database and Experimental Analysis to Reveal Super-hydrodynamic Conductivity Scaling Regimes in Ionic Liquids. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:6039-6051. [PMID: 35939324 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c01635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ion transport through electrolytes critically impacts the performance of batteries and other devices. Many frameworks used to model ion transport assume hydrodynamic mechanisms and focus on maximizing conductivity by minimizing viscosity. However, solid-state electrolytes illustrate that non-hydrodynamic ion transport can define device performance. Increasingly, selective transport mechanisms, such as hopping, are proposed for concentrated electrolytes. However, viscosity-conductivity scaling relationships in ionic liquids are often analyzed with hydrodynamic models. We report data-centric analyses of hydrodynamic transport models of viscosity-conductivity scaling in ionic liquids by merging three databases to bridge physical properties and computational descriptors. With this expansive database, we constrained scaling analyses using ion sizes defined from simulated volumes, as opposed to estimating sizes from activity coefficients. Remarkably, we find that many ionic liquids exhibit positive deviations from the Nernst-Einstein model, implying ions move faster than hydrodynamics should allow. We verify these findings using microrheology and conductivity experiments. We further show that machine learning tools can improve predictions of conductivity from molecular properties, including predictions from solely computational features. Our findings reveal that many ionic liquids exhibit super-hydrodynamic viscosity-conductivity scaling, suggesting mechanisms of correlated ion motion, which could be harnessed to enhance electrochemical device performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan K Cashen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Megan M Donoghue
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Abigail J Schmeiser
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Matthew A Gebbie
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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Matsumoto A, Shen AQ. Rheological scaling of ionic-liquid-based polyelectrolytes in ionic liquid solutions: the effect of the ion diameter of ionic liquids. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:4197-4204. [PMID: 35607974 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00484d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the effect of the ion diameter a of ionic liquids (ILs) on the shear viscosity of polymerized ionic liquids (PILs) in IL solutions. When both the PIL and IL contain large PFSI anions (a ≈ 0.57 nm), the specific viscosity ηsp first decreases with increasing IL concentration cIL in the low cIL regime, reaches a minimum and then increases with increasing cIL in the high cIL regime. By comparing the measured ηsp with the modified charge screening model proposed in our previous study [Matsumoto et al., Macromolecules, 2021, 54, 5648-5661], we attribute the observed non-monotonic trend of ηsp against cIL to the charge underscreening phenomenon, i.e., an increase of the screening length at high cIL leads to the upturn of ηsp. On the other hand, when the PIL and IL contain small BF4 anions (a ≈ 0.34 nm), the ηsp decreases asymptotically with increasing cIL, because the charge on the PIL chain is likely screened fully in the entire cIL regime. Our results demonstrate that the ion diameter of ILs plays an important role in governing the charge screening mechanism of PILs in IL solutions, and thus influencing the viscoelastic properties of PIL solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Matsumoto
- Micro/Bio/Nanofluidics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan.
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui City, Fukui 910-8507, Japan.
| | - Amy Q Shen
- Micro/Bio/Nanofluidics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan.
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8
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Del Giudice F. A Review of Microfluidic Devices for Rheological Characterisation. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:167. [PMID: 35208292 PMCID: PMC8877273 DOI: 10.3390/mi13020167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The rheological characterisation of liquids finds application in several fields ranging from industrial production to the medical practice. Conventional rheometers are the gold standard for the rheological characterisation; however, they are affected by several limitations, including high costs, large volumes required and difficult integration to other systems. By contrast, microfluidic devices emerged as inexpensive platforms, requiring a little sample to operate and fashioning a very easy integration into other systems. Such advantages have prompted the development of microfluidic devices to measure rheological properties such as viscosity and longest relaxation time, using a finger-prick of volumes. This review highlights some of the microfluidic platforms introduced so far, describing their advantages and limitations, while also offering some prospective for future works.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Del Giudice
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK
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9
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Lopez CG, Horkay F, Schweins R, Richtering W. Solution Properties of Polyelectrolytes with Divalent Counterions. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos G. Lopez
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, Aachen 52056, Germany
| | - Ferenc Horkay
- Section on Quantitative Imaging and Tissue Sciences, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 13 South Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Ralf Schweins
- Institut Laue-Langevin, DS/LSS, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 20156, Grenoble Cedex 9 38042, France
