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Jicsinszky L, Bucciol F, Chaji S, Cravotto G. Mechanochemical Degradation of Biopolymers. Molecules 2023; 28:8031. [PMID: 38138521 PMCID: PMC10745761 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28248031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanochemical treatment of various organic molecules is an emerging technology of green processes in biofuel, fine chemicals, or food production. Many biopolymers are involved in isolating, derivating, or modifying molecules of natural origin. Mechanochemistry provides a powerful tool to achieve these goals, but the unintentional modification of biopolymers by mechanochemical manipulation is not always obvious or even detectable. Although modeling molecular changes caused by mechanical stresses in cavitation and grinding processes is feasible in small model compounds, simulation of extrusion processes primarily relies on phenomenological approaches that allow only tool- and material-specific conclusions. The development of analytical and computational techniques allows for the inline and real-time control of parameters in various mechanochemical processes. Using artificial intelligence to analyze process parameters and product characteristics can significantly improve production optimization. We aim to review the processes and consequences of possible chemical, physicochemical, and structural changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Jicsinszky
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy; (F.B.); (S.C.)
| | | | | | - Giancarlo Cravotto
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy; (F.B.); (S.C.)
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Choudhury N, Kim A, Kim M, Kim BS. Mechanochemical Degradation of Poly(vinyl chloride) into Nontoxic Water-Soluble Products via Sequential Dechlorination, Heterolytic Oxirane Ring-Opening, and Hydrolysis. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2304113. [PMID: 37387506 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202304113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
As one of the most widely used commodity plastics, poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) is extensively used worldwide, yet is difficult to recycle and is often discarded immediately after use. Its end-of-life treatment often generates toxic hydrogen chloride and dioxins that pose a critical threat to ecosystems. To address this challenge, the mechanochemical degradation of PVC into water-soluble biocompatible products is presented herein. Oxirane mechanophores are strategically introduced into the polymeric backbone via sequential dechlorination followed by epoxidation. The oxirane mechanophore in the polymer backbone undergoes a force-induced heterolytic ring-opening to carbonyl ylide intermediates, which eventually generates acetals during the course of the reaction. The subsequent hydrolysis of the backbone acetals affords the scission of the polymeric chain into water-soluble low-molecular-weight fragments. Combined with its low cytotoxicity and phytotoxicity, this solvent-free mechanochemical degradation process offers a green alternative for the degradation of PVC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Choudhury
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Ahyun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Minseong Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Su Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
AbstractThis Account covers the recent progress made on heterocyclic mechanophores in the field of polymer mechanochemistry. In particular, the types of such mechanophores as well as the mechanisms and applications of their force-induced structural transformations are discussed and related perspectives and future challenges proposed.1 Introduction2 Types of Mechanophores3 Methods to Incorporate Heterocycle Mechanophores into Polymer Systems4 Mechanochemical Reactions of Heterocyclic Mechanophores4.1 Three-Membered-Ring Mechanophores4.2 Four-Membered-Ring Mechanophores4.3 Six-Membered-Ring Mechanophores4.4 Bicyclic Mechanophores5 Applications5.1 Cross-Linking of Polymer5.2 Degradable Polymer5.3 Mechanochromic Polymer6 Concluding Remarks and Outlook
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Jung S, Yoon HJ. Mechanical Force for the Transformation of Aziridine into Imine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202109358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sangmin Jung
- Department of Chemistry Korea University Seoul 02841 South Korea
| | - Hyo Jae Yoon
- Department of Chemistry Korea University Seoul 02841 South Korea
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Jung S, Yoon HJ. Mechanical Force for the Transformation of Aziridine into Imine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:23564-23568. [PMID: 34499388 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202109358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Force-selective mechanochemical reactions may be important for applications in polymer mechanochemistry, yet it is difficult to achieve such reactions. This paper reports that cis-N-phthalimidoaziridine incorporated into a macromolecular backbone undergoes migration of N-phthalimido group to afford imine under mechanochemical condition and not thermal one. The imine is further hydrolyzed by water bifurcating into amine and aldehyde. These structural transformations are confirmed by 1 H NMR and FT-IR spectroscopic analyses. Computational simulations are conducted for the aziridine mechanophore to propose the mechanism of reaction and define the substrate scope of reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangmin Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Hyo Jae Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
