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Michida S, Chung UI, Katashima T. Probing the Molecular Mechanism of Viscoelastic Relaxation in Transient Networks. Gels 2023; 9:945. [PMID: 38131931 PMCID: PMC10743357 DOI: 10.3390/gels9120945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels, which have polymer networks through supramolecular and reversible interactions, exhibit various mechanical responsibilities to its surroundings. The influence of the reversible bonds on a hydrogel's macroscopic properties, such as viscoelasticity and dynamics, is not fully understood, preventing further innovative material development. To understand the relationships between the mechanical properties and molecular structures, it is required to clarify the molecular understanding of the networks solely crosslinked by reversible interactions, termed "transient networks". This review introduces our recent progress on the studies on the molecular mechanism of viscoelasticity in transient networks using multiple methods and model materials. Based on the combination of the viscoelasticity and diffusion measurements, the viscoelastic relaxation of transient networks does not undergo the diffusion of polymers, which is not explained by the framework of conventional molecular models for the viscoelasticity of polymers. Then, we show the results of the comparison between the viscoelastic relaxation and binding dynamics of reversible bonds. Viscoelastic relaxation is primarily affected by "dissociation dynamics of the bonds" and "network structures". These results are explained in the framework that the backbone, which is composed of essential chains supporting the stress, is broken by multiple dissociation events. This understanding of molecular dynamics in viscoelasticity will provide the foundation for designing transient networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Michida
- Department of Material Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan;
| | - Ung-il Chung
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan;
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Takuya Katashima
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan;
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2
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Veloso-Fernández A, Ruiz-Rubio L, Yugueros I, Moreno-Benítez MI, Laza JM, Vilas-Vilela JL. Improving the Recyclability of an Epoxy Resin through the Addition of New Biobased Vitrimer. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3737. [PMID: 37765591 PMCID: PMC10537514 DOI: 10.3390/polym15183737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, the use of thermoset epoxy resins (ER) has spread to countless applications due to their mechanical properties, heat resistance and stability. However, these ERs are neither biodegradable nor recyclable due to their permanent crosslinked networks and usually, they are synthesized from fossil and toxic precursors. Therefore, reducing its consumption is of vital importance to the environment. On the one hand, the solution to the recyclability problems of epoxy resins can be achieved through the use of vitrimers, which have thermoset properties and can be recycled as thermoplastic materials. On the other hand, vitrimers can be made from natural sources, reducing their toxicity. In this work, a sustainable epoxy vitrimer has been efficiently synthesized, VESOV, by curing epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) with a new vanillin-derived Schiff base (VSB) dynamic hardener, aliphatic diamine (1,4-butanediamine, BDA) and using 1,2-dimethylimidazole (DMI) as an accelerator. Likewise, using the same synthesized VSB agent, a commercial epoxy resin has also been cured and characterized as ESO. Finally, different percentages (30, 50 and 70 wt%) of the same ER have been included in the formulation of VESOV, demonstrating that only including 30 wt% of ER in the formulation is able to improve the thermo-mechanical properties, maintaining the VESOV's inherent reprocessability or recyclability. In short, this is the first approach to achieve a new material that can be postulated in the future as a replacement for current commercial epoxy resins, although it still requires a minimum percentage of RE in the formulation, it makes it possible to recycle the material while maintaining good mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Veloso-Fernández
- Grupo de Química Macromolecular (LABQUIMAC), Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (L.R.-R.); and (J.M.L.); (J.L.V.-V.)
| | - Leire Ruiz-Rubio
- Grupo de Química Macromolecular (LABQUIMAC), Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (L.R.-R.); and (J.M.L.); (J.L.V.-V.)
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Imanol Yugueros
- Grupo de Química Macromolecular (LABQUIMAC), Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (L.R.-R.); and (J.M.L.); (J.L.V.-V.)
| | - M. Isabel Moreno-Benítez
- Grupo de Química Macromolecular (LABQUIMAC), Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain;
| | - José Manuel Laza
- Grupo de Química Macromolecular (LABQUIMAC), Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (L.R.-R.); and (J.M.L.); (J.L.V.-V.)
| | - José Luis Vilas-Vilela
- Grupo de Química Macromolecular (LABQUIMAC), Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (L.R.-R.); and (J.M.L.); (J.L.V.-V.)
