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Wu C, Zhang H, Guo Y, Sun X, Hu Z, Teng L, Zeng Z. Porous Hydrogels for Immunomodulatory Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5152. [PMID: 38791191 PMCID: PMC11121438 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy relies on the insight that the immune system can be used to defend against malignant cells. The aim of cancer immunotherapy is to utilize, modulate, activate, and train the immune system to amplify antitumor T-cell immunity. In parallel, the immune system response to damaged tissue is also crucial in determining the success or failure of an implant. Due to their extracellular matrix mimetics and tunable chemical or physical performance, hydrogels are promising platforms for building immunomodulatory microenvironments for realizing cancer therapy and tissue regeneration. However, submicron or nanosized pore structures within hydrogels are not favorable for modulating immune cell function, such as cell invasion, migration, and immunophenotype. In contrast, hydrogels with a porous structure not only allow for nutrient transportation and metabolite discharge but also offer more space for realizing cell function. In this review, the design strategies and influencing factors of porous hydrogels for cancer therapy and tissue regeneration are first discussed. Second, the immunomodulatory effects and therapeutic outcomes of different porous hydrogels for cancer immunotherapy and tissue regeneration are highlighted. Beyond that, this review highlights the effects of pore size on immune function and potential signal transduction. Finally, the remaining challenges and perspectives of immunomodulatory porous hydrogels are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuifang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Infectious Immune and Antibody Engineering in University of Guizhou Province, Engineering Research Center of Cellular Immunotherapy of Guizhou Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences/School of Biology and Engineering (School of Modern Industry for Health and Medicine), Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China; (C.W.)
- Immune Cells and Antibody Engineering Research Center in University of Guizhou Province, Key Laboratory of Biology and Medical Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Honghong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Infectious Immune and Antibody Engineering in University of Guizhou Province, Engineering Research Center of Cellular Immunotherapy of Guizhou Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences/School of Biology and Engineering (School of Modern Industry for Health and Medicine), Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China; (C.W.)
- Immune Cells and Antibody Engineering Research Center in University of Guizhou Province, Key Laboratory of Biology and Medical Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yangyang Guo
- Key Laboratory of Infectious Immune and Antibody Engineering in University of Guizhou Province, Engineering Research Center of Cellular Immunotherapy of Guizhou Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences/School of Biology and Engineering (School of Modern Industry for Health and Medicine), Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China; (C.W.)
- Immune Cells and Antibody Engineering Research Center in University of Guizhou Province, Key Laboratory of Biology and Medical Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xiaomin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Infectious Immune and Antibody Engineering in University of Guizhou Province, Engineering Research Center of Cellular Immunotherapy of Guizhou Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences/School of Biology and Engineering (School of Modern Industry for Health and Medicine), Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China; (C.W.)
- Immune Cells and Antibody Engineering Research Center in University of Guizhou Province, Key Laboratory of Biology and Medical Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Zuquan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Infectious Immune and Antibody Engineering in University of Guizhou Province, Engineering Research Center of Cellular Immunotherapy of Guizhou Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences/School of Biology and Engineering (School of Modern Industry for Health and Medicine), Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China; (C.W.)
- Immune Cells and Antibody Engineering Research Center in University of Guizhou Province, Key Laboratory of Biology and Medical Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Lijing Teng
- Key Laboratory of Infectious Immune and Antibody Engineering in University of Guizhou Province, Engineering Research Center of Cellular Immunotherapy of Guizhou Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences/School of Biology and Engineering (School of Modern Industry for Health and Medicine), Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China; (C.W.)
- Immune Cells and Antibody Engineering Research Center in University of Guizhou Province, Key Laboratory of Biology and Medical Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Zhu Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Infectious Immune and Antibody Engineering in University of Guizhou Province, Engineering Research Center of Cellular Immunotherapy of Guizhou Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences/School of Biology and Engineering (School of Modern Industry for Health and Medicine), Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China; (C.W.)
- Immune Cells and Antibody Engineering Research Center in University of Guizhou Province, Key Laboratory of Biology and Medical Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education & Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
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2
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Tamura N, Hasunuma K, Saito T, Fujisawa S. Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Porous Nanocellulose/Polymer Composites: Influence of the Polymer Chemical Structure and Porosity. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:19560-19565. [PMID: 38708218 PMCID: PMC11064045 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c01206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
The excellent emulsifying capacity of nanocellulose allows for the preparation of porous nanocellulose/polymer composites through the emulsion templating process. However, the effects of the polymer chemical structure and porosity on the material properties have not been extensively explored. Here, we discuss the effects of these two factors on the thermal and mechanical properties of the composites. Two types of porous nanocellulose/polymer composites were fabricated with styrene-divinylbenzene (poly(St-co-DVB)) or styrene-poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate (poly(St-co-EGDMA)) copolymers as the polymer phases. The porosity of the composite was changed up to ∼50% v/v by varying the aqueous phase volume fraction in the original nanocellulose-stabilized w/o emulsions. As the porosity increased, the thermal conductivity of the composite decreased. The mechanical properties were strongly influenced by the polymer type; the nanocellulose/poly(St-co-DVB) composite showed stiff but brittle behavior, whereas the nanocellulose/poly(St-co-EGDMA) composite showed higher strength and toughness. In both types of composites, the nanocelluloses served as reinforcing agents, contributing to the improvement of the mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Tamura
- Department of Biomaterial
Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kota Hasunuma
- Department of Biomaterial
Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Tsuguyuki Saito
- Department of Biomaterial
Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Shuji Fujisawa
- Department of Biomaterial
Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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3
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Zhang F, Wang C, Huang X, Dong X, Chi H, Xu K, Bai Y, Wang P. New Approach for Preparation of Porous Polymers with Reversible Pore Structures for a Highly Safe Smart Supercapacitor. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:19442-19452. [PMID: 38563482 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c19451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Porous polymers have many industrial applications, but their pore structures (open or closed) are usually fixed during polymerization. In this study, polymers with reversible and controllable pore structures, namely, thermosensitive porous hydrogels with regulated volume phase transition temperature, were prepared using a Pickering high-internal-phase emulsion as the template. Upon heating, the hydrogels transformed not only in their wettability (between hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity with water contact angles of 21.8 and 100.9°) but also their pore structure (between open through-holes and closed holes with pore throat sizes of 15.58 and 0 μm, respectively) in a short time (<10 s). When the hydrogel was used as a separator in smart supercapacitors (SCs), this behavior effectively limited the path of electrolyte migration, reducing the chance of conflagration accidents. Moreover, by utilizing the highly reversible pore structures and wettability of the porous hydrogel, reversible charging and discharging were restored after the system cooled down. This work not only provides great guidance for preparing porous polymers with reversible pore structures but also paves the way for designing smart SCs with enhanced safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Chao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Xiaona Huang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Xiaotong Dong
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Hui Chi
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Kun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Yungang Bai
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Pixin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
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4
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Wang Y, Zhong H, Zhao B, Deng J. High Internal Phase Emulsion for Constructing Chiral Helical Polymer-Based Circularly Polarized Luminescent Porous Materials. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:17918-17926. [PMID: 38535995 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c01768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Polymerized high internal phase emulsions (polyHIPEs) with circularly polarized luminescence (CPL), as an interesting class of porous materials, are of great significance for the development of CPL porous materials but have not been reported so far. Herein, we report the construction of polyHIPE-based CPL porous materials, taking advantage of an adsorption strategy. The pristine polyHIPEs constructed by chiral helical polymers, which acted as a chiral microenvironment, were fabricated by coordination polymerization of chiral acetylene monomers (R/S-SA) using HIPEs as templates. Achiral fluorescent small molecules were dispersed in the pores of the 3D porous organic chiral polymer matrix provided by polyHIPEs through the adsorption strategy, and CPL-active porous materials with blue, cyan, and green emissions were constructed using a fluorescence-selective absorption mechanism that does not rely on chirality transfer at the molecular level. The maximum luminescence dissymmetry factor (glum) value was -2.6 × 10-2. This work establishes a new and simple way for developing CPL porous materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hai Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Biao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jianping Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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5
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Huang Z, Zhang T, Ju A, Xu Z, Zhao Y. Macroporous, Highly Hygroscopic, and Leakage-Free Composites for Efficient Atmospheric Water Harvesting. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:16893-16902. [PMID: 38525842 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c01888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Hygroscopic composites based on hygroscopic salts and hydrogels are promising for atmospheric water harvesting (AWH), but their relatively low water production and possible salt leakage hinder real applications. Here, we report highly hygroscopic and leakage-free composites from loading LiCl into emulsion-templated sodium alginate and poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogels with macroporous structures and interpenetrating polymer networks. The resulting composites exhibited an enhanced moisture uptake (up to 3.4 g g-1) and leakage-free behavior even at an extremely high relative humidity (RH) of 90%. Moreover, the composites showed accelerated adsorption, with high adsorption (0.803 g g-1 water at 25 °C and 90% RH within 1 h) and desorption due to the emulsion-templated, highly interconnected macropores. The hygroscopic composites obtained 1.12 g g-1 water per adsorption-desorption collection cycle and showed high reusability, without obvious deterioration in adsorption, desorption, and collection after 10 cycles. With the presence of carbon nanotubes, solar-driven AWH could be realized, without the requirement of additional energy. The highly hygroscopic and leakage-free composites with enhanced and accelerated adsorption and desorption are excellent candidates for efficient AWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Huang
