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Jiang K, Wang K, Luo C, Su BY, Du H, Liu Y, Lei J, Luo E, Cardon L, Edeleva M, Huang SS, Xu JZ, Li ZM. A Biomimetic Fibrous Composite Scaffold with Nanotopography-Regulated Mineralization for Bone Defect Repair. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:3784-3794. [PMID: 38743836 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.4c00378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The effective regeneration of large bone defects via bone tissue engineering is challenging due to the difficulty in creating an osteogenic microenvironment. Inspired by the fibrillar architecture of the natural extracellular matrix, we developed a nanoscale bioengineering strategy to produce bone fibril-like composite scaffolds with enhanced osteogenic capability. To activate the surface for biofunctionalization, self-adaptive ridge-like nanolamellae were constructed on poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) electrospinning scaffolds via surface-directed epitaxial crystallization. This unique nanotopography with a markedly increased specific surface area offered abundant nucleation sites for Ca2+ recruitment, leading to a 5-fold greater deposition weight of hydroxyapatite than that of the pristine PCL scaffold under stimulated physiological conditions. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) cultured on bone fibril-like scaffolds exhibited enhanced adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation in vitro. In a rat calvarial defect model, the bone fibril-like scaffold significantly accelerated bone regeneration, as evidenced by micro-CT, histological histological and immunofluorescence staining. This work provides the way for recapitulating the osteogenic microenvironment in tissue-engineered scaffolds for bone repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Jiang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Chuan Luo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Biao-Yao Su
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Hao Du
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jun Lei
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - En Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Ludwig Cardon
- Centre for Polymer and Material Technologies, Department of Materials Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 130, Gent 9052, Belgium
| | - Mariya Edeleva
- Centre for Polymer and Material Technologies, Department of Materials Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 130, Gent 9052, Belgium
| | - Shi-Shu Huang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jia-Zhuang Xu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Zhong-Ming Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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Shen HY, Xing F, Shang SY, Jiang K, Kuzmanović M, Huang FW, Liu Y, Luo E, Edeleva M, Cardon L, Huang S, Xiang Z, Xu JZ, Li ZM. Biomimetic Mineralized 3D-Printed Polycaprolactone Scaffold Induced by Self-Adaptive Nanotopology to Accelerate Bone Regeneration. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:18658-18670. [PMID: 38587811 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c02636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D)-printed biodegradable polymer scaffolds are at the forefront of personalized constructs for bone tissue engineering. However, it remains challenging to create a biological microenvironment for bone growth. Herein, we developed a novel yet feasible approach to facilitate biomimetic mineralization via self-adaptive nanotopography, which overcomes difficulties in the surface biofunctionalization of 3D-printed polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds. The building blocks of self-adaptive nanotopography were PCL lamellae that formed on the 3D-printed PCL scaffold via surface-directed epitaxial crystallization and acted as a linker to nucleate and generate hydroxyapatite crystals. Accordingly, a uniform and robust mineralized layer was immobilized throughout the scaffolds, which strongly bound to the strands and had no effect on the mechanical properties of the scaffolds. In vitro cell culture experiments revealed that the resulting scaffold was biocompatible and enhanced the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of mouse embryolous osteoblast cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the resulting scaffold showed a strong capability to accelerate in vivo bone regeneration using a rabbit bone defect model. This study provides valuable opportunities to enhance the application of 3D-printed scaffolds in bone repair, paving the way for translation to other orthopedic implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Yuan Shen
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Fei Xing
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Si-Yuan Shang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Kai Jiang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Maja Kuzmanović
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Fu-Wen Huang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - En Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Mariya Edeleva
- Centre for Polymer and Material Technologies, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent 9052, Belgium
| | - Ludwig Cardon
- Centre for Polymer and Material Technologies, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent 9052, Belgium
| | - Shishu Huang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhou Xiang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jia-Zhuang Xu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Zhong-Ming Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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3
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Niu D, Xu P, Li J, Yang W, Liu T, Ma P. Drawing Temperature-Dependent Mechanical Properties of Poly(glycolic acid)/Poly(butylene adipate- co-terephthalate) Films. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deyu Niu