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain
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3
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Zhao J, Meng F. Modeling Viscoelasticity and Dynamic Nematic Order of Exchangeable Liquid Crystal Elastomers. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:068101. [PMID: 37625059 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.068101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Exchangeable liquid crystal elastomers (XLCEs), an emerging class of recyclable polymer materials, consist of liquid crystalline polymers which are dynamically crosslinked. We develop a macroscopic continuum model by incorporating the microscopic dynamic features of the cross-links, which can be utilized to understand the viscoelasticity of the materials together with the dynamic nematic order. As applications of the model, we study the rheological responses of XLCEs in three cases: stress relaxation, strain ramp, and creep compliance, where the materials show interesting rheology as an interplay between the dynamic nematic order of the mesogenic units, the elasticity from the network structure, and the dissipation due to chain exchange reactions. Not only being useful in understanding the physical mechanism underlying the fascinating characteristics of XLCEs, this work can also guide their future fabrications with desired rheological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiameng Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fanlong Meng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
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4
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Sharma H, Krishnakumar B, Dickens TJ, Yun GJ, Kumar A, Rana S. A bibliometric survey of research trends in vitrimer. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17350. [PMID: 37441386 PMCID: PMC10333614 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent trends of vitrimer studies enhance the thermoset material with superior properties, therefore, it is particularly important to address the critical scientific inquiries in this area using their research metrics. The reported vitrimer systems have been highly required for future real-time applications; however, the inquisitiveness of material exchange mechanisms extends the research studies further. Significantly, more scientific information's are required to achieve the evident prospective outcomes via these materials. This article highlights the trends and developments of the most relevant publications, authors, articles, countries, and keywords in the vitrimer research field over the past 10 years. The represented bibliometric survey would elevate the basic understanding of the current vitrimer research stats and also help follow the particular research community to learn and develop insight. To generate bibliometric networks, bibliometric data has obtained from Scopus and visualised in VOS-viewer; as an overview of that, the highest number of publications were from China, United States, France, United Kingdom, and Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsh Sharma
- University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES), School of Engineering, Energy Acres, Bidholi, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India
| | - Balaji Krishnakumar
- Department of Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering, High-Performance Materials Institute, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA
| | - Tarik J. Dickens
- Department of Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering, High-Performance Materials Institute, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA
| | - Gun Jin Yun
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu Gwanak-ro 1, Seoul, 151-744, South Korea
| | - Ajay Kumar
- University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES), School of Engineering, Energy Acres, Bidholi, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India
| | - Sravendra Rana
- University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES), School of Engineering, Energy Acres, Bidholi, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India
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5
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Kuenstler AS, Hernandez JJ, Trujillo-Lemon M, Osterbaan A, Bowman CN. Vat Photopolymerization Additive Manufacturing of Tough, Fully Recyclable Thermosets. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:11111-11121. [PMID: 36795439 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c22081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
To advance the capabilities of additive manufacturing, novel resin formulations are needed that produce high-fidelity parts with desired mechanical properties that are also amenable to recycling. In this work, a thiol-ene-based system incorporating semicrystallinity and dynamic thioester bonds within polymer networks is presented. It is shown that these materials have ultimate toughness values >16 MJ cm-3, comparable to high-performance literature precedents. Significantly, the treatment of these networks with excess thiols facilitates thiol-thioester exchange that degrades polymerized networks into functional oligomers. These oligomers are shown to be amenable to repolymerization into constructs with varying thermomechanical properties, including elastomeric networks that recover their shape fully from >100% strain. Using a commercial stereolithographic printer, these resin formulations are printed into functional objects including both stiff (E ∼ 10-100 MPa) and soft (E ∼ 1-10 MPa) lattice structures. Finally, it is shown that the incorporation of both dynamic chemistry and crystallinity further enables advancement in the properties and characteristics of printed parts, including attributes such as self-healing and shape-memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa S Kuenstler