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center of Textile Dyeing and Printing for Energy Conservation, Discharge Reduction and Cleaner Production, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- China National Textile and Apparel Council Key Laboratory for Silk Functional Materials and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Aiming Ju
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zhiguang Xu
- China-Australia Institute for Advanced Materials and Manufacturing, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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6
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Park J, Kim S, Hwang J, Choi JH, So Y, Park S, Ko MJ, Won JC, Suk J, Wu M, Kim YH. Highly Macroporous Polyimide with Chemical Versatility Prepared from Poly(amic acid) Salt-Stabilized High Internal Phase Emulsion Template. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:15222-15231. [PMID: 38585077 PMCID: PMC10993319 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c09640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Macroporous polymers have gained significant attention due to their unique mass transport and size-selective properties. In this study, we focused on Polyimide (PI), a high-performance polymer, as an ideal candidate for macroporous structures. Despite various attempts to create macroporous PI (Macro PI) using emulsion templates, challenges remained, including limited chemical diversity and poor control over pore size and porosity. To address these issues, we systematically investigated the role of poly(amic acid) salt (PAAS) polymers as macrosurfactants and matrices. By designing 12 different PAAS polymers with diverse chemical structures, we achieved stable high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs) with >80 vol % internal volume. The resulting Macro PIs exhibited exceptional porosity (>99 vol %) after thermal imidization. We explored the structure-property relationships of these Macro PIs, emphasizing the importance of controlling pore size distribution. Furthermore, our study demonstrated the utility of these Macro PIs as separators in Li-metal batteries, providing stable charging-discharging cycles. Our findings not only enhance the understanding of emulsion-based macroporous polymers but also pave the way for their applications in advanced energy storage systems and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongmin Park
- Advanced
Functional Polymers Center, Korea Research
Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunkyu Kim
- Advanced
Functional Polymers Center, Korea Research
Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonguk Hwang
- Advanced
Functional Polymers Center, Korea Research
Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Ha Choi
- Advanced
Functional Polymers Center, Korea Research
Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic
of Korea
| | - Yujin So
- Advanced
Functional Polymers Center, Korea Research
Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Sarang Park
- Advanced
Functional Polymers Center, Korea Research
Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jae Ko
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Chan Won
- Advanced
Functional Polymers Center, Korea Research
Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
- KRICT
School, University of Science and Technology
(UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungdon Suk
- KRICT
School, University of Science and Technology
(UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
- Advanced
Energy Materials Research Center, Korea
Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Mihye Wu
- Advanced
Energy Materials Research Center, Korea
Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Ho Kim
- Advanced
Functional Polymers Center, Korea Research
Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
- KRICT
School, University of Science and Technology
(UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
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7
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Duan F, Zhu Y, Liu Y, Wang A. Fabrication of porous adsorbents from eco-friendly aqueous foam for high-efficient removal of cationic dyes and sustainable utilization assessment. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 137:395-406. [PMID: 37980025 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Porous materials applied in environmental remediation have received researchers' extensive attention recently, but the related green and convenient preparation method is rarely reported. Here, we recommended a green and convenient strategy for the fabrication of porous material via aqueous foam templates, which was synergistically stabilized by Codonopsis pilosula (CP) and clay minerals of attapulgite (APT). The characterization results revealed that the APT was modified by organic molecules leached from CP and anchored at the air-water interface, which improved the foam stability significantly. The novel porous material of polyacrylamide/Codonopsis pilosula/attapulgite (PAM/CP/APT) templated from the aqueous foam via a polymerization reaction had excellent adsorption capacity for the cationic dyes methyl violet (MV) and methylene blue (MB), and the adsorption capacity can reach 755.85 mg/g and 557.64 mg/g, respectively. More importantly, the adsorption capacity of spent adsorbent material was still over 200 mg/g after being recycled five times through a simple carbonization process, and then it was added to the plant pot, the total biomass was increased by about 86.42%. This study provided a green and sustainable pathway for the preparation, application and subsequent processing of porous materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangzhi Duan
- Key Laboratory of Clay Mineral Applied Research of Gansu Province, Center of Eco-material and Green Chemistry, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yongfeng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Clay Mineral Applied Research of Gansu Province, Center of Eco-material and Green Chemistry, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Clay Mineral Applied Research of Gansu Province, Center of Eco-material and Green Chemistry, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Aiqin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Clay Mineral Applied Research of Gansu Province, Center of Eco-material and Green Chemistry, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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Hahn F, Ferrandez-Montero A, Queri M, Vancaeyzeele C, Plesse C, Agniel R, Leroy-Dudal J. Electroactive 4D Porous Scaffold Based on Conducting Polymer as a Responsive and Dynamic In Vitro Cell Culture Platform. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:5613-5626. [PMID: 38278772 PMCID: PMC10859895 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c16686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
In vivo, cells reside in a 3D porous and dynamic microenvironment. It provides biochemical and biophysical cues that regulate cell behavior in physiological and pathological processes. In the context of fundamental cell biology research, tissue engineering, and cell-based drug screening systems, a challenge is to develop relevant in vitro models that could integrate the dynamic properties of the cell microenvironment. Taking advantage of the promising high internal phase emulsion templating, we here designed a polyHIPE scaffold with a wide interconnected porosity and functionalized its internal 3D surface with a thin layer of electroactive conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) to turn it into a 4D electroresponsive scaffold. The resulting scaffold was cytocompatible with fibroblasts, supported cellular infiltration, and hosted cells, which display a 3D spreading morphology. It demonstrated robust actuation in ion- and protein-rich complex culture media, and its electroresponsiveness was not altered by fibroblast colonization. Thanks to customized electrochemical stimulation setups, the electromechanical response of the polyHIPE/PEDOT scaffolds was characterized in situ under a confocal microscope and showed 10% reversible volume variations. Finally, the setups were used to monitor in real time and in situ fibroblasts cultured into the polyHIPE/PEDOT scaffold during several cycles of electromechanical stimuli. Thus, we demonstrated the proof of concept of this tunable scaffold as a tool for future 4D cell culture and mechanobiology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Hahn
- Equipe
de Recherche sur les Relations Matrice Extracellulaire-Cellules (ERRMECe),
Groupe Matrice Extracellulaire et Physiopathologie (MECuP), I-Mat, CY Cergy Paris Université, 95000 Neuville
sur Oise, France
- Laboratoire
de Physicochimie des Polymères et des Interfaces (LPPI), I-Mat, CY Cergy Paris Université, 95000 Neuville sur Oise, France
| | - Ana Ferrandez-Montero
- Equipe
de Recherche sur les Relations Matrice Extracellulaire-Cellules (ERRMECe),
Groupe Matrice Extracellulaire et Physiopathologie (MECuP), I-Mat, CY Cergy Paris Université, 95000 Neuville
sur Oise, France
- Laboratoire
de Physicochimie des Polymères et des Interfaces (LPPI), I-Mat, CY Cergy Paris Université, 95000 Neuville sur Oise, France
- Instituto
de Ceramica y Vidrio (ICV), CSIC, Campus Cantoblanco, Kelsen 5., 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mélodie Queri
- Equipe
de Recherche sur les Relations Matrice Extracellulaire-Cellules (ERRMECe),
Groupe Matrice Extracellulaire et Physiopathologie (MECuP), I-Mat, CY Cergy Paris Université, 95000 Neuville
sur Oise, France
- Laboratoire
de Physicochimie des Polymères et des Interfaces (LPPI), I-Mat, CY Cergy Paris Université, 95000 Neuville sur Oise, France
| | - Cédric Vancaeyzeele
- Laboratoire
de Physicochimie des Polymères et des Interfaces (LPPI), I-Mat, CY Cergy Paris Université, 95000 Neuville sur Oise, France
| | - Cédric Plesse
- Laboratoire
de Physicochimie des Polymères et des Interfaces (LPPI), I-Mat, CY Cergy Paris Université, 95000 Neuville sur Oise, France
| | - Rémy Agniel
- Equipe
de Recherche sur les Relations Matrice Extracellulaire-Cellules (ERRMECe),
Groupe Matrice Extracellulaire et Physiopathologie (MECuP), I-Mat, CY Cergy Paris Université, 95000 Neuville
sur Oise, France
| | - Johanne Leroy-Dudal
- Equipe
de Recherche sur les Relations Matrice Extracellulaire-Cellules (ERRMECe),
Groupe Matrice Extracellulaire et Physiopathologie (MECuP), I-Mat, CY Cergy Paris Université, 95000 Neuville
sur Oise, France
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9
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Chen J, Gao Y, Zuo S, Mao H, Li X, Liu W, Yao C, Gui H. Monolithic Catalysts Supported by Emulsion-Templated Porous Polydivinylbenzene for Continuous Reduction of 4-Nitrophenol. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024. [PMID: 38295287 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
A monolithic catalyst was fabricated through an emulsion-templating method, postpolymerization modification, and in situ loading of active constituents. To achieve a high specific surface area, divinylbenzene (DVB) was solely employed as the monomer, while the porous structure was adjusted with the porogen content and the types of initiators. Then, anchor points were introduced on the pore wall through nitration and amination of the polymeric scaffold. Using a controlled "silver mirror reaction", monolithic catalysts were obtained after loading of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs), which was verified from morphological and crystallinity characteristics. The catalytic performance of the resultant monolithic catalyst was determined with the model reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP). In static catalysis, the monolithic catalyst was proved to have a reactively high apparent rate constant and a good reusability. Furthermore, a flow reactor was fabricated with the monolithic catalyst, showing a high efficiency and long-term durability for the continuous reduction of 4-NP. This work broadened the adjustment of porous structures and the subsequent application for emulsion-templated monoliths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieyi Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, Advanced Catalysis and Green Manufacturing Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Yan Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, Advanced Catalysis and Green Manufacturing Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
- School of Textiles, Changzhou Vocational Institute of Textile and Garment, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Shixiang Zuo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, Advanced Catalysis and Green Manufacturing Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Huihui Mao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, Advanced Catalysis and Green Manufacturing Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Xiazhang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, Advanced Catalysis and Green Manufacturing Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Wenjie Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, Advanced Catalysis and Green Manufacturing Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Chao Yao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, Advanced Catalysis and Green Manufacturing Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Haoguan Gui
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, Advanced Catalysis and Green Manufacturing Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
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10
