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Yu D, Min J, Lin F, Madsen LA. Mechanically and Thermally Robust Gel Electrolytes Built from A Charged Double Helical Polymer. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2312513. [PMID: 38288908 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202312513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/16/2024]
Abstract
Polymer electrolytes have received tremendous interest in the development of solid-state batteries, but often fall short in one or more key properties required for practical applications. Herein, a rigid gel polymer electrolyte prepared by immobilizing a liquid mixture of a lithium salt and poly(ethylene glycol) dimethyl ether with only 8 wt% poly(2,2'-disulfonyl-4,4'-benzidine terephthalamide) (PBDT) is reported. The high charge density and rigid double helical structure of PBDT lead to formation of a nanofibrillar structure that endows this electrolyte with stronger mechanical properties, wider temperature window, and higher battery rate capability compared to all other poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)-based electrolytes. The ion transport mechanism in this rigid polymer electrolyte is systematically studied using multiple complementary techniques. Li/LiFePO4 cells show excellent capacity retention over long-term cycling, with thermal cycling reversibility between ambient temperature and elevated temperatures, demonstrating compelling potential for solid-state batteries targeting fast charging at high temperatures and slower discharging at ambient temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyang Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Jungki Min
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Feng Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Louis A Madsen
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
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Charge Transport and Glassy Dynamics in Blends Based on 1-Butyl-3-vinylbenzylimidazolium Bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide Ionic Liquid and the Corresponding Polymer. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14122423. [PMID: 35745999 PMCID: PMC9227190 DOI: 10.3390/polym14122423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Charge transport, diffusion properties, and glassy dynamics of blends of imidazolium-based ionic liquid (IL) and the corresponding polymer (polyIL) were examined by Pulsed-Field-Gradient Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (PFG-NMR) and rheology coupled with broadband dielectric spectroscopy (rheo-BDS). We found that the mechanical storage modulus (G′) increases with an increasing amount of polyIL and G′ is a factor of 10,000 higher for the polyIL compared to the monomer (GIL′= 7.5 Pa at 100 rad s−1 and 298 K). Furthermore, the ionic conductivity (σ0) of the IL is a factor 1000 higher than its value for the polymerized monomer with 3.4×10−4 S cm−1 at 298 K. Additionally, we found the Haven Ratio (HR) obtained through PFG-NMR and BDS measurements to be constant around a value of 1.4 for the IL and blends with 30 wt% and 70 wt% polyIL. These results show that blending of the components does not have a strong impact on the charge transport compared to the charge transport in the pure IL at room temperature, but blending results in substantial modifications of the mechanical properties. Furthermore, it is highlighted that the increase in σ0 might be attributed to the addition of a more mobile phase, which also possibly reduces ion-ion correlations in the polyIL.
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Wang Y, Zanelotti CJ, Wang X, Kerr R, Jin L, Kan WH, Dingemans TJ, Forsyth M, Madsen LA. Solid-state rigid-rod polymer composite electrolytes with nanocrystalline lithium ion pathways. NATURE MATERIALS 2021; 20:1255-1263. [PMID: 33941912 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-021-00995-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A critical challenge for next-generation lithium-based batteries lies in development of electrolytes that enable thermal safety along with the use of high-energy-density electrodes. We describe molecular ionic composite electrolytes based on an aligned liquid crystalline polymer combined with ionic liquids and concentrated Li salt. This high strength (200 MPa) and non-flammable solid electrolyte possesses outstanding Li+ conductivity (1 mS cm-1 at 25 °C) and electrochemical stability (5.6 V versus Li|Li+) while suppressing dendrite growth and exhibiting low interfacial resistance (32 Ω cm2) and overpotentials (≤120 mV at 1 mA cm-2) during Li symmetric cell cycling. A heterogeneous salt doping process modifies a locally ordered polymer-ion assembly to incorporate an inter-grain network filled with defective LiFSI and LiBF4 nanocrystals, strongly enhancing Li+ conduction. This modular material fabrication platform shows promise for safe and high-energy-density energy storage and conversion applications, incorporating the fast transport of ceramic-like conductors with the superior flexibility of polymer electrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Curt J Zanelotti
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Xiaoen Wang
- Institute for Frontier Materials and ARC Centre of Excellent for Electromaterials Science, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert Kerr
- Institute for Frontier Materials and ARC Centre of Excellent for Electromaterials Science, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Liyu Jin
- Institute for Frontier Materials and ARC Centre of Excellent for Electromaterials Science, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wang Hay Kan
- China Spallation Neutron Source, Chinese Academy of Science, Dongguan, China
| | - Theo J Dingemans
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Maria Forsyth
- Institute for Frontier Materials and ARC Centre of Excellent for Electromaterials Science, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Louis A Madsen
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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Carrazzone RJ, Li X, Foster JC, Uppala VVS, Wall CE, Esker AR, Madsen LA, Matson JB. Strong Variation of Micelle-Unimer Coexistence as a Function of Core Chain Mobility. Macromolecules 2021; 54:6975-6981. [PMID: 36910585 PMCID: PMC10004150 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric micelles coexist in solution with unassembled chains (unimers). We have investigated the influence of glass transition temperature (T g) (i.e., chain mobility) of the micelle core-forming blocks on micelle-unimer coexistence. We synthesized a series of seven PEG-b-P(nBA-ran-tBA) amphiphilic block copolymers (PEG = poly(ethylene glycol), nBA = n-butyl acrylate, tBA = tert-butyl acrylate) with similar molecular weights (12 kg/mol). Varying the nBA/tBA molar ratio enabled broad modulation of core block T g with no significant change in core hydrophobicity or micelle size. NMR diffusometry revealed increasing unimer populations from 0% to 54% of total polymer concentration upon decreasing core block T g from 25 to -46 °C. Additionally, unimer population at fixed polymer composition (and thus core T g) increased with temperature. This study demonstrates the strong influence of core-forming block mobility on polymer self-assembly, providing information toward designing drug delivery systems and suggesting the need for new dynamical theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Carrazzone
- † Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, United States
| | - Xiuli Li
- † Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, United States
| | - Jeffrey C Foster
- † Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, United States
| | - Veera Venkata Shravan Uppala
- † Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, United States
| | - Candace E Wall
- † Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, United States
| | - Alan R Esker
- † Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, United States
| | - Louis A Madsen
- † Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, United States
| | - John B Matson
- † Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, United States
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Abstract
We present a general theory of ionic conductivity in polymeric materials consisting of percolated ionic pathways. Identifying two key length scales corresponding to inter-path permeation distance ξ and one-dimensional hopping conduction path length mλ, we have derived closed-form formulas in terms of the energy U required to unbind a conductive ion from its bound state and the partition ratio ξ/mλ between the three-dimensional permeation and one-dimensional hopping pathways. The results provide design strategies to significantly enhance ionic conductivity in single-ion conductors. For large barriers to dissociate an ion, corrections to the Arrhenius law are presented. The predicted dependence of ionic conductivity on the unbinding time is in agreement with results in the literature based on simulations and experiments. This theory is generally applicable to conductive systems where the two mechanisms of permeation and hopping occur concurrently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murugappan Muthukumar
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
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Zhang C, Zhang Y, Zhao Q, Xue Z. Facile fabrication of robust gel poly(ionic liquid) electrolytes via base treatment at room temperature. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00736j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This article reports a facile fabrication of robust gel poly(ionic liquid) electrolytes via base treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongrui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Qiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zhigang Xue
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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Kang S, Park MJ. 100th Anniversary of Macromolecular Science Viewpoint: Block Copolymers with Tethered Acid Groups: Challenges and Opportunities. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:1527-1541. [PMID: 35617073 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Scientific research on advanced polymer electrolytes has led to the emergence of all-solid-state energy storage/transfer systems. Early research began with acid-tethered polymers half a century ago, and research interest has gradually shifted to high-precision polymers with controllable acid functional groups and nanoscale morphologies. Consequently, various self-assembled acid-tethered block polymer morphologies have been produced. Their ion properties are profoundly affected by the multiscale intermolecular interactions in confinements. The creation of hierarchically organized ion/dipole arrangements inside the block copolymer nanostructures has been highlighted as a future method for developing advanced single-ion polymers with decoupled ion dynamics and polymer chain relaxation. Several emerging practical applications of the acid-tethered block copolymers have been explored to draw attention to the challenges and opportunities in developing state-of-the-art electrochemical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sejong Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Korea 790-784
| | - Moon Jeong Park
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Korea 790-784
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Kinsey T, Glynn K, Cosby T, Iacob C, Sangoro J. Ion Dynamics of Monomeric Ionic Liquids Polymerized In Situ within Silica Nanopores. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:44325-44334. [PMID: 32886472 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c12381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polymerized ionic liquids are a promising class of versatile solid-state electrolytes for applications ranging from electrochemical energy storage to flexible smart materials that remain limited by their relatively low ionic conductivities compared to conventional electrolytes. Here, we show that the in situ polymerization of the vinyl cationic monomer, 1-ethyl-3-vinylimidazolium with the bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide counteranion, under nanoconfinement within 7.5 ± 1.0 nm diameter nanopores results in a nearly 1000-fold enhancement in the ionic conductivity compared to the material polymerized in bulk. Using insights from broadband dielectric and Raman spectroscopic techniques, we attribute these results to the role of confinement on molecular conformations, ion coordination, and subsequently the ionic conductivity in the polymerized ionic liquid. These results contribute to the understanding of the dynamics of nanoconfined molecules and show that in situ polymerization under nanoscale geometric confinement is a promising path toward enhancing ion conductivity in polymer electrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kinsey
- The Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee 37916, United States
| | - Kaitlin Glynn
- The Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee 37916, United States
| | - Tyler Cosby
- Department of Chemistry, US Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland 21402, United States
| | - Ciprian Iacob
- National Research and Development Institute for Cryogenic and Isotopic Technologies, ICSI Rm, Valcea, Romania 240050
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe, Germany 76128
| | - Joshua Sangoro
- The Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee 37916, United States
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Fox RJ, Forest MG, Picken SJ, Dingemans TJ. Observation of transition cascades in sheared liquid crystalline polymers. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:3891-3901. [PMID: 32242188 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00275e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We report on the shear rheology of liquid crystalline solutions composed of charged, rodlike polymers that form supramolecular assemblies dispersed in water. Under steady shear, we observe shear thickening behavior, followed by a hesitation in the viscosity accompanied by an extremely narrow range of negative first normal stress difference. The Peclet number (Pe, shear rate normalized by rod rotational diffusivity) for the onset of shear thickening is in agreement with previous, high-resolution numerical simulations of the Doi-Edwards-Hess kinetic theory. We interrogate these dynamic responses through shear step-down experiments, revealing a complex evolution of transient responses. Detailed analysis of the stress transients provides compelling evidence that the principal axis of the rod orientational distribution, the nematic director, undergoes a cascade of transitions and coexistence of periodic states known as kayaking, tumbling, and wagging, before transitioning to steady flow alignment above a critical shear rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Fox
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3050, USA.
| | - M Gregory Forest
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3050, USA. and Department of Mathematics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3250, USA
| | - Stephen J Picken
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Theo J Dingemans
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3050, USA.
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