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Juan J Hernandez
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Marianela Trujillo-Lemon
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Alexander Osterbaan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Christopher N Bowman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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6
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Kumar A, Connal LA. Biobased Transesterification Vitrimers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2200892. [PMID: 36661130 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The rapid increase in the use of plastics and the related sustainability issues, including the depletion of global petroleum reserves, have rightly sparked interest in the use of biobased polymer feedstocks. Thermosets cannot be remolded, processed, or recycled, and hence cannot be reused because of their permanent molecular architecture. Vitrimers have emerged as a novel polymer family capable of bridging the difference between thermoplastic and thermosets. Vitrimers enable unique recycling strategies, however, it is still important to understand where the raw material feedstocks originate from. Transesterification vitrimers derived from renewable resources are a massive opportunity, however, limited research has been conducted in this specific family of vitrimers. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of transesterification vitrimers produced from biobased monomers. The focus is on the biomass structural suitability with dynamic covalent chemistry, as well as the viability of the synthetic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwani Kumar
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Luke A Connal
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
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7
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Zhang V, Kang B, Accardo JV, Kalow JA. Structure-Reactivity-Property Relationships in Covalent Adaptable Networks. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:22358-22377. [PMID: 36445040 PMCID: PMC9812368 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Polymer networks built out of dynamic covalent bonds offer the potential to translate the control and tunability of chemical reactions to macroscopic physical properties. Under conditions at which these reactions occur, the topology of covalent adaptable networks (CANs) can rearrange, meaning that they can flow, self-heal, be remolded, and respond to stimuli. Materials with these properties are necessary to fields ranging from sustainability to tissue engineering; thus the conditions and time scale of network rearrangement must be compatible with the intended use. The mechanical properties of CANs are based on the thermodynamics and kinetics of their constituent bonds. Therefore, strategies are needed that connect the molecular and macroscopic worlds. In this Perspective, we analyze structure-reactivity-property relationships for several classes of CANs, illustrating both general design principles and the predictive potential of linear free energy relationships (LFERs) applied to CANs. We discuss opportunities in the field to develop quantitative structure-reactivity-property relationships and open challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois60208, United States
| | - Boyeong Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois60208, United States
| | - Joseph V Accardo
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois60208, United States
| | - Julia A Kalow
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois60208, United States
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8
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Boronic ester-based vitrimeric methylvinyl silicone elastomer with “solid-liquid” feature and rate-dependent mechanical performance. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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9
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Abstract
We describe the full rheology profile of vitrimers, from small deformation (linear) to large deformation (non-linear) viscoelastic behaviour, providing concise analytical expressions to assist the experimental data analysis, and also clarify the emerging insights and rheological concepts in the subject. We identify the elastic-plastic transition at a time scale comparable to the life-time of the exchangeable bonds in the vitrimer network, and propose a new method to deduce material parameters using the Master Curves. At large plastic creep, we describe the strain thinning when the material is subjected to a constant stress or force, and suggest another method to characterize the material parameters from the creep curves. We also investigate partial vitrimers including a permanent sub-network and an exchangeable sub-network where the bond exchange occurs. In creep, such materials can exhibit either strain thinning or strain thickening, depending on applied load, and present the phase diagram of this response. Rheology studies on vitrimers have mostly focused on their linear viscoelasticity under small deformations. Here, the authors develop a full rheological understanding of vitrimer response that spans between small deformation and large-deformation regime, and across 22 decades of effective frequency, providing clear and concise analytical expressions to assist the experimental data analysis and propose a method to deduce material parameters using Master Curves.