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Pham QN, Barako MT, Won Y. Grain Crystallinity, Anisotropy, and Boundaries Govern Microscale Hydrodynamic Transport in Semicrystalline Porous Media. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:39-51. [PMID: 38047529 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c01276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Polycrystallinity is often an unintended consequence of real manufacturing processes used to produce designer porous media with deterministic and periodic architectures. Porous media are widely employed as high-surface conduits for fluid transport; unfortunately, even small concentrations of defects in the long-range order become the dominant impediment to hydrodynamic transport. In this study, we isolate the effects of these defects using a microfluidic analogy to energy transport in atomic polycrystals by directly tracking capillary transport through polycrystalline inverse opals. We reveal─using high-fidelity florescent microscopy─the boundary-limited nature of flow motions, along with nonlinear impedance elements introduced by the presence of "grain boundaries" that are separating the well-ordered "crystalline grains". Coupled crystallinity, anisotropy, and linear defect density contribute to direction-dominated flow characteristics in a discretized manner rather than traditional diffusive-like flow patterns. Separating individual crystal grains' transport properties from polycrystals along with new probabilistic data sets enables demonstrating statistical predictive models. These results provide fundamental insight into transport phenomena in (poly)crystalline porous media beyond the deterministic properties of an idealized unit cell and bridge the gap between engineering models and the ubiquitous imperfections found in manufactured porous materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quang N Pham
- Materials and Manufacturing Technology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Michael T Barako
- NG Next Basic Research Laboratory, Northrop Grumman Corporation, Redondo Beach, California 90278, United States
| | - Yoonjin Won
- Materials and Manufacturing Technology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine 92697, United States
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11
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Zhang Z, He X, Zeng C, Li Q, Xia H. Preparation of cassava starch-gelatin yolk-shell microspheres by water-in-water emulsion method. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 323:121461. [PMID: 37940319 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports the preparation and characterization of gelatin-cassava starch microspheres using the water-in-water emulsion technique. The effects of different weight ratios (10: 0, 9: 1, 8: 2, 7: 3, 6: 4, 5: 5) of starch to gelatin on the morphology, structure, thermal properties, and stability of microspheres were investigated. The morphology results showed that most microspheres had spherical shapes and smooth surfaces. When the weight ratio of starch to gelatin was 5: 5, the prepared microspheres formed a stable yolk-shell structure. The swelling capacity of the microspheres increased with the proportion of gelatin, up to 682.3 %. The gelatin and starch in the microspheres were compatible but not miscible. Compared with the native starch, the crystalline structure of microspheres changed from A-type to a mixture of B-type and V-type, and the relative crystallinity decreased. Differential scanning calorimetry results showed that the melting of microspheres involved both gelatin dissolution and starch gelatinization. Due to the formation of composite microspheres, the starch content decreased, and the release of reducing sugars from the microspheres upon hydrolysis was reduced. The gelatin-cassava starch microspheres are simple to prepare, biocompatible, and can be used as a potential material for microencapsulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhirenyong Zhang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, No. 1 Nongda Road, Furong District, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China.
| | - Xiaoxue He
- School of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, No. 1 Nongda Road, Furong District, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Chaoxi Zeng
- School of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, No. 1 Nongda Road, Furong District, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China; Hunan Rapeseed Oil Nutrition Health and Deep Development Engineering Technology Research Center, Hunan Agricultural University, No. 1 Nongda Road, Furong District, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Qingming Li
- School of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, No. 1 Nongda Road, Furong District, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China.
| | - Huiping Xia
- School of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, No. 1 Nongda Road, Furong District, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China; Hunan Rapeseed Oil Nutrition Health and Deep Development Engineering Technology Research Center, Hunan Agricultural University, No. 1 Nongda Road, Furong District, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China.
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12
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Niu X, Wan Z, Mhatre SE, Ye Y, Lu Y, Gao G, Bai L, Rojas OJ. Structured Emulgels by Interfacial Assembly of Terpenes and Nanochitin. ACS NANO 2023; 17:25542-25551. [PMID: 38078623 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c09533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Interfacial assemblies formed by colloidal complexation are effective in multiphase stabilization, as shown in structured liquids and Pickering emulgels. Herein, we demonstrate a type of biobased colloidal system that spontaneously stabilizes an organic phase in a continuous hydrogel phase. Specifically, a triterpene extracted from bark (betulin, BE) is added to an organic phase containing a coniferous resin (rosin acid, a diterpene). BE is shown to take part in strong noncovalent interactions with the nanochitin dispersed in the aqueous (hydrogel) phase, leading to a complex of high interfacial activity. The viscoelastic response of the system is rationalized by the presence of a superstable structured dual network. When used as a templating material, the emulgel develops into structured liquids and cryogels. The herein introduced all-biobased type of nanoparticle surfactant system forms a gel ("emulsion-filled" with "aggregated droplets") that features the functional benefits of both betulin and nanochitin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Niu
- Bioproducts Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of Wood Science and Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Zhangmin Wan
- Bioproducts Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of Wood Science and Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Sameer E Mhatre
- Bioproducts Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of Wood Science and Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Yuhang Ye
- Bioproducts Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of Wood Science and Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Yi Lu
- Bioproducts Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of Wood Science and Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Guang Gao
- Life Sciences Institute Imaging Core Facility, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Long Bai
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology (Ministry of Education), Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Orlando J Rojas
- Bioproducts Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of Wood Science and Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
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13
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Chi H, Xu Z, Cao H, Zhang T, Zhao Y. Hydrophilic-Oleophobic, Macroporous Polymers Enabled by In-Situ Polymerization and Foaming for Removing Water from Oils. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:16676-16684. [PMID: 37939344 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Porous polymers with hydrophilicity and oleophobicity are promising for removing water from various oil-water mixtures (including emulsions), but the preparation of such polymers is usually complicated and time-consuming. Herein, a novel stragey, in situ polymerization and foaming, has been developed to fabricate hydrophilic-oleophobic porous polymers in a facile manner within seconds. The porous polymers from pentaerythritol tetra(3-mercaptopropionate) and poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate showed hydrophilicity and underwater oleophobicity, enabling the removal of water from oil-water mixtures and surfactant-stabilized, water-in-oil (w/o) emulsions, with a high efficiency of 99.9% and excellent reusability, without obvious deterioation after 10 cycles. With incorporatin of 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyl methacrylate, the resulting porous polymers showed hydrophilicity and oleophobicty in air, providing an additional function of antioil-fouling ability both in dry state and in the process of oil-water separation. Moreover, both the two types of the porous polymers showed robust compression, without fracture and changes in wetting property after cycles of compression at 70% strain and high fatigue-resistant elasticity, without obvious plastic deformation after 1000 compression-release cycles. The facile and rapid preparation, hydrophiclity-oleophobicity, and robustness in compression and elasticity enabled the porous polymers to be good candidates for removing water from various oil-water mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanjie Chi
- College of Textile Clothing, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, P. R. China
| | - Zhiguang Xu
- China-Australia Institute for Advanced Materials and Manufacturing, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, P. R. China
| | - Hui Cao
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123 P. R. China
| | - Tao Zhang
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123 P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhao
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123 P. R. China
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14
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Ballai G, Kotnik T, Finšgar M, Pintar A, Kónya Z, Sápi A, Kovačič S. Highly Porous Polymer Beads Coated with Nanometer-Thick Metal Oxide Films for Photocatalytic Oxidation of Bisphenol A. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2023; 6:20089-20098. [PMID: 38026613 PMCID: PMC10653210 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.3c03891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Highly porous metal oxide-polymer nanocomposites are attracting considerable interest due to their unique structural and functional features. A porous polymer matrix brings properties such as high porosity and permeability, while the metal oxide phase adds functionality. For the metal oxide phase to perform its function, it must be fully accessible, and this is possible only at the pore surface, but functioning surfaces require controlled engineering, which remains a challenge. Here, highly porous nanocomposite beads based on thin metal oxide nanocoatings and polymerized high internal phase emulsions (polyHIPEs) are demonstrated. By leveraging the unique properties of polyHIPEs, i.e., a three-dimensional (3D) interconnected network of macropores, and high-precision of the atomic-layer-deposition technique (ALD), we were able to homogeneously coat the entire surface of the pores in polyHIPE beads with TiO2-, ZnO-, and Al2O3-based nanocoatings. Parameters such as nanocoating thickness, growth per cycle (GPC), and metal oxide (MO) composition were systematically controlled by varying the number of deposition cycles and dosing time under specific process conditions. The combination of polyHIPE structure and ALD technique proved advantageous, as MO-nanocoatings with thicknesses between 11 ± 3 and 40 ± 9 nm for TiO2 or 31 ± 6 and 74 ± 28 nm for ZnO and Al2O3, respectively, were successfully fabricated. It has been shown that the number of ALD cycles affects both the thickness and crystallinity of the MO nanocoatings. Finally, the potential of ALD-derived TiO2-polyHIPE beads in photocatalytic oxidation of an aqueous bisphenol A (BPA) solution was demonstrated. The beads exhibited about five times higher activity than nanocomposite beads prepared by the conventional (Pickering) method. Such ALD-derived polyHIPE nanocomposites could find wide application in nanotechnology, sensor development, or catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergő Ballai
- Interdisciplinary
Excellence Centre, Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry, University of Szeged, Rerrich Béla tér 1, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tomaž Kotnik
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry and Technology, National
Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University
of Ljubljana, Večna
Pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matjaž Finšgar
- University
of Maribor, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Smetanova 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Albin Pintar
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry and Technology, National
Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Zoltán Kónya
- Interdisciplinary
Excellence Centre, Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry, University of Szeged, Rerrich Béla tér 1, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
- MTA-SZTE
Reaction Kinetics and Surface Chemistry Research Group, Rerrich Béla tér 1, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - András Sápi
