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McDonald J, von Spakovsky MR, Reynolds WT. Predicting Ion Sequestration in Charged Polymers with the Steepest-Entropy-Ascent Quantum Thermodynamic Framework. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:458. [PMID: 38470788 DOI: 10.3390/nano14050458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
The steepest-entropy-ascent quantum thermodynamic framework is used to investigate the effectiveness of multi-chain polyethyleneimine-methylenephosphonic acid in sequestering rare-earth ions (Eu3+) from aqueous solutions. The framework applies a thermodynamic equation of motion to a discrete energy eigenstructure to model the binding kinetics of europium ions to reactive sites of the polymer chains. The energy eigenstructure is generated using a non-Markovian Monte Carlo model that estimates energy level degeneracies. The equation of motion is used to determine the occupation probability of each energy level, describing the unique path through thermodynamic state space by which the polymer system sequesters rare-earth ions from solution. A second Monte Carlo simulation is conducted to relate the kinetic path in state space to physical descriptors associated with the polymer, including the radius of gyration, tortuosity, and Eu-neighbor distribution functions. These descriptors are used to visualize the evolution of the polymer during the sequestration process. The fraction of sequestered Eu3+ ions depends upon the total energy of the system, with lower energy resulting in greater sequestration. The kinetics of the overall sequestration are dependent on the steepest-entropy-ascent principle used by the equation of motion to generate a unique kinetic path from an initial non-equilibrium state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared McDonald
- Materials Science & Engineering Department, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | | | - William T Reynolds
- Materials Science & Engineering Department, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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2
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Sachin AR, Gopakumar G, Brahmananda Rao CVS. Understanding the Complexation Behavior of Carbamoylphosphine Oxide Ligands with Representative f-Block Elements. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:1085-1097. [PMID: 38294200 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c07758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
The complexation behavior of carbamoylmethylphosphine oxide ligands (CMPO), a bifunctional phosphine oxide, and their substituted derivatives with Ce(III), Eu(III), Th(IV), U(VI), and Am(III) was probed at the density functional theory (DFT) level. The enhanced extraction of trivalent rare earth elements by the 2-diphenylphosphinylethyl derivative over the conventional CMPO ligand is identified due to the availability of an additional P═O donor group in the former. In addition, the orbital and dispersive interactions play a vital role in the preference of Th(IV) over U(VI) during extraction using CMPO ligands. The better complexing ability of ligands having long alkyl chain substituents at the P atom is justified due to the observed enhanced dispersion interactions in these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Ramesh Sachin
- Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam 603102, Tamil Nadu, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Gopinadhanpillai Gopakumar
- Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam 603102, Tamil Nadu, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Cherukuri Venkata Siva Brahmananda Rao
- Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam 603102, Tamil Nadu, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
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3
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Xu T, Li A, Zheng X, Ji B, Mei J, Zhou M, Li Z. Porous carboxymethyl cellulose nanocrystalline imprinted composite aerogels for selective adsorption of gadolinium. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 349:140931. [PMID: 38096994 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Gadolinium is widely applied in medical and high-tech materials because of special magnetic properties. Recovery of gadolinium from waste rare earth products has both economic and environmental value. In this experiment, honeycomb porous composite aerogels were constructed using sericin and sodium alginate mixed with functionally modified carboxymethylated cellulose nanocrystals for the adsorption and separation of gadolinium ions. There were large numbers of carboxyl groups as well as hydroxyl groups on the surface of sodium alginate and filamentous protein, which provided more sites for the adsorption of gadolinium ions. Besides, a stable honeycomb structure appeared on the surface of composite aerogels when the mixture of filamentous protein and sodium alginate was 1:1, which increased the specific surface area of materials to 140.65 m2 g-1. Additionally, the imprinted composite aerogels Ic-CNC/SSA were prepared by virtue of the imprinting technology, enhancing the adsorption selectivity of composite aerogels for gadolinium. The adsorption experiments revealed that the maximum adsorption capacity of Ic-CNC/SSA reached 93.41 mg g-1 at pH 7.0, indicating good selective adsorption of gadolinium ions. In summary, such composite aerogels provide great potential and reference value for the selective adsorption of gadolinium ions in industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Ang Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Xudong Zheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China.
| | - Biao Ji
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Jinfeng Mei
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Man Zhou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Zhongyu Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China.