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10
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Weerathaworn S, Abetz V. Tailor‐made Vinylogous Urethane Vitrimers Based on Binary and Ternary Block and Random Copolymers: An Approach toward Reprocessable Materials. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202200248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siraphat Weerathaworn
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Universität Hamburg Grindelallee 117 20146 Hamburg Germany
| | - Volker Abetz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Universität Hamburg Grindelallee 117 20146 Hamburg Germany
- Institute of Membrane Research Helmholtz‐Zentrum Hereon Max‐Planck‐Straße 1 21502 Geesthacht Germany
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11
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Dugas LD, Walker WD, Shankar R, Hoppmeyer KS, Thornell TL, Morgan SE, Storey RF, Patton DL, Simon YC. Diketoenamine-based Vitrimers via Thiol-ene photopolymerization. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200249. [PMID: 35856189 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Likened to both thermosets and thermoplastics, vitrimers are a unique class of materials that combine remarkable stability, healability, and reprocessability. Herein, we describe a photopolymerized thiol-ene-based vitrimer that undergoes dynamic covalent exchanges through uncatalyzed transamination of enamines derived from cyclic β-triketones, whereby the low energy barrier for exchange facilitates reprocessing and enables rapid depolymerization. Accordingly, we devised an alkene-functionalized β-triketone, 5,5-dimethyl-2-(pent-4-enoyl)cyclohexane-1,3-dione, which was reacted with 1,6-diaminohexane in a stoichiometrically imbalanced fashion (∼1:0.85 primary amine:triketone). The resulting networks exhibited subambient glass transition temperature (Tg = 5.66°C) by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Using a Maxwell stress-relaxation fit, the topology freezing temperature (Tv ) was calculated to be -32°C. Small-amplitude oscillatory shear (SAOS) rheological analysis enabled us to identify a practical critical temperature above which the vitrimer could be successfully reprocessed (Tv,eff ). Via the introduction of excess primary amines, we could readily degrade the networks into monomeric precursors, which were in turn reacted with diamines to regenerate reprocessable networks. Photopolymerization provides unique spatiotemporal control over the network topology, thereby opening the path for further investigation of vitrimer properties. As such, this work expands the toolbox of chemical upcycling of networks and enables their wider implementation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan D Dugas
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive #5050, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - William D Walker
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive #5050, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Rahul Shankar
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive #5050, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Keely S Hoppmeyer
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive #5050, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Travis L Thornell
- US Army, Engineering Research & Development Center, Geotechnical and Structures Laboratory, Vicksburg, MS, 39180, USA
| | - Sarah E Morgan
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive #5050, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Robson F Storey
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive #5050, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Derek L Patton
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive #5050, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Yoan C Simon
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive #5050, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
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12
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Li F, Nguyen GTM, Vancaeyzeele C, Vidal F, Plesse C. Photopolymerizable Ionogel with Healable Properties Based on Dioxaborolane Vitrimer Chemistry. Gels 2022; 8:gels8060381. [PMID: 35735725 PMCID: PMC9222776 DOI: 10.3390/gels8060381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionogels are solid polymer gel networks loaded with ionic liquid (IL) percolating throughout each other, giving rise to ionically conducting solid electrolytes. They combine the mechanical properties of polymer networks with the ionic conductivity, non-volatility, and non-flammability of ILs. In the frame of their applications in electrochemical-based flexible electronics, ionogels are usually subjected to repeated deformation, making them susceptible to damage. It appears critical to devise a simple and effective strategy to improve their durability and lifespan by imparting them with healing ability through vitrimer chemistry. In this work, we report the original in situ synthesis of polythioether (PTE)-based vitrimer ionogels using fast photopolymerization through thiol-acrylate Michael addition. PTE-based vitrimer was prepared with a constant amount of the trithiol crosslinker and varied proportions of static dithiol spacers and dynamic chain extender BDB containing dynamic exchangeable boronic ester groups. The dynamic ionogels were prepared using 50 wt% of either 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide or 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate, both of which were selected for their high ionic conductivity. They are completely amorphous (Tg below -30 °C), suggesting they can be used at low temperatures. They are stretchable with an elongation at break around 60%, soft with Young's modulus between 0.4 and 0.6 MPa, and they have high ionic conductivities for solid state electrolytes in the order of 10-4 S·cm-1 at room temperature. They display dynamic properties typical of the vitrimer network, such as stress relaxation and healing, retained despite the large quantity of IL. The design concept illustrated in this work further enlarges the library of vitrimer ionogels and could potentially open a new path for the development of more sustainable, flexible electrochemical-based electronics with extended service life through repair or reprocessing.