- Interdisciplinary
Excellence Centre, Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry, University of Szeged, Rerrich Béla tér 1, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Sebastijan Kovačič
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry and Technology, National
Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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15
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Bulut S, Jung SH, Bissing T, Schmitt F, Bund M, Braun S, Pich A. Tuning the Porosity of Dextran Microgels with Supramacromolecular Nanogels as Soft Sacrificial Templates. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2303783. [PMID: 37434076 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202303783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels, as well as colloidal hydrogels (microgels), are important materials for a large variety of applications in the biomedical field. Microgels with a controlled pore size (meso- and macropores) are required for efficient nutrient support, modulation of cell adhesion, removal of metabolic products in cell cultures, and probiotic loading. Common microgel fabrication techniques do not provide sufficient control over pore sizes and geometry. In this work, the natural polysaccharide dextran modified with methacrylate groups is used to synthesize highly monodisperse meso- and macroporous microgels in a size range of 100-150 µm via photo cross-linking in microfluidic droplets. The size of mesopores is varied by the concentration of dextran methacrylate chains in the droplets (50-200 g L-1 ) and the size of macropores is regulated by the integration of pH-degradable supramacromolecular nanogels with diameters of 300 and 700 nm as sacrificial templates. Using permeability assays combined with confocal laser scanning microscopy, it is demonstrated that functional dextran-based microgels with uniform and defined pores could be obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selin Bulut
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e. V. RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Functional and Interactive Polymers, Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry (ITMC) RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Se-Hyeong Jung
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e. V. RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Functional and Interactive Polymers, Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry (ITMC) RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Laboratory for Soft Materials and Interfaces, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Bissing
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e. V. RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Functional and Interactive Polymers, Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry (ITMC) RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Florian Schmitt
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e. V. RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Functional and Interactive Polymers, Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry (ITMC) RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Michelle Bund
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e. V. RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Functional and Interactive Polymers, Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry (ITMC) RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Susanne Braun
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e. V. RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Functional and Interactive Polymers, Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry (ITMC) RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andrij Pich
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e. V. RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Functional and Interactive Polymers, Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry (ITMC) RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Aachen Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, Brightlands Chemelot Campus, Urmonderbaan 22, Geleen, 6167 RD, Netherlands
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16
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Adamu Ugya Y, Chen H, Sheng Y, Ajibade FO, Wang Q. A review of microalgae biofilm as an eco-friendly approach to bioplastics, promoting environmental sustainability. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 236:116833. [PMID: 37543134 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
In this comprehensive review, we delve into the challenges hindering the large-scale production of microalgae-based bioplastics, primarily focusing on economic feasibility and bioplastic quality. To address these issues, we explore the potential of microalgae biofilm cultivation as a sustainable and highly viable approach for bioplastic production. We present a proposed method for producing bioplastics using microalgae biofilm and evaluate its environmental impact using various tools such as life cycle analysis (LCA), ecological footprint analysis, resource flow analysis, and resource accounting. While pilot-scale and large-scale LCA data are limited, we utilize alternative indicators such as energy efficiency, carbon footprint, materials management, and community acceptance to predict the environmental implications of commercializing microalgae biofilm-based bioplastics. The findings of this study indicate that utilizing microalgae biofilm for bioplastic production offers significant environmental sustainability benefits. The system exhibits low energy requirements and a minimal carbon footprint. Moreover, it has the potential to address the issue of wastewater by utilizing it as a carbon source, thereby mitigating associated problems. However, it is important to acknowledge certain limitations associated with the method proposed in this review. Further research is needed to explore and engineer precise techniques for manipulating microalgae biofilm structure to optimize the accumulation of desired metabolites. This could involve employing chemical triggers, metabolic engineering, and genetic engineering to achieve the intended goals. In conclusion, this review highlights the potential of microalgae biofilm as a viable and sustainable solution for bioplastic production. While acknowledging the advantages, it also emphasizes the need for continued synthetic studies to enhance the efficiency and reliability of this approach. By addressing the identified drawbacks and maximizing the utilization of advanced techniques, we can further harness the potential of microalgae biofilm in contributing to a more environmentally friendly and economically feasible bioplastic industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunusa Adamu Ugya
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China; Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Henan University, Kaifeng, China; Department of Environmental Management, Kaduna State University, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Hui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China; Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yangyang Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Fidelis Odedishemi Ajibade
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology Akure, PMB 704, Nigeria
| | - Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China; Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.
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17
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Duan MP, Zhou Z, Zhang T. Synthesis of Polymers with Narrow Molecular Mass Distribution through Interface-Initiated Room-Temperature Polymerization in Emulsion Gels. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4081. [PMID: 37896325 PMCID: PMC10610333 DOI: 10.3390/polym15204081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Homopolymers of n-butyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, styrene, and their random copolymers were prepared via interface-initiated polymerization of emulsion gels at 20 °C. The polymerization was conducted in a free radical polymerization manner without inert gas protection. Compared with the polymers synthesized at 60 °C, the polymerization of emulsion gels at 20 °C produced homo- and copolymers with a higher molecular mass and a narrower molecular mass distribution. The polydispersity indices for the polymers synthesized at 20 °C were found to be between 1.12 and 1.37. The glass transition temperatures for the as-synthesized butyl acrylate copolymers agree well with the prediction from the Gordon-Taylor equation. Interface-initiated room-temperature polymerization is a robust, energy-saving polymerization technique for synthesizing polymers with a narrow molecular mass distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tan Zhang
- Division of Natural and Applied Sciences, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan 215316, China (Z.Z.)
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18
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Xu K, Cao L, Wang Z, Chen LP. Heparin-Mimetic Chitooligosaccharides-Based Monoliths Obtained from C/W Emulsions: Hemocompatibility and Toxin Removal Ability. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:5610-5621. [PMID: 37703897 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c00833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Hemoperfusion (HP) is one of the most prominent therapies for treating uremia, hyperbilirubinemia, and acute drug toxicity. The comprehensive performance of currently used porous HP adsorbents needs to be improved due to the impediment to their synthesis strategy. Herein, green carbon dioxide-in-water high internal phase emulsions (C/W HIPEs) were utilized and emulsified with poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) for the formation of a heparin-mimetic chitosan oligosaccharides/poly(acrylamide-co-sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) [COS/P(AM-co-SSS)] monolith, which exhibited good mechanical properties, stable swelling performance, hydrophilic properties, anticoagulant effect, and low hemolysis. It showed a strong toxin adsorption capacity (415.2 mg/g for creatinine, 199.3 mg/g for urea, 279.5 mg/g for bilirubin, and 160 mg/g for tetracycline). The adsorption process of porous COS/P(AM-co-SSS) followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic and Langmuir isotherm models. Moreover, the porous materials had a strong electrostatic force on creatinine. The removal of creatinine by simulated in vitro blood perfusion was 80.2% within 30 min. This work provides a green preparation strategy for developing novel HP materials, highlighting their potential application value in blood and environmental purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaibo Xu
- School of Science, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education & Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017 P. R. China
| | - Liqin Cao
- School of Science, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education & Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017 P. R. China
| | - Zhouyu Wang
- School of Science, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, P. R. China
| | - Liu-Ping Chen
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong 510275, Guangzhou, China
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19
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Wang Z, Wang C, Gao Y, Li Z, Shang Y, Li H. Porous Thermal Insulation Polyurethane Foam Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3818. [PMID: 37765672 PMCID: PMC10537539 DOI: 10.3390/polym15183818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Porous thermal insulation materials (PTIMs) are a class of materials characterized by low thermal conductivity, low bulk density and high porosity. The low thermal conductivity of the gas enclosed in their pores allows them to achieve efficient thermal insulation, and are they among the most widely used and effective materials in thermal insulation material systems. Among the PTIMs, polyurethane foam (PUF) stands out as particularly promising. Its appeal comes from its multiple beneficial features, such as low density, low thermal conductivity and superior mechanical properties. Such attributes have propelled its broad application across domains encompassing construction, heterogeneous chemical equipment, water conservation and hydropower, and the aviation and aerospace fields. First, this article outlines the structure and properties of porous thermal insulation PUF materials. Next, it explores the methods of preparing porous thermal insulation PUF materials, evaluating the associated advantages and disadvantages of each technique. Following this, the mechanical properties, thermal conductivity, thermal stability, and flame-retardant characteristics of porous thermal insulation PUF materials are characterized. Lastly, the article provides insight into the prospective development trends pertaining to porous thermal insulation PUF materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Wang
- College of New Energy, Xi’an Shiyou University, Xi’an 710065, China; (Z.W.); (C.W.); (Y.S.)
| | - Chengzhu Wang
- College of New Energy, Xi’an Shiyou University, Xi’an 710065, China; (Z.W.); (C.W.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yuebin Gao
- Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development, PetroChina, Beijing 100083, China;
| | - Zhao Li
- College of New Energy, Xi’an Shiyou University, Xi’an 710065, China; (Z.W.); (C.W.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yu Shang
- College of New Energy, Xi’an Shiyou University, Xi’an 710065, China; (Z.W.); (C.W.); (Y.S.)