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4
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Day EC, Chittari SS, Bogen MP, Knight AS. Navigating the Expansive Landscapes of Soft Materials: A User Guide for High-Throughput Workflows. ACS POLYMERS AU 2023; 3:406-427. [PMID: 38107416 PMCID: PMC10722570 DOI: 10.1021/acspolymersau.3c00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic polymers are highly customizable with tailored structures and functionality, yet this versatility generates challenges in the design of advanced materials due to the size and complexity of the design space. Thus, exploration and optimization of polymer properties using combinatorial libraries has become increasingly common, which requires careful selection of synthetic strategies, characterization techniques, and rapid processing workflows to obtain fundamental principles from these large data sets. Herein, we provide guidelines for strategic design of macromolecule libraries and workflows to efficiently navigate these high-dimensional design spaces. We describe synthetic methods for multiple library sizes and structures as well as characterization methods to rapidly generate data sets, including tools that can be adapted from biological workflows. We further highlight relevant insights from statistics and machine learning to aid in data featurization, representation, and analysis. This Perspective acts as a "user guide" for researchers interested in leveraging high-throughput screening toward the design of multifunctional polymers and predictive modeling of structure-property relationships in soft materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Matthew P. Bogen
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Abigail S. Knight
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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5
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Sarker P, Jani PK, Hsiao LC, Rojas OJ, Khan SA. Interacting collagen and tannic acid Particles: Uncovering pH-dependent rheological and thermodynamic behaviors. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 650:541-552. [PMID: 37423181 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.06.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Biomaterials such as collagen and tannic acid (TA) particles are of interest in the development of advanced hybrid biobased systems due to their beneficial therapeutic functionalities and distinctive structural properties. The presence of numerous functional groups makes both TA and collagen pH responsive, enabling them to interact via non-covalent interactions and offer tunable macroscopic properties. EXPERIMENT The effect of pH on the interactions between collagen and TA particles is explored by adding TA particles at physiological pH to collagen at both acidic and neutral pH. Rheology, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), turbidimetric analysis and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) are used to study the effects. FINDINGS Rheology results show significant increase in elastic modulus with an increase in collagen concentration. However, TA particles at physiological pH provide stronger mechanical reinforcement to collagen at pH 4 than collagen at pH 7 due to the formation of a higher extent of electrostatic interaction and hydrogen bonding. ITC results confirm this hypothesis, with larger changes in enthalpy, |ΔH|, observed when collagen is at acidic pH and |ΔH| > |TΔS| indicating enthalpy-driven collagen-TA interactions. Turbidimetric analysis and QCM-D help to identify structural differences of the collagen-TA complexes and their formation at both pH conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prottasha Sarker
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Pallav K Jani
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Lilian C Hsiao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Orlando J Rojas
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States; Bioproducts Institute, Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Department of Chemistry and Department of Wood Science, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - Saad A Khan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States.
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Arrambide C, Ferrie L, Prelot B, Geneste A, Monge S, Darcos V. α-Aminobisphosphonate Copolymers Based on Poly(ε-caprolactone)s and Poly(ethylene glycol): A New Opportunity for Actinide Complexation. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:5058-5070. [PMID: 37676932 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Original α-aminobisphosphonate-based copolymers were synthesized and successfully used for actinide complexation. For this purpose, poly(α-chloro-ε-caprolactone-co-ε-caprolactone)-b-poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(α-chloro-ε-caprolactone-co-ε-caprolactone) copolymers were first prepared by ring-opening copolymerization of ε-caprolactone (εCL) and α-chloro-ε-caprolactone using poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) as a macro-initiator and tin(II) octanoate as a catalyst. The chloride functions were then converted to azide moieties by chemical modification, and finally α-aminobisphosphonate alkyne ligand (TzBP) was grafted using click chemistry, to afford well-defined poly(αTzBPεCL-co-εCL)-b-PEG-b-poly(αTzBPεCL-co-εCL) copolymers. Three copolymers, showing different α-aminobisphosphonate group ratios, were prepared (7, 18, and 38%), namely, CP8, CP9, and CP10, respectively. They were characterized by 1H and 31P NMR and size exclusion chromatography. Sorption properties of these copolymers were evaluated by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) with neodymium [Nd(III)] and cerium [Ce(III)] cations, used as surrogates of actinides, especially uranium and plutonium, respectively. ITC enabled the determination of the full thermodynamic profile and the calculation of the complete set of thermodynamic parameter (ΔH, TΔS, and ΔG), with the Ka constant and the n stoichiometry. The results showed that the number of cations sorbed by the functional copolymers logically increased with the number of bisphosphonate functions borne by the macromolecular chain, independently of the complexed cation. Additionally, CP9 and CP10 copolymers showed higher sorption capacities [21.4 and 34.0 mg·g-1 for Nd(III) and 9.6 and 14.3 mg·g-1 for Ce(III), respectively] than most of the systems previously described in the literature. CP9 also showed a highest binding constant (7000 M-1). These copolymers, based on non-toxic and biocompatible poly(ε-caprolactone) and PEG, are of great interest for external body decontamination of actinides as they combine high number of complexing groups, thus leading to great decontamination efficiency, and limited diffusion through the skin due to their high-molecular weight, thus avoiding additional possible internal contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Loona Ferrie
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | | | - Amine Geneste
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Sophie Monge
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Vincent Darcos
- IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34293 Montpellier, France