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi214122, China
| | - Pengwu Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi214122, China
| | - Jiaxuan Li
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi214122, China
| | - Weijun Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi214122, China
| | - Tianxi Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi214122, China
| | - Piming Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi214122, China
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Xing F, Yin HM, Zhe M, Xie JC, Duan X, Xu JZ, Xiang Z, Li ZM. Nanotopographical 3D-Printed Poly(ε-caprolactone) Scaffolds Enhance Proliferation and Osteogenic Differentiation of Urine-Derived Stem Cells for Bone Regeneration. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14071437. [PMID: 35890332 PMCID: PMC9317219 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14071437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
3D-printing technology can be used to construct personalized bone substitutes with customized shapes, but it cannot regulate the topological morphology of the scaffold surface, which plays a vital role in regulating the biological behaviors of stem cells. In addition, stem cells are able to sense the topographical and mechanical cues of surface of scaffolds by mechanosensing and mechanotransduction. In our study, we fabricated a 3D-printed poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) scaffold with a nanotopographical surface and loaded it with urine-derived stem cells (USCs) for application of bone regeneration. The topological 3D-printed PCL scaffolds (TPS) fabricated by surface epiphytic crystallization, possessed uniformly patterned nanoridges, of which the element composition and functional groups of nanoridges were the same as PCL. Compared with bare 3D-printed PCL scaffolds (BPS), TPS have a higher ability for protein adsorption and mineralization in vitro. The proliferation, cell length, and osteogenic gene expression of USCs on the surface of TPS were significantly higher than that of BPS. In addition, the TPS loaded with USCs exhibited a good ability for bone regeneration in cranial bone defects. Our study demonstrated that nanotopographical 3D-printed scaffolds loaded with USCs are a safe and effective therapeutic strategy for bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xing
- Orthopedic Research Institute, Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Lane, Chengdu 610041, China; (F.X.); (Z.X.)
| | - Hua-Mo Yin
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (H.-M.Y.); (Z.-M.L.)
| | - Man Zhe
- Animal Experiment Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China;
| | - Ji-Chang Xie
- Laboratoire Roberval, FRE UTC-CNRS 2012, Sorbonne Universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, Centre de Recherche Royallieu, CS60319, CEDEX, 60203 Compiègne, France;
| | - Xin Duan
- Orthopedic Research Institute, Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Lane, Chengdu 610041, China; (F.X.); (Z.X.)
- Correspondence: (X.D.); (J.-Z.X.)
| | - Jia-Zhuang Xu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (H.-M.Y.); (Z.-M.L.)
- Correspondence: (X.D.); (J.-Z.X.)
| | - Zhou Xiang
- Orthopedic Research Institute, Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Lane, Chengdu 610041, China; (F.X.); (Z.X.)
| | - Zhong-Ming Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (H.-M.Y.); (Z.-M.L.)
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Wang W, Liu Y, Ye L, Coates P, Caton-Rose F, Zhao X. Biocompatibility improvement and controlled in vitro degradation of poly (lactic acid)-b-poly(lactide-co-caprolactone) by formation of highly oriented structure for orthopedic application. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2022; 110:2480-2493. [PMID: 35674722 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.35106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Poly (lactic acid) (PLA) has been proposed as a promising orthopedic implant material, whereas insufficient mechanical strength, unsatisfied biocompatibility and inappropriate degradation rate restrict its further application. In this work, self-reinforced poly (lactic acid)-b-poly(lactide-co-caprolactone) (PLA-b-PLCL) block copolymer with long-chain branches was fabricated through two-stage orientation. Compared with smooth and hydrophobic PLA surface, the surface of PLA-b-PLCL presented micro-phase separated structure with improved hydrophilicity, and cells seeded on it showed improved adhesion/proliferation and high alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. After the 1st stage orientation at temperature higher than Tg1 (glass transition temperature of PLA phase), the amount of CH3 and CO groups on surface of PLA-b-PLCL increased, while "groove-ridge" structure formed, resulting in enhancement of surface hydrophobicity. After the 2nd stage orientation at Tg1 ~ Tg2 (glass transition temperature of PLCL phase), surface hydrophobicity/amount of CO groups further increased and "groove-ridge" structure became more significant. Due to suitable wettability and enhanced material-cell mechanical interlocking, cell proliferation/ALP activity were improved and a continuous cell layer formed on sample surface. During in vitro degradation in phosphate buffered saline solution, by introduction of PLCL segments, the crystallinity decreased and solution absorption increased, resulting in a rapid deterioration of mechanical properties. After the 1st stage orientation, a dense microfibrillar structure with high crystallinity formed, which hindered diffusion of solution and delay hydrolytic degradation. After the 2nd stage orientation, PLCL segments were arranged more closely, resulting in a further inhibition of degradation, which was helpful for controlling the strength decay rate of PLA as bone fixation materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuyou Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yalong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Phil Coates