| | - Haifu Li
- Shaanxi Haichuang Industrial Co., Ltd., Xi’an 712034, China;
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20
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Xu K, Cao L. Sulfonated Hydrogel Formed via CO 2-in-Water Emulsion: Potential in Antibiotic Removal. Gels 2023; 9:703. [PMID: 37754384 PMCID: PMC10530740 DOI: 10.3390/gels9090703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, a green, carbon dioxide-in-water high-internal-phase emulsion (C/W HIPEs) was developed and stabilized with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) for the formation of chitosan oligosaccharide/poly(acrylamide-co-sodium 4-styrene sulfonate) [COS/P(AM-co-SSS)] monolithic porous hydrogel. The obtained monolith was characterized via FT-IR and SEM. The SEM patterns depicted that the monoliths were interconnected, the void sizes were 78.5 µm, and the interconnected pore throats were 28 μm approximately. Mechanical measurement results indicated that the maximum compress stress of the monolith could reach 334.4 kPa at 90% strain, and it exhibited good mechanical stability. After 200 cycles of compression, it could still recover its original shape without cracking. The obtained COS-based monolith was selected to remove tetracycline (TC) for evaluating the adsorptive features of the interpenetrating pore-containing monolith. The monolithic COS/P(AM-co-SSS) hydrogel behaved with strong antibiotic adsorption capacity (1600.4 mg/g for TC). The adsorption process agreed well with the pseudo-second-order kinetic and Langmuir isothermal models. In addition, the porous monolith had a strong electrostatic force on TC according to the thermodynamic study. This work provides a green route for the development of novel monolithic hydrogels and highlights its potential application in the treatment of antibiotic-containing wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaibo Xu
- Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, College of Chemistry, Ministry of Education & Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China;
| | - Liqin Cao
- Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, College of Chemistry, Ministry of Education & Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China;
- School of Science, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
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21
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Liu CH, Krueger S, Nieh MP. Synthesis of Polymer Nanoweb via a Lipid Template. ACS Macro Lett 2023:993-998. [PMID: 37406157 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
We report a generalized platform for synthesizing a polymer nanoweb with a high specific surface area via a bicellar template, composed of 1,2-dipalmitoyl phosphocholine (DPPC), 1,2-dihexanoyl phosphocholine (DHPC), and 1,2-dipalmitoyl phosphoglycerol (DPPG). The pristine bicelle (in the absence of monomer or polymer) yields a variety of well-defined structures, including disc, vesicle, and perforated lamella. The addition of styrene monomers in the mixture causes bicelles to transform into lamellae. Monomers are miscible with DPPC and DPPG initially, while polymerization drives polymers to the DHPC-rich domain, resulting in a polymer nanoweb supported by the outcomes of small angle neutron scattering, differential scanning calorimetry, and transmission electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Hao Liu
- Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Susan Krueger
- Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standard and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Mu-Ping Nieh
- Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
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22
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Au-Duong AN, Abdulahad A. Structure-Property Relationships of CO 2 Absorbing Core-Shell Microparticles with Encapsulated Ionic Liquid. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:24032-24041. [PMID: 37426253 PMCID: PMC10324060 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c02975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
The demand for new ionic liquid (IL)-based systems to selectively sequester carbon dioxide from gas mixtures has prompted the development of individual components involving the tailored design of IL themselves or solid-supported materials that provide excellent gas permeability of the overall material as well as the ability to incorporate large amounts of ionic liquid. In this work, novel IL-encapsulated microparticles comprising a cross-linked copolymer shell of β-myrcene and styrene and a hydrophilic core of the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide ([EMIM][DCA]) are proposed as viable materials for CO2 capture. Water-in-oil (w/o) emulsion polymerization of different mass ratios of β-myrcene to styrene (i.e. 100/0, 70/30, 50/50, 0/100) yielded IL-encapsulated microparticles, where the encapsulation efficiency of [EMIM][DCA] was dependent on the copolymer shell composition. Thermal analysis using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) revealed that both thermal stability and glass transition temperatures depend on the mass ratio of β-myrcene to styrene. Images from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to observe the microparticle shell morphology as well as measure the particle size perimeter. Particle sizes were found to be between 5 and 44 μm. CO2 sorption experiments were conducted gravimetrically using TGA instrumentation. Interestingly, a trade-off between CO2 absorption capacity and ionic liquid encapsulation was observed. While increasing the β-myrcene content within the microparticle shell increases the amount of encapsulated [EMIM][DCA], the observed CO2 absorption capacity did not increase as expected due to reduced porosity compared to microparticles with higher styrene content in the microparticle shell. [EMIM][DCA] microcapsules with a 50/50 weight ratio of β-myrcene/styrene showed the best synergistic effect between spherical particle diameter (32.2 μm), pore size (0.75 μm), and high CO2 sorption capacity of ∼0.5 mmol CO2/g sample within a short absorption period of 20 min. Therefore, core-shell microcapsules composed of β-myrcene and styrene are envisioned as a promising material for CO2 sequestration applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Nhan Au-Duong
- Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, Louisiana 70125-1056, United
States
| | - Asem Abdulahad
- Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, Louisiana 70125-1056, United
States
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23
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Pereira JR, Rafael AM, Esmail A, Morais M, Matos M, Marques AC, Reis MAM, Freitas F. Preparation of Porous Scaffold Based on Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) and FucoPol. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2945. [PMID: 37447591 DOI: 10.3390/polym15132945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This work focused on the development of porous scaffolds based on biocomposites comprising two biodegradable and biocompatible biopolymers: a terpolyester, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) (PHBHVHHx), and the bacterial polysaccharide FucoPol. The PHBHVHHx terpolymer was composed of 3-hydroxybutyrate (55 wt%), 3-hydroxyvalerate (21 wt%), and 3-hydroxyhexanoate (24 wt%). This hydrophobic polyester has low crystallinity and can form elastic and flexible films. Fucopol is a fucose-containing water-soluble polysaccharide that forms viscous solutions with shear thinning behavior and has demonstrated emulsion-forming and stabilizing capacity and wound healing ability. Emulsion-templating was used to fabricate PHA-based porous structures in which FucoPol acted as a bioemulsifier. Compared with the scaffolds obtained from emulsions with only water, the use of FucoPol aqueous solutions resulted in structures with improved mechanical properties, namely higher tensile strength (4.4 MPa) and a higher Young's Modulus (85 MPa), together with an elongation at break of 52%. These features, together with the scaffolds' high porosity and pore interconnectivity, suggest their potential to sustain cell adhesion and proliferation, which is further supported by FucoPol's demonstrated wound healing ability. Therefore, the developed PHBHVHHx:FucoPol scaffolds arise as innovative porous bioactive structures with great potential for use in tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Ricardo Pereira
- UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Ana Margarida Rafael
- UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Asiyah Esmail
- UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Maria Morais
- CENIMAT/i3N, Materials Science Department, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Mariana Matos
- UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Ana Carolina Marques
- CENIMAT/i3N, Materials Science Department, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Maria A M Reis
- UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Filomena Freitas
- UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
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24
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McKenzie T, Ayres N. Synthesis and Applications of Elastomeric Polymerized High Internal Phase Emulsions (PolyHIPEs). ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:20178-20195. [PMID: 37323392 PMCID: PMC10268022 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Polymer foams (PFs) are among the most industrially produced polymeric materials, and they are found in applications including aerospace, packaging, textiles, and biomaterials. PFs are predominantly prepared using gas-blowing techniques, but PFs can also be prepared from templating techniques such as polymerized high internal phase emulsions (polyHIPEs). PolyHIPEs have many experimental design variables which control the physical, mechanical, and chemical properties of the resulting PFs. Both rigid and elastic polyHIPEs can be prepared, but while elastomeric polyHIPEs are less commonly reported than hard polyHIPEs, elastomeric polyHIPEs are instrumental in the realization of new materials in applications including flexible separation membranes, energy storage in soft robotics, and 3D-printed soft tissue engineering scaffolds. Furthermore, there are few limitations to the types of polymers and polymerization methods that have been used to prepare elastic polyHIPEs due to the wide range of polymerization conditions that are compatible with the polyHIPE method. In this review, an overview of the chemistry used to prepare elastic polyHIPEs from early reports to modern polymerization methods is provided, focusing on the applications that flexible polyHIPEs are used in. The review consists of four sections organized around polymer classes used in the preparation of polyHIPEs: (meth)acrylics and (meth)acrylamides, silicones, polyesters and polyurethanes, and naturally occurring polymers. Within each section, the common properties, current challenges, and an outlook is suggested on where elastomeric polyHIPEs can be expected to continue to make broad, positive impacts on materials and technology for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Neil Ayres
- N.A.:
email, ; tel, +01 513 556 9280; fax, +01 513 556 9239
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25
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Yin Z, Zhou Y, Liu X, Zhang S, Binks BP. Highly efficient and recyclable monolithic bioreactor for interfacial enzyme catalysis. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 648:308-316. [PMID: 37301155 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Biocatalysts are key to the realization of all bioconversions in nature. However, the difficulty of combining the biocatalyst and other chemicals in one system limits their application in artificial reaction systems. Although some effort, such as Pickering interfacial catalysis and enzyme-immobilized microchannel reactors, have addressed this challenge an effective method to combine chemical substrates and biocatalysts in a highly efficient and re-usable monolith system is still to be developed. EXPERIMENTS A repeated batch-type biphasic interfacial biocatalysis microreactor was developed using enzyme-loaded polymersomes in the void surface of porous monoliths. Polymersomes, loaded with Candida antarctica Lipase B (CALB), are fabricated by self-assembly of the copolymer PEO-b-P(St-co-TMI) and used to stabilize oil-in-water (o/w) Pickering emulsions as a template to prepare monoliths. By adding monomer and Tween 85 to the continuous phase, controllable open-cell monoliths are prepared to inlay CALB-loaded polymersomes in the pore walls. FINDINGS The microreactor is proven to be highly effective and recyclable when a substrate flows through it, which offers superior benefits of absolute separation to a pure product and no enzyme loss. The relative enzyme activity is constantly maintained above 93% in 15 cycles. The enzyme is constantly present in the microenvironment of the PBS buffer ensuring its immunity to inactivation and facilitating its recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengqiao Yin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yiding Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xiucai Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Shengmiao Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Bernard P Binks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX. UK.