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13
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Yang H, Hu K, Wang D. Using Nanosphere Embedding to Probe the Surface and Bulk Relaxation in Vitrimers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:6174-6179. [PMID: 35503978 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The relaxation behavior of vitrimers that is dominated by chemical exchange reactions plays a critical role in vitrimer processing and applications such as self-healing, welding, and others involving the dynamic nature of the vitrimers. Here, we use atomic force microscopy to image embedding of gold nanospheres into epoxy-based vitrimers to assess the surface and bulk relaxation in this material. The results show that even at temperatures well below the bulk topology freezing transition temperature, the nanospheres embed into the vitrimers. The activation energy for the relaxation at the surface and in bulk were estimated in the single measurement, and the former is found to be much lower than the latter. The increase in the surface relaxation is attributed to a combination of an acceleration effect on relaxation by network defects and a decrease in the number of intermolecular exchanges at the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Kaili Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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14
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Van Lijsebetten F, De Bruycker K, Spiesschaert Y, Winne JM, Du Prez FE. Suppressing Creep and Promoting Fast Reprocessing of Vitrimers with Reversibly Trapped Amines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202113872. [PMID: 34981887 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202113872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We report a straightforward chemical strategy to tackle current challenges of irreversible deformation in low Tg vitrimers at operating temperature. In particular, vinylogous urethane (VU) vitrimers were prepared where reactive free amines, necessary for material flow, were temporarily shielded inside the network backbone, by adding a small amount of dibasic ester to the curing mixture. The amines could be released as reactive chain ends from the resulting dicarboxamide bonds via thermally reversible cyclisation to an imide moiety. Indeed, (re)generation of the required nucleophilic amines as network defects ensured reprocessing and rapid material flow at higher temperature, where exchange dynamics are (re)activated. As a result, VU vitrimers were obtained with limited creep at service temperature, yet with good reprocessability at elevated temperatures. Thus, by exerting strong control on the molecular level over the availability of exchangeable functional groups, a remarkable improvement of VU properties was obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Van Lijsebetten
- Polymer Chemistry Research group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC) and Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kevin De Bruycker
- Polymer Chemistry Research group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC) and Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yann Spiesschaert
- Polymer Chemistry Research group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC) and Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Johan M Winne
- Polymer Chemistry Research group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC) and Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Filip E Du Prez
- Polymer Chemistry Research group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC) and Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
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15
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Zhao H, Wei X, Fang Y, Gao K, Yue T, Zhang L, Ganesan V, Meng F, Liu J. Molecular Dynamics Simulation of the Structural, Mechanical, and Reprocessing Properties of Vitrimers Based on a Dynamic Covalent Polymer Network. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hengheng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People’s Republic of China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Advanced Elastomers, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuefeng Wei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yue Fang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People’s Republic of China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Advanced Elastomers, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ke Gao
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People’s Republic of China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Advanced Elastomers, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tongkui Yue
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People’s Republic of China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Advanced Elastomers, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liqun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People’s Republic of China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Advanced Elastomers, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Venkat Ganesan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Fanlong Meng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People’s Republic of China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Advanced Elastomers, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People’s Republic of China
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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17
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Van Lijsebetten F, De Bruycker K, Spiesschaert Y, Winne JM, Du Prez FE. Suppressing Creep and Promoting Fast Reprocessing of Vitrimers with Reversibly Trapped Amines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202113872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Filip Van Lijsebetten
- Polymer Chemistry Research group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC) and Laboratory of Organic Synthesis Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry Faculty of Sciences Ghent University Krijgslaan 281-S4 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Kevin De Bruycker