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O’Neill RT, Boulatov R. The many flavours of mechanochemistry and its plausible conceptual underpinnings. Nat Rev Chem 2021; 5:148-167. [PMID: 37117533 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-020-00249-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mechanochemistry describes diverse phenomena in which mechanical load affects chemical reactivity. The fuzziness of this definition means that it includes processes as seemingly disparate as motor protein function, organic synthesis in a ball mill, reactions at a propagating crack, chemical actuation, and polymer fragmentation in fast solvent flows and in mastication. In chemistry, the rate of a reaction in a flask does not depend on how fast the flask moves in space. In mechanochemistry, the rate at which a material is deformed affects which and how many bonds break. In other words, in some manifestations of mechanochemistry, macroscopic motion powers otherwise endergonic reactions. In others, spontaneous chemical reactions drive mechanical motion. Neither requires thermal or electrostatic gradients. Distinct manifestations of mechanochemistry are conventionally treated as being conceptually independent, which slows the field in its transformation from being a collection of observations to a rigorous discipline. In this Review, we highlight observations suggesting that the unifying feature of mechanochemical phenomena may be the coupling between inertial motion at the microscale to macroscale and changes in chemical bonding enabled by transient build-up and relaxation of strains, from macroscopic to molecular. This dynamic coupling across multiple length scales and timescales also greatly complicates the conceptual understanding of mechanochemistry.
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Chen Y, Mellot G, van Luijk D, Creton C, Sijbesma RP. Mechanochemical tools for polymer materials. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:4100-4140. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00940g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to provide a field guide for the implementation of mechanochemistry in synthetic polymers by summarizing the molecules, materials, and methods that have been developed in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinjun Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Gaëlle Mellot
- Laboratoire Sciences et Ingénierie de la Matière Molle
- ESPCI Paris
- PSL University
- Sorbonne Université
- CNRS
| | - Diederik van Luijk
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Costantino Creton
- Laboratoire Sciences et Ingénierie de la Matière Molle
- ESPCI Paris
- PSL University
- Sorbonne Université
- CNRS
| | - Rint P. Sijbesma
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
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Wu S, Wang T, Xu H. Regulating Heterogeneous Catalysis of Gold Nanoparticles with Polymer Mechanochemistry. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:1192-1197. [PMID: 35638615 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Polymer mechanochemistry has emerged as a unique approach to regulate homogeneous catalysis in chemical transformations. The utilization of polymer mechanochemistry to regulate heterogeneous catalysis, however, still remains to be investigated. In this study, using polymer-grafted gold nanoparticles as the model heterogeneous catalysts, we show that polymer chains can be mechanically ruptured from the surface of gold nanoparticles, and thus, the catalytic activity of gold nanoparticles can be accelerated under sonication. The mechanical activation of polymer-grafted gold nanoparticles only occurs when the grafted polymer chains exceed a threshold molecular weight. This mechanical behavior is similar to those mechanophore-linked polymers. More importantly, further characterizations reveal that the Au-Au bonds instead of the Au-S bonds are broken at the heterointerfaces of polymer chains and gold nanoparticles. Our study unveils an unprecedented characteristic of polymer-grafted metallic nanoparticles in response to external mechanical stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyao Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Tao Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Hangxun Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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Klein IM, Husic CC, Kovács DP, Choquette NJ, Robb MJ. Validation of the CoGEF Method as a Predictive Tool for Polymer Mechanochemistry. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:16364-16381. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c06868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel M. Klein
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Corey C. Husic
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Dávid P. Kovács
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Nicolas J. Choquette
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Maxwell J. Robb
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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Yoon HJ, Jung S, Kim SY. Force-Induced Cycloaddition of Aziridine: Can We Force a New Route? Synlett 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1707145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Cycloaddition reactions of aziridines with dipolarophiles under traditional thermal or photochemical conditions entail destructive routes to form reactive intermediates such as an azomethine ylide. This article highlights a recent study that demonstrates a cycloaddition reaction of aziridine induced by mechanical force. Experimental results suggest that the force-induced cycloaddition of aziridine with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate as a dipolarophile does not seem to involve an ylide, with implications for a possible new reaction route.1 Rivalry between Aziridine and Epoxide2 Mechanochemically Responsive Polymers3 Aziridine Mechanophore4 Concluding Remarks and Outlook
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