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26
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Pinthong T, Yooyod M, Daengmankhong J, Tuancharoensri N, Mahasaranon S, Viyoch J, Jongjitwimol J, Ross S, Ross GM. Development of Natural Active Agent-Containing Porous Hydrogel Sheets with High Water Content for Wound Dressings. Gels 2023; 9:459. [PMID: 37367130 DOI: 10.3390/gels9060459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This work was concerned with the fabrication of a porous hydrogel system suitable for medium to heavy-exudating wounds where traditional hydrogels cannot be used. The hydrogels were based on 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propane sulfonic acid (AMPs). In order to produce the porous structure, additional components were added (acid, blowing agent, foam stabilizer). Manuka honey (MH) was also incorporated at concentrations of 1 and 10% w/w. The hydrogel samples were characterized for morphology via scanning electron microscopy, mechanical rheology, swelling using a gravimetric method, surface absorption, and cell cytotoxicity. The results confirmed the formation of porous hydrogels (PH) with pore sizes ranging from ~50-110 µm. The swelling performance showed that the non-porous hydrogel (NPH) swelled to ~2000%, while PH weight increased ~5000%. Additionally, the use of a surface absorption technique showed that the PH absorbed 10 μL in <3000 ms, and NPH absorbed <1 μL over the same time. Incorporating MH the enhanced gel appearance and mechanical properties, including smaller pores and linear swelling. In summary, the PH produced in this study had excellent swelling performance with rapid absorption of surface liquid. Therefore, these materials have the potential to expand the applicability of hydrogels to a range of wound types, as they can both donate and absorb fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanyaporn Pinthong
- Biopolymer Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Maytinee Yooyod
- Biopolymer Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Jinjutha Daengmankhong
- Biopolymer Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Nantaprapa Tuancharoensri
- Biopolymer Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Sararat Mahasaranon
- Biopolymer Group, Department of Chemistry, Center of Excellence in Biomaterials, Faculty of Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Jarupa Viyoch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Jirapas Jongjitwimol
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences and Center of Excellence in Biomaterials, Faculty of Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Sukunya Ross
- Biopolymer Group, Department of Chemistry, Center of Excellence in Biomaterials, Faculty of Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Gareth M Ross
- Biopolymer Group, Department of Chemistry, Center of Excellence in Biomaterials, Faculty of Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
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27
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Koler A, Brus J, Krajnc P. RAFT Polymerisation and Hypercrosslinking Improve Crosslink Homogeneity and Surface Area of Styrene Based PolyHIPEs. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15102255. [PMID: 37242829 DOI: 10.3390/polym15102255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The influence of a polymerisation mechanism (reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer; RAFT vs. free radical polymerisation; FRP) on the porous structure of highly porous poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) polymers was investigated. The highly porous polymers were synthesised via high internal phase emulsion templating (polymerizing the continuous phase of a high internal phase emulsion), utilising either FRP or RAFT processes. Furthermore, residual vinyl groups in the polymer chains were used for the subsequent crosslinking (hypercrosslinking) applying di-tert-butyl peroxide as the source of radicals. A significant difference in the specific surface area of polymers prepared by FRP (between 20 and 35 m2/g) and samples prepared by RAFT polymerisation (between 60 and 150 m2/g) was found. Based on the results from gas adsorption and solid state NMR, it could be concluded that the RAFT polymerisation affects the homogeneous distribution of the crosslinks in the highly crosslinked styrene-co-divinylbenzene polymer network. During the initial crosslinking, RAFT polymerisation leads to the increase in mesopores with diameters between 2 and 20 nm, resulting in good accessibility of polymer chains during the hypercrosslinking reaction, which is reflected in increased microporosity. The fraction of micropores created during the hypercrosslinking of polymers prepared via RAFT is around 10% of the total pore volume, which is up to 10 times more than for polymers prepared by FRP. Specific surface area, mesopore surface area, and total pore volume after hypercrosslinking reach almost the same values, regardless of the initial crosslinking. The degree of hypercrosslinking was confirmed by determination of the remaining double bonds by solid-state NMR analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amadeja Koler
- PolyOrgLab, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Jiři Brus
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského náměstí 2, 16200 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Krajnc
- PolyOrgLab, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
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28
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McKenzie TJ, Cawood C, Davis C, Ayres N. Synthesis of patterned polyHIPE-hydrogel composite materials using thiol-ene chemistry. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 645:502-512. [PMID: 37159992 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.04.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Elastomeric materials combining multiple properties within a single composite are highly desired in applications including biomaterials interfaces, actuators, and soft robotics. High spatial resolution is required to impart different properties across the composite for the intended application, but many techniques used to prepare these composites rely on multistep and complex methods. There is a need for the development of simple and efficient platforms to design layered composite materials. Here, we report the synthesis of horizontally- and vertically-patterned composites consisting of PDMS-based polymerized high internal phase emulsion (polyHIPE) porous elastomers and PDMS/PEG hydrogels. Composites with defined interfaces that were mechanically robust were prepared, and rheological analysis of the polyHIPE and hydrogel layers showed storage moduli values of ∼ 35 kPa and 45 kPa respectively. The compressive Young's Modulus and maximum strain of the polyHIPEs were dependent on the thiol to ene ratio in the formulation and obtained values ranging from 6 to 25 kPa and 50-65% respectively. The mechanical properties, total porosity of the polyHIPE, and swelling ratio of the hydrogel were unaffected by the patterning technique compared to non-patterned controls. PolyHIPE-hydrogel composite materials having up to 7-different horizontally pattered layers could be prepared that could expand and contract up hydration and drying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tucker J McKenzie
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, OH 45221, United States
| | - Christian Cawood
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, OH 45221, United States
| | - Chelsea Davis
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, OH 45221, United States
| | - Neil Ayres
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, OH 45221, United States.
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29
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Hobiger V, Koler A, Kotek J, Krajnc P. Emulsion templated poly(thiol-enes): Selective oxidation improves mechanical properties. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2023.105551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
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30
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Vrtovec N, Jurjevec S, Zabukovec Logar N, Mazaj M, Kovačič S. Metal Oxide-Derived MOF-74 Polymer Composites through Pickering Emulsion-Templating: Interfacial Recrystallization, Hierarchical Architectures, and CO 2 Capture Performances. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:18354-18361. [PMID: 36996820 PMCID: PMC10103051 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c01796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Currently, metal-organic framework (MOF)-polymer composites are attracting great interest as a step forward in making MOFs a useful material for industrially relevant applications. However, most of the research is engaged with finding promising MOF/polymer pairs and less with the synthetic methods by which these materials are then combined, albeit hybridization has a significant impact on the properties of the new composite macrostructure. Thus, the focus of this work is on the innovative hybridization of MOFs and polymerized high internal phase emulsions (polyHIPEs), two classes of materials that exhibit porosity at different length scales. The main thrust is the in situ secondary recrystallization, i.e., growth of MOFs from metal oxides previously fixed in polyHIPEs by the Pickering HIPE-templating, and further structure-function study of composites through the CO2 capture behavior. The combination of Pickering HIPE polymerization and secondary recrystallization at the metal oxide-polymer interface proved advantageous, as MOF-74 isostructures based on different metal cations (M2+ = Mg, Co, or Zn) could be successfully shaped in the polyHIPEs' macropores without affecting the properties of the individual components. The successful hybridization resulted in highly porous, co-continuous MOF-74-polyHIPE composite monoliths forming an architectural hierarchy with pronounced macro-microporosity, in which the MOF microporosity is almost completely accessible for gases, i.e., about 87% of the micropores, and the monoliths exhibit excellent mechanical stability. The well-structured porous architecture of the composites showed superior CO2 capture performance compared to the parent MOF-74 powders. Both adsorption and desorption kinetics are significantly faster for composites. Regeneration by temperature swing adsorption recovers about 88% of the total adsorption capacity of the composite, while it is lower for the parent MOF-74 powders (about 75%). Finally, the composites exhibit about 30% improvement in CO2 uptake under working conditions compared to the parent MOF-74 powders, and some of the composites are able to retain 99% of the original adsorption capacity after five adsorption/desorption cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nika Vrtovec
- National
Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sarah Jurjevec
- National
Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nataša Zabukovec Logar
- National
Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- University
of Nova Gorica, Vipavska
13, 5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - Matjaž Mazaj
- National
Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sebastijan Kovačič
- National
Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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31
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Muratspahić E, Schöffmann J, Jiang Q, Bismarck A. Poly(acrylamide- co-styrene): A Macrosurfactant for Oil/Water Emulsion Templating toward Robust Macroporous Hydrogels. Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Emina Muratspahić
- Institute of Materials Chemistry and Research, Polymer and Composite Engineering (PaCE) Group, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Doctoral College Advanced Functional Materials, University of Vienna, Strudlhofgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jana Schöffmann
- Institute of Materials Chemistry and Research, Polymer and Composite Engineering (PaCE) Group, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Qixiang Jiang
- Institute of Materials Chemistry and Research, Polymer and Composite Engineering (PaCE) Group, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Bismarck
- Institute of Materials Chemistry and Research, Polymer and Composite Engineering (PaCE) Group, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
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32
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Wang Y, Lorandi F, Fantin M, Matyjaszewski K. Atom transfer radical polymerization in dispersed media with low-ppm catalyst loading. POLYMER 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2023.125913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
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33