- Polymer Chemistry Research group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC) and Laboratory of Organic Synthesis Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry Faculty of Sciences Ghent University Krijgslaan 281-S4 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Yann Spiesschaert
- Polymer Chemistry Research group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC) and Laboratory of Organic Synthesis Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry Faculty of Sciences Ghent University Krijgslaan 281-S4 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Johan M. Winne
- Polymer Chemistry Research group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC) and Laboratory of Organic Synthesis Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry Faculty of Sciences Ghent University Krijgslaan 281-S4 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Filip E. Du Prez
- Polymer Chemistry Research group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC) and Laboratory of Organic Synthesis Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry Faculty of Sciences Ghent University Krijgslaan 281-S4 9000 Ghent Belgium
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18
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Huang J, Yang H, Lv Z, Wang D. Catalyst Control of Nanoscale Characteristic Length of the Glass Transition in Organic Strong Glass-Formers. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:1597-1601. [PMID: 35549125 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We report the nanoscale characteristic length (ξα) in organic strong glass-formers at glass transition. Catalyst-dependent ξα of the epoxy-based covalent adaptable networks (CANs) is observed, that is, the more efficient the catalyst for the cross-linking reactions, the larger the ξα is, and upon thermal heating, the more broad the glass transition will be. The observed structural properties at glass transition can be correlated with the topology freezing transition where the fluctuations of network topology aroused from the bond exchange reactions are frozen. This study proposes the catalyst-dependent structural properties in CANs and may fill the structural gap between the glass transition and topology freezing transition of organic strong glass-formers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic−Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hongkun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic−Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zongtang Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Organic−Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic−Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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19
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Zhang Z, Lin C, Hou R, Tang D. Construction of polyallophanate vitrimers from poly(urea carbonate) via group revival induced crosslinking. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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20
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Tangthana-umrung K, Poutrel QA, Gresil M. Epoxy Homopolymerization as a Tool to Tune the Thermo-Mechanical Properties and Fracture Toughness of Vitrimers. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Quentin Arthur Poutrel
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry, and Materials, ESPCI Paris, PSL University, CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin, Paris 75005, France
| | - Matthieu Gresil
- i-Composites Lab, Department of Material Science and Engineering, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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21
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Perego A, Khabaz F. Effect of bond exchange rate on dynamics and mechanics of vitrimers. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Perego
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering The University of Akron Akron Ohio USA
| | - Fardin Khabaz
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering The University of Akron Akron Ohio USA
- Department of Chemical, Biomolecular, and Corrosion Engineering The University of Akron Akron Ohio USA
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22
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“Solid-Liquid” Vitrimers Based on Dynamic Boronic Ester Networks. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-021-2592-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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23
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Robinson LL, Self JL, Fusi AD, Bates MW, Read de Alaniz J, Hawker CJ, Bates CM, Sample CS. Chemical and Mechanical Tunability of 3D-Printed Dynamic Covalent Networks Based on Boronate Esters. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:857-863. [PMID: 35549203 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
As the scope of additive manufacturing broadens, interest has developed in 3D-printed objects that are derived from recyclable resins with chemical and mechanical tunability. Dynamic covalent bonds have the potential to not only increase the sustainability of 3D-printed objects, but also serve as reactive sites for postprinting derivatization. In this study, we use boronate esters as a key building block for the development of catalyst-free, 3D-printing resins with the ability to undergo room-temperature exchange at the cross-linking sites. The orthogonality of boronate esters is exploited in fast-curing, oxygen-tolerant thiol-ene resins in which the dynamic character of 3D-printed objects can be modulated by the addition of a static, covalent cross-linker with no room-temperature bond exchange. This allows the mechanical properties of printed parts to be varied between those of a traditional thermoset and a vitrimer. Objects printed with a hybrid dynamic/static resin exhibit a balance of structural stability (residual stress = 18%) and rapid exchange (characteristic relaxation time = 7 s), allowing for interfacial welding and postprinting functionalization. Modulation of the cross-linking density postprinting is enabled by selective hydrolysis of the boronate esters to generate networks with swelling capacities tunable from 1.3 to 3.3.