- School of Engineering, Design and Technology, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
| | - Fin Caton-Rose
- School of Engineering, Design and Technology, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
| | - Xiaowen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Wang X, Yan F, Bai X, Li H, Yuan M, Liu Y, Hsiao BS, Liu C, Wang Z. Lamellar crystal-dominated surfaces of polymer films achieved via melt stretching-induced free surface crystallization. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:10829-10838. [PMID: 34796898 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm01492g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Lamellar crystal-dominated (LCD) surfaces hold great superiority and broad prospects in polymer surface engineering. The key to this is avoiding the formation of an amorphous phase in the interlamellar region. Here we give a first report of achieving LCD surfaces of polyethylene films via melt stretching-induced free surface crystallization. We demonstrate that the resultant surface is constructed directly by orientated and edge-on lamellae within a surface depth of tens to hundreds of nanometers, while the normally existing amorphous phase is avoided. The crystallization-driven formation of the LCD surface has been ascribed to the heterogeneous chain dynamics of a melt free surface, that is, high chain mobility, low viscosity and loose chain entanglement, which facilitates the complete chain disentanglement during crystallization. In addition, we confirm that the surface morphology is controllable with respect to lamellar orientation, spacing and depth by changing the melt stretching strain or quenching the deformed melt. Meanwhile, owing to a possible kinetics competition between crystallization and chain disentanglement, the structural spacing of surface lamellae holds a positive correlation with the lamellar depth. Since free surface effects are immanent in polymer materials, the currently proposed melt processing strategy is demonstrated to be transferable to other semicrystalline polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
| | - Feifei Yan
- National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
| | - Xue Bai
- National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
| | - Hanchuan Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
| | - Ming Yuan
- National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
| | - Yanping Liu
- National Center for International Research of Micro-nano Molding Technology & Key Laboratory for Micro Molding Technology of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Benjamin S Hsiao
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-3400, USA
| | - Chuntai Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
| | - Zhen Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
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Liu W, Sun Q, Zheng ZL, Gao YT, Zhu GY, Wei Q, Xu JZ, Li ZM, Zhao CS. Topographic Cues Guiding Cell Polarization via Distinct Cellular Mechanosensing Pathways. SMALL 2021; 18:e2104328. [PMID: 34738726 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202104328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cell polarization exists in a variety of tissues to regulate cell behaviors and functions. Space constraint (spatially limiting cell extension) and adhesion induction (guiding adhesome growth) are two main ways to induce cell polarization according to the microenvironment topographies. However, the mechanism of cell polarization induced by these two ways and the downstream effects on cell functions are yet to be understood. Here, space constraint and adhesion induction guiding cell polarization are achieved by substrate groove arrays in micro and nano size, respectively. Although the morphology of polarized cells is similar on both structures, the signaling pathways to induce the cell polarization and the downstream functions are distinctly different. The adhesion induction (nano-groove) leads to the formation of focal adhesions and activates the RhoA/ROCK pathway to enhance the myosin-based intracellular force, while the space constraint (micro-groove) only activates the formation of pseudopodia. The enhanced intracellular force caused by adhesion induction inhibits the chromatin condensation, which promotes the osteogenic differentiation of stem cells. This study presents an overview of cell polarization and mechanosensing at biointerface to aid in the design of novel biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Qian Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Zi-Li Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Ya-Ting Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Guan-Yin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.,College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Jia-Zhuang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Zhong-Ming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Chang-Sheng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.,College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
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Wang P, Yin HM, Li X, Liu W, Chu YX, Wang Y, Wang Y, Xu JZ, Li ZM, Li JH. Simultaneously constructing nanotopographical and chemical cues in 3D-printed polylactic acid scaffolds to promote bone regeneration. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 118:111457. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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9
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Zheng Y, Pan P. Crystallization of biodegradable and biobased polyesters: Polymorphism, cocrystallization, and structure-property relationship. Prog Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2020.101291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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