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Zhou Y, Zhu M, Sun Y, Zhu Y, Zhang S. Fabrication of Macroporous Polymers via Water-in-Water Emulsion-Templating Technique. ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:302-307. [PMID: 36780492 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Emulsion-templated porous polymers have attracted broad attention due to their great application prospects in many fields. However, scaling up the emulsion-templated technique from the lab to industrial production remains a great challenge, especially for systems involving an oil-in-water (o/w) emulsion template that is used normally for preparing hydrophilic porous polymers. These systems require large amounts of organic solvents to be the internal phase (i.e., major phase) of the emulsion templates, which causes a significant environmental impact and cost. Herein, a water-in-water (w/w) emulsion-templated technique is presented to prepare porous hydrophilic polymers. The w/w emulsion is prepared by mixing a PEG aqueous solution and a dextran aqueous solution with cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) as a stabilizer. With varying the mass ratio of dextran/PEG in the range of 1/2 to 8/1, a series of dextran-rich-phase-in-PEG-rich-phase (dextran/PEG) emulsions are obtained. Subsequently, monomers, such as acrylamide, acrylic acid, and/or 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid, are introduced to the emulsions to fabricate porous hydrophilic polymers. These polymers have an open-cell structure like those of o/w emulsion-templated polymers. The system developed herein is an environmentally friendly, low cost, and universal emulsion-templated method toward porous hydrophilic polymers, which avoids the defects caused by the presence of large amounts of organic solvents in an o/w emulsion-templating method and can be moved from the lab to industrial-scale production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiding Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Mengze Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yuanyuan Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yun Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Shengmiao Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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34
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Suresh A, Rowan SJ, Liu C. Macroscale Fabrication of Lightweight and Strong Porous Carbon Foams through Template-Coating Pair Design. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2206416. [PMID: 36527732 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202206416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Manufacturing of low-density-high-strength carbon foams can benefit the construction, transportation, and packaging industries. One successful route to lightweight and mechanically strong carbon foams involves pyrolysis of polymeric architectures, which is inevitably accompanied by drastic volumetric shrinkage (usually >98%). As such, a challenge of these materials lies in maintaining bulk dimensions of building struts that span orders of magnitude difference in length scale from centimeters to nanometers. This work demonstrates fabrication of macroscale low-density-high-strength carbon foams that feature exceptional dimensional stability through pyrolysis of robust template-coating pairs. The template serves as the architectural blueprint and contains strength-imparting properties (e.g., high node density and small strut dimensions); it is composed of a low char-yielding porous polystyrene backbone with a high carbonization-onset temperature. The coating serves to imprint and transcribe the template architecture into pyrolytic carbon; it is composed of a high char-yielding conjugated polymer with a relatively low carbonization-onset temperature. The designed carbonization mismatch enables structural inheritance, while the decomposition mismatch affords hollow struts, minimizing density. The carbons synthesized through this new framework exhibit remarkable dimensional stability (≈80% dimension retention; ≈50% volume retention) and some of the highest specific strengths (≈0.13 GPa g-1 cm3 ) among reported carbon foams derived from porous polymer templates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adarsh Suresh
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, 5640 S. Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Stuart J Rowan
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, 5640 S. Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 5735 S. Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Chemical and Engineering Sciences, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Chong Liu
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, 5640 S. Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
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35
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Hooker JP, Parker B, Wright E, Junkers T, Cameron NR. Photoresponsive Emulsion-Templated Porous Materials via Orthogonal Photoclick Chemistry. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:11141-11149. [PMID: 36799738 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c22546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The functionalization of emulsion-templated porous polymers (polyHIPEs) utilizing modern and efficient chemistries is an important avenue for tailoring the properties of these scaffolds for specific and specialized applications. Herein, tetrazole photoclick chemistry is utilized for the efficient functionalization of polyHIPEs synthesized from various monomer systems and polymerization chemistries. Using both radical polymerization and thiol-ene polymerization, polyHIPEs with well-defined, interconnected open-cell morphologies are synthesized with tetrazole concentrations ranging from 0 to 5 w/v %, with the pore diameters ranging from 3 to 24 μm. Analyzed by fluorescence spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, and confocal microscopy, spatially controlled functionalization to generate photopatterned fluorescent polyHIPEs is demonstrated via the reaction with residual acrylate and thiol groups. In addition, the scaffolds can be readily functionalized with external dipolarophiles such as acrylates to incorporate a functionality onto the polyHIPE surface. With many functional tetrazoles also reported in the literature, a PEG-tetrazole is also used to explore the photoinduced functionalization of polyHIPEs possessing tunable ratios of thiol and acrylate groups, and the effect on fluorescence, wettability, and biocompatibility is analyzed. Overall, the reaction is shown to be a broadly applicable tool for polyHIPE functionalization with many avenues for further development toward specific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan P Hooker
- Polymer Reaction Design Group, School of Chemistry, Monash University, 19 Rainforest Walk, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Bradyn Parker
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Elise Wright
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Tanja Junkers
- Polymer Reaction Design Group, School of Chemistry, Monash University, 19 Rainforest Walk, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Neil R Cameron
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
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36
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Yin X, Zhang T, Zhao T, Wang K, Xu Z, Zhao Y. Cellulose-based, flexible polyurethane polyHIPEs with quasi-closed-cell structures and high stability for thermal insulation. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 302:120385. [PMID: 36604063 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose-based, closed-cell porous materials templated from emulsions are promising for thermal insulation, but their low stability imposed by physical interaction hinders the materials from real applications. Herein, we report the fabrication of cellulose-based, flexible polyurethane polyHIPEs with quasi-closed-cell structures, high stability and flexibility for thermal insulation. The polyHIPEs were prepared from cellulose-stabilized Pickering high internal phase emulsions through interfacial crosslinking using isocyanate. The resulting polyurethane polyHIPEs showed controllable external shapes, quasi-closed-cell structures, high flexibility, low density, and robust compression (without fracture even after compression to 30 % original height). The crosslinking enabled the polyHIPEs to show hydrophobicity, good stability (without breakage and dissolution observed after immersing in NaOH solution at pH 12, HCl solution at pH 1 and hot water at 100 °C, for 24 h) and decreased moisture uptake (below 1 %). The low density and quasi-closed-cell structures endowed the polyHIPEs with high thermal insulation, with thermal conductivity as low as 33.1 mW/(m K). These features make the cellulose-based, closed-cell polyHIPEs as an excellent candidate for thermal insulting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuchu Yin
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; China National Textile and Apparel Council Key Laboratory of Natural Dyes, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Tongqing Zhao
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Ke Wang
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zhiguang Xu
- China-Australia Institute for Advanced Materials and Manufacturing, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
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37
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Zhang T, Xu G, Blum FD. Eco-Friendly Room-Temperature Polymerization in Emulsions and Beyond. POLYM REV 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2023.2176514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tan Zhang
- Division of Natural and Applied Sciences, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, China
- Environmental Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, China
| | - Gu Xu
- Brewer Science Inc., Rolla, Missouri, USA
| | - Frank D. Blum
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
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38
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Ghosh S, Yadav A, Rani S, Takkar S, Kulshreshtha R, Nandan B, Srivastava RK. 3D Printed Hierarchical Porous Poly(ε-caprolactone) Scaffolds from Pickering High Internal Phase Emulsion Templating. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:1927-1946. [PMID: 36701663 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In the realm of biomaterials, particularly bone tissue engineering, there has been a great increase in interest in scaffolds with hierarchical porosity and customizable multifunctionality. Recently, the three-dimensional (3D) printing of biopolymer-based inks (solutions or emulsions) has gained high popularity for fabricating tissue engineering scaffolds, which optimally satisfies the desired properties and performances. Herein, therefore, we explore the fabrication of 3D printed hierarchical porous scaffolds of poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) using the water-in-oil (w/o) Pickering PCL high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs) as the ink in 3D printer. The Pickering PCL HIPEs stabilized using hydrophobically modified nanoclay comprised of aqueous poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) as the dispersed phase. Rheological measurements suggested the shear thinning behavior of Pickering HIPEs having a dispersed droplet diameter of 3-25 μm. The pore morphology resembling the natural extracellular matrix and the mechanical properties of scaffolds were customized by tuning the emulsion composition and 3D printing parameters. In vitro biomineralization and drug release studies proved the scaffolds' potential in developing the apatite-rich bioactive interphase and controlled drug delivery, respectively. During in vitro osteoblast (MG63) growth experiments for up to 7 days, good adhesion and proliferation on PCL scaffolds confirmed their cytocompatibility, assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) analysis. This study suggests that the assembly of HIPE templates and 3D printing is a promising approach to creating hierarchical porous scaffolds potentially suitable for bone tissue engineering and can be stretched to other biopolymers as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagnik Ghosh
- Department of Textile and Fibre Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi110016, India
| | - Anilkumar Yadav
- Department of Textile and Fibre Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi110016, India
| | - Sweety Rani
- Department of Textile and Fibre Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi110016, India
| | - Sonam Takkar
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi110016, India
| | - Ritu Kulshreshtha
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi110016, India
| | - Bhanu Nandan
- Department of Textile and Fibre Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi110016, India
| | - Rajiv K Srivastava
- Department of Textile and Fibre Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi110016, India
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39
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Thum MD, Lu Q, Stockmaster KT, Haridas D, Fears KP, Balow RB, Lundin JG. 3D‐printable cyclic peptide loaded microporous polymers for antimicrobial wound dressing materials. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. Thum