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24
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Vitrimers of polyolefin elastomer with physically cross-linked network. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-021-02573-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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25
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Porath LE, Evans CM. Importance of Broad Temperature Windows and Multiple Rheological Approaches for Probing Viscoelasticity and Entropic Elasticity in Vitrimers. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura E. Porath
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Christopher M. Evans
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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26
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Ricarte RG, Shanbhag S. Unentangled Vitrimer Melts: Interplay between Chain Relaxation and Cross-link Exchange Controls Linear Rheology. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ralm G. Ricarte
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Sachin Shanbhag
- Department of Scientific Computing, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
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27
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Lei QL, Xia X, Yang J, Pica Ciamarra M, Ni R. Entropy-controlled cross-linking in linker-mediated vitrimers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:27111-27115. [PMID: 33087578 PMCID: PMC7959506 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2015672117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently developed linker-mediated vitrimers based on metathesis of dioxaborolanes with various commercially available polymers have shown both good processability and outstanding performance, such as mechanical, thermal, and chemical resistance, suggesting new ways of processing cross-linked polymers in industry, of which the design principle remains unknown [M. Röttger et al., Science 356, 62-65 (2017)]. Here we formulate a theoretical framework to elucidate the phase behavior of the linker-mediated vitrimers, in which entropy plays a governing role. We find that, with increasing the linker concentration, vitrimers undergo a reentrant gel-sol transition, which explains a recent experiment [S. Wu, H. Yang, S. Huang, Q. Chen, Macromolecules 53, 1180-1190 (2020)]. More intriguingly, at the low temperature limit, the linker concentration still determines the cross-linking degree of the vitrimers, which originates from the competition between the conformational entropy of polymers and the translational entropy of linkers. Our theoretical predictions agree quantitatively with computer simulations, and offer guidelines in understanding and controlling the properties of this newly developed vitrimer system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun-Li Lei
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 637459 Singapore
| | - Xiuyang Xia
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 637459 Singapore
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore
| | - Juan Yang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 117546 Singapore
| | - Massimo Pica Ciamarra
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore
| | - Ran Ni
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 637459 Singapore;
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28
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Fang H, Ye W, Ding Y, Winter HH. Rheology of the Critical Transition State of an Epoxy Vitrimer. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Huagao Fang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials and Devices, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Wujin Ye
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China
| | - Yunsheng Ding
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials and Devices, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China
| | - H. Henning Winter
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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29
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Gablier A, Saed MO, Terentjev EM. Rates of transesterification in epoxy-thiol vitrimers. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:5195-5202. [PMID: 32469024 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00742k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Vitrimers, an important subset of dynamically crosslinked polymer networks, have many technological applications for their excellent properties, and the ability to be re-processed through plastic flow above the so-called vitrification temperature. We report a simple and efficient method of generating such adaptive crosslinked networks relying on transesterification for their bond exchange by utilising the 'click' chemistry of epoxy and thiols, which also has the advantage of a low glass transition temperature. We vary the chemical structure of thiol spacers to probe the effects of concentration and the local environment of ester groups on the macroscopic elastic-plastic transition. The thermal activation energy of transesterification bond exchange is determined for each chemical structure, and for a varying concentration of catalyst, establishing the conditions for the optimal, and for the suppressed bond exchange. However, we also discover that the temperature of elastic-plastic transition is strongly affected by the stiffness (dynamic rubber modulus) of the network, with softer networks having a much lower vitrification temperature even when their bond-exchange activation energy is higher. This combination of chemical and physical control factors should help optimise the processability of vitrimer plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Gablier
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK.
| | - Mohand O Saed
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK.
| | - Eugene M Terentjev
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK.
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30
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Jourdain A, Asbai R, Anaya O, Chehimi MM, Drockenmuller E, Montarnal D. Rheological Properties of Covalent Adaptable Networks with 1,2,3-Triazolium Cross-Links: The Missing Link between Vitrimers and Dissociative Networks. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Jourdain
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, UMR 5223, F-69003 Lyon, France
| | - Rawnaq Asbai
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, UMR 5223, F-69003 Lyon, France
- Univ Lyon, CPE Lyon, CNRS, Catalyse, Chimie, Polymères et Procédés, UMR 5265, F-69003 Lyon, France
| | - Omaima Anaya
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, UMR 5223, F-69003 Lyon, France
| | - Mohamed M. Chehimi
- Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux Paris-Est, UMR 7182, F-94320 Thiais, France
| | - Eric Drockenmuller
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, UMR 5223, F-69003 Lyon, France
| | - Damien Montarnal
- Univ Lyon, CPE Lyon, CNRS, Catalyse, Chimie, Polymères et Procédés, UMR 5265, F-69003 Lyon, France
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31
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Ricarte RG, Tournilhac F, Cloître M, Leibler L. Linear Viscoelasticity and Flow of Self-Assembled Vitrimers: The Case of a Polyethylene/Dioxaborolane System. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ralm G. Ricarte
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry, and Materials, ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - François Tournilhac
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry, and Materials, ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Michel Cloître
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry, and Materials, ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Ludwik Leibler
- Gulliver, ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL Research University, 10 Rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France
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