| | - Walter Richtering
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, Aachen 52056, Germany
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10
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Zhang Z, Lin D, Ganesan V. Mechanisms of ion transport in lithium salt‐doped polymeric ionic liquid electrolytes at higher salt concentrations. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zidan Zhang
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas USA
| | - Dachey Lin
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas USA
| | - Venkat Ganesan
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas USA
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11
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Matsumoto A, Yoshizawa R, Urakawa O, Inoue T, Shen AQ. Rheological Scaling of Ionic Liquid-Based Polyelectrolytes in the Semidilute Unentangled Regime from Low to High Salt Concentrations. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Matsumoto
- Micro/Bio/Nanofluidics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui-shi, Fukui 910-8507, Japan
| | - Ryota Yoshizawa
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Osamu Urakawa
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Tadashi Inoue
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Amy Q. Shen
- Micro/Bio/Nanofluidics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
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12
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Yokokoji A, Kitayama W, Wichai K, Urakawa O, Matsumoto A, Vao-Soongnern V, Inoue T. Viscoelastic Relaxation of Polymerized Ionic Liquid and Lithium Salt Mixtures: Effect of Salt Concentration. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13111772. [PMID: 34071398 PMCID: PMC8199314 DOI: 10.3390/polym13111772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymerized ionic liquids (PILs) doped with lithium salts have recently attracted research interests as the polymer component in lithium-ion batteries because of their high ionic mobilities and lithium-ion transference numbers. To date, although the ion transport mechanism in lithium-doped PILs has been considerably studied, the role of lithium salts on the dynamics of PIL chains remains poorly understood. Herein, we examine the thermal and rheological behaviors of the mixture of poly(1-butyl-3-vinylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (PC4-TFSI)/lithium TFSI (LiTFSI) in order to clarify the effect of the addition of LiTFSI. We show that the glass transition temperature Tg and the entanglement density decrease with the increase in LiTFSI concentration wLiTFSI. These results indicate that LiTFSI acts as a plasticizer for PC4-TFSI. Comparison of the frequency dependence of the complex modulus under the iso-frictional condition reveals that the addition of LiTFSI does not modify the stress relaxation mechanism of PC4-TFSI, including its characteristic time scale. This suggests that the doped LiTFSI, component that can be carrier ions, is not so firmly bound to the polymer chain as it modifies the chain dynamics. In addition, a broadening of the loss modulus spectrum in the glass region occurs at high wLiTFSI. This change in the spectrum can be caused by the responses of free TFSI and/or coordination complexes of Li and TFSI. Our detailed rheological analysis can extract the information of the dynamical features for PIL/salt mixtures and may provide helpful knowledge for the control of mechanical properties and ion mobilities in PILs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arisa Yokokoji
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan; (A.Y.); (W.K.); (K.W.)
| | - Wakana Kitayama
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan; (A.Y.); (W.K.); (K.W.)
| | - Kamonthira Wichai
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan; (A.Y.); (W.K.); (K.W.)
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand;
| | - Osamu Urakawa
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan; (A.Y.); (W.K.); (K.W.)
- Correspondence: (O.U.); (T.I.)
| | - Atsushi Matsumoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui-shi, Fukui 910-8507, Japan;
| | - Visit Vao-Soongnern
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand;
| | - Tadashi Inoue
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan; (A.Y.); (W.K.); (K.W.)
- Correspondence: (O.U.); (T.I.)
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Nath AK, Talukdar R. Ionic liquid-based novel polymer electrolytes: electrical and thermal properties. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF POLYMER ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERIZATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/1023666x.2020.1823732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rupam Talukdar
- Department of Physics, Biswanath College, Biswanath Chariali, India
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14
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Zhang Z, Nasrabadi AT, Aryal D, Ganesan V. Mechanisms of Ion Transport in Lithium Salt-Doped Polymeric Ionic Liquid Electrolytes. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zidan Zhang
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Amir T. Nasrabadi
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Dipak Aryal
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Venkat Ganesan
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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15
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Funari R, Matsumoto A, de Bruyn JR, Shen AQ. Rheology of the Electric Double Layer in Electrolyte Solutions. Anal Chem 2020; 92:8244-8253. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Funari
- Micro/Bio/Nanofluidics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Atsushi Matsumoto
- Micro/Bio/Nanofluidics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - John R. de Bruyn
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Amy Q. Shen
- Micro/Bio/Nanofluidics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
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