- Chemistry Division U.S. Naval Research Laboratory Washington, DC USA
| | - Qin Lu
- Chemistry Division U.S. Naval Research Laboratory Washington, DC USA
| | | | - Dhanya Haridas
- Chemistry Division U.S. Naval Research Laboratory Washington, DC USA
| | - Kenan P. Fears
- Chemistry Division U.S. Naval Research Laboratory Washington, DC USA
| | - Robert B. Balow
- Chemistry Division U.S. Naval Research Laboratory Washington, DC USA
| | - Jeffrey G. Lundin
- Chemistry Division U.S. Naval Research Laboratory Washington, DC USA
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40
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Chiappone A, Pedico A, Porcu S, Pirri CF, Lamberti A, Roppolo I. Photocurable 3D-Printable Systems with Controlled Porosity towards CO 2 Air Filtering Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14235265. [PMID: 36501659 PMCID: PMC9740396 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Porous organic polymers are versatile platforms, easily adaptable to a wide range of applications, from air filtering to energy devices. Their fabrication via vat photopolymerization enables them to control the geometry on a multiscale level, obtaining hierarchical porosity with enhanced surface-to-volume ratio. In this work, a photocurable ink based on 1,6 Hexanediol diacrylate and containing a high internal phase emulsion (HIPE) is presented, employing PLURONIC F-127 as a surfactant to generate stable micelles. Different parameters were studied to assess the effects on the morphology of the pores, the printability and the mechanical properties. The tests performed demonstrates that only water-in-oil emulsions were suitable for 3D printing. Afterwards, 3D complex porous objects were printed with a Digital Light Processing (DLP) system. Structures with large, interconnected, homogeneous porosity were fabricated with high printing precision (300 µm) and shape fidelity, due to the addition of a Radical Scavenger and a UV Absorber that improved the 3D printing process. The formulations were then used to build scaffolds with complex architecture to test its application as a filter for CO2 absorption and trapping from environmental air. This was obtained by surface decoration with NaOH nanoparticles. Depending on the surface coverage, tested specimens demonstrated long-lasting absorption efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Chiappone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università di Cagliari, S.S. 554 bivio Sestu, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pedico
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca Degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
- Center for Sustainable Future Technology Polito, Italian Institute of Technology, Via Livorno 60, 10144 Turin, Italy
| | - Stefania Porcu
- Department of Physics, Università di Cagliari, S.p. no. 8 Km 0700, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Candido Fabrizio Pirri
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca Degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
- Center for Sustainable Future Technology Polito, Italian Institute of Technology, Via Livorno 60, 10144 Turin, Italy
| | - Andrea Lamberti
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca Degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
- Center for Sustainable Future Technology Polito, Italian Institute of Technology, Via Livorno 60, 10144 Turin, Italy
| | - Ignazio Roppolo
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca Degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
- Center for Sustainable Future Technology Polito, Italian Institute of Technology, Via Livorno 60, 10144 Turin, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0110907412
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41
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Bio-compatible n-HAPs/polymer monolithic composites templated from CO2-in-water high internal phase emulsions. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2022.105417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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42
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Xue L, Li H, Pei X, Cui Z, Song B. Pickering Emulsions Synergistically Stabilized by Aliphatic Primary Amines and Silica Nanoparticles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:14109-14117. [PMID: 36349864 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Innovation in emulsion compositions is necessary to enrich emulsion formulations and applications. Herein, Pickering emulsions were prepared using silica nanoparticles and aliphatic primary amines with an oil-water ratio of 1:1 (v/v). Contact angle experiments revealed that the in situ hydrophobization of nanoparticles was caused by the surface adsorption of amine molecules. Notably, the interactions between amine compounds and the surface of silica nanoparticles were electrostatic attractions and mutual hydrogen bonding. The existence of hydrogen bonds was further confirmed by demulsification experiments using a chaotropic agent DMF and increasing temperatures. The hydrophobicity of silica nanoparticles can be effectively improved using most commercially available aliphatic primary amines such as n-hexylamine, n-octylamine, n-decylamine, dodecylamine, and tetradecylamine. The minimum concentrations of the aforementioned amines necessary for stabilizing the emulsions with 0.3 wt % silica nanoparticles are 3, 0.6, 0.3, 0.06, and 0.03 mM, respectively, decreasing significantly with increasing alkyl chain length. With the increase of the amine concentrations, the hydrophobicity of silica particles monotonically increased and finally resulted in the inversion of emulsions. The amine concentrations for emulsion phase inversion were 150, 40, 30, 20, and 20 mM, respectively, in the presence of 0.3 wt % silica nanoparticles. In this work, silica nanoparticles were hydrophobized using aliphatic primary amines. The composite stabilizers developed are useful for developing novel stimuli-responsive Pickering emulsions, while the synergistic effects introduced herein are also helpful in expanding the hydrophobization methods available for nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyu Xue
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Hongye Li
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Xiaomei Pei
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Zhenggang Cui
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Binglei Song
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
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43
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Zhang C, Cai R, Xu C, Xia H, Zhu Y, Zhang S. A void surface flame retardant strategy for polymeric
polyHIPEs. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Ruiyun Cai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Chuanbang Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Hongwei Xia
- Wuxi New Hongtai Electric Technology Co., Ltd. Wuxi China
| | - Yun Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Shengmiao Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
- Wuxi New Hongtai Electric Technology Co., Ltd. Wuxi China
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44
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Multi-fluorous-included Counter Anions-based Ionic Copolymers: Synthesis and Enhanced Hydrophobic Adsorption Films on Copper Surface for Super Protection. Chem Res Chin Univ 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-022-2276-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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45
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Le Droumaguet B, Poupart R, Guerrouache M, Carbonnier B, Grande D. Metallic Nanoparticles Adsorbed at the Pore Surface of Polymers with Various Porous Morphologies: Toward Hybrid Materials Meant for Heterogeneous Supported Catalysis. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14214706. [PMID: 36365698 PMCID: PMC9653613 DOI: 10.3390/polym14214706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hybrid materials consisting of metallic nanoparticles (NPs) adsorbed on porous polymeric supports have been the subject of intense research for many years. Such materials indeed gain from intrinsic properties, e.g., high specific surface area, catalytic properties, porous features, etc., of both components. Rational design of such materials is fundamental regarding the functionalization of the support surface and thus the interactions required for the metallic NPs to be strongly immobilized at the pore surface. Herein are presented some significant scientific contributions to this rapidly expanding research field. This contribution will notably focus on various examples of such hybrid systems prepared from porous polymers, whatever the morphology and size of the pores. Such porous polymeric supports can display pores with sizes ranging from a few nanometers to hundreds of microns while pore morphologies, such as spherical, tubular, etc., and/or open or closed, can be obtained. These systems have allowed some catalytic molecular reactions to be successfully undertaken, such as the reduction of nitroaromatic compounds or dyes, e.g., methylene blue and Eosin Y, boronic acid-based C–C homocoupling reactions, but also cascade reactions consisting of two catalytic reactions achieved in a row.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Le Droumaguet
- Correspondence: (B.L.D.); (B.C.); (D.G.); Tel.: +33-(0)1-49-78-11-77 (B.L.D.); +33-(0)1-49-78-11-14 (B.C.); +33-(0)1-49-78-12-10 (D.G.)
| | | | | | - Benjamin Carbonnier
- Correspondence: (B.L.D.); (B.C.); (D.G.); Tel.: +33-(0)1-49-78-11-77 (B.L.D.); +33-(0)1-49-78-11-14 (B.C.); +33-(0)1-49-78-12-10 (D.G.)
| | - Daniel Grande
- Correspondence: (B.L.D.); (B.C.); (D.G.); Tel.: +33-(0)1-49-78-11-77 (B.L.D.); +33-(0)1-49-78-11-14 (B.C.); +33-(0)1-49-78-12-10 (D.G.)
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46
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One-pot approach to fabrication of porous polymers from Pickering emulsion templates. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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47
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Yang S, Xu Z, Zhao T, Zhang T, Zhao Y. Emulsion-templated, hydrophilic and underwater oleophobic PVA aerogels with enhanced mechanical property. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.129979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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48
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Park J, Kwak SY. Frontal polymerization-triggered simultaneous ring-opening metathesis polymerization and cross metathesis affords anisotropic macroporous dicyclopentadiene cellulose nanocrystal foam. Commun Chem 2022; 5:119. [PMID: 36697913 PMCID: PMC9814902 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-022-00740-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Multifunctionality and effectiveness of macroporous solid foams in extreme environments have captivated the attention of both academia and industries. The most recent rapid, energy-efficient strategy to manufacture solid foams with directionality is the frontal polymerization (FP) of dicyclopentadiene (DCPD). However, there still remains the need for a time efficient one-pot approach to induce anisotropic macroporosity in DCPD foams. Here we show a rapid production of cellular solids by frontally polymerizing a mixture of DCPD monomer and allyl-functionalized cellulose nanocrystals (ACs). Our results demonstrate a clear correlation between increasing % allylation and AC wt%, and the formed pore architectures. Especially, we show enhanced front velocity (vf) and reduced reaction initiation time (tinit) by introducing an optimal amount of 2 wt% AC. Conclusively, the small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS, WAXS) analyses reveal that the incorporation of 2 wt% AC affects the crystal structure of FP-mediated DCPD/AC foams and enhances their oxidation resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsu Park
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826 South Korea
| | - Seung-Yeop Kwak
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826 South Korea ,grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM), Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826 South Korea ,grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Institute of Engineering Research, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826 South Korea
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Xie J, Liu C, Gui H, Ding Y, Yao C, Zhang T. Nanofibrous, hierarchically porous poly(ether sulfone) xerogels templated from gel emulsions for removing organic vapors and particulate matters. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.129172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Lin R, Yin Z, Sun Y, Zhang S. Hierarchically porous polyHIPEs fabricated via ex-situ swelling strategy towards supports for noble-metal Ag nanoparticles. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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