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Bediako JK, El Ouardi Y, Massima Mouele ES, Mensah B, Repo E. Polyelectrolyte and polyelectrolyte complex-incorporated adsorbents in water and wastewater remediation - A review of recent advances. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 325:138418. [PMID: 36925007 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, polyelectrolyte-incorporated functional materials have emerged as novel adsorbents for effective remediation of pollutants in water and wastewater. Polyelectrolytes (PEs) are a special class of polymers with long chains of repeating charged moieties. Polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) are obtained by mixing aqueous solutions of oppositely charged PEs. Herewith, this review discusses recent advances with respect to water and wastewater remediation using PE- and PEC-incorporated adsorbents. The review begins by highlighting some water resources, their pollution sources and available treatment techniques. Next, an overview of PEs and PECs is discussed, highlighting the evolving progress in their processing. Consequently, application of these materials in different facets of water and wastewater remediation, including heavy metal removal, precious metal and rare earth element recovery, desalination, dye and emerging micropollutant removal, are critically reviewed. For water and wastewater remediation, PEs and PECs are mostly applied either in their original forms, as composites or as morphologically-tunable complexes. PECs are deemed superior to other materials owing to their tunability for both cationic and anionic pollutants. Generally, natural and semi-synthetic PEs have been largely applied owing to their low cost, ready availability and eco-friendliness. Except dye removal and desalination of saline water, application of synthetic PEs and PECs is scanty, and hence requires more focus in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Kwame Bediako
- Department of Separation Science, School of Engineering Science, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology (LUT), FI-53850 Lappeenranta, Finland; Department of Food Process Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 77, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Youssef El Ouardi
- Department of Separation Science, School of Engineering Science, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology (LUT), FI-53850 Lappeenranta, Finland
| | - Emile Salomon Massima Mouele
- Department of Separation Science, School of Engineering Science, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology (LUT), FI-53850 Lappeenranta, Finland
| | - Bismark Mensah
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 77, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Eveliina Repo
- Department of Separation Science, School of Engineering Science, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology (LUT), FI-53850 Lappeenranta, Finland
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8
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Vaissier Welborn V, Archer WR, Schulz MD. Characterizing Ion-Polymer Interactions in Aqueous Environment with Electric Fields. J Chem Inf Model 2022; 63:2030-2036. [PMID: 36533730 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.2c01048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Polymers make the basis of highly tunable materials that could be designed and optimized for metal recovery from aqueous environments. While experimental studies show that this approach has potential, it suffers from a limited knowledge of the detailed molecular interaction between polymers and target metal ions. Here, we propose to calculate intrinsic electric fields from polarizable force field molecular dynamics simulations to characterize the driving force behind Eu3+ motion in the presence of poly(ethylenimine methylenephosphonate), a specifically designed metal chelating polymer. Focusing on the metal chelation initiation step (i.e., before binding), we can rationalize the role of each molecule on ion dynamics by projecting these electric fields along the direction of ion motion. We find that the polymer functional groups act indirectly, and the polymer-metal ion interaction is actually mediated by water. This result is consistent with the experimental observation that metal sequestration by these polymers is entropically driven. This study suggests that electric field calculations can help the design of metal chelating polymers, for example, by seeking to optimize polymer-solvent interactions rather than polymer-ion interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Vaissier Welborn
- Department of Chemistry, Macromolecules Innovation Institute (MII), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia24060, United States
| | - William R. Archer
- Department of Chemistry, Macromolecules Innovation Institute (MII), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia24060, United States
| | - Michael D. Schulz
- Department of Chemistry, Macromolecules Innovation Institute (MII), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia24060, United States
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9
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Zhang C, Wang W, Zhang P, Yang S. Thermodynamic analysis of hydrogen-bonded polymer complexation with isothermal titration calorimetry. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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10
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Catalyst-free multicomponent polymerization of sulfonyl azide, aldehyde and cyclic amino acids toward zwitterionic and amphiphilic poly(N-sulfonyl amidine) as nanocatalyst precursor. Sci China Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-022-1309-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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11
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Mady MF, Karaly AH, Abdel-Azeim S, Hussein IA, Kelland MA, Younis A. Phosphonated Lower-Molecular-Weight Polyethyleneimines as Oilfield Scale Inhibitors: An Experimental and Theoretical Study. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c01730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed F. Mady
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, N-4036 Stavanger, Norway
- Department of Green Chemistry, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Ali H. Karaly
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, N-4036 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Safwat Abdel-Azeim
- Center of Integrative Petroleum Research (CIPR), College of Petroleum and Geosciences (CPG), King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibnelwaleed A. Hussein
- Gas Processing Center, College of Engineering, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Malcolm A. Kelland
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, N-4036 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Ahmed Younis
- Department of Green Chemistry, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Cairo 12622, Egypt
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12
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Ferrie L, Arrambide C, Darcos V, Prelot B, Monge S. Synthesis and evaluation of functional carboxylic acid based poly(εCL-st-αCOOHεCL)-b-PEG-b-poly(εCL-st-αCOOHεCL) copolymers for neodymium and cerium complexation. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2021.105157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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13
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Archer WR, Gallagher CMB, Vaissier Welborn V, Schulz MD. Exploring the role of polymer hydrophobicity in polymer-metal binding thermodynamics. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:3579-3585. [PMID: 35088772 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05263b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Metal-chelating polymers play a key role in rare-earth element (REE) extraction and separation processes. Often, these processes occur in aqueous solution, but the interactions among water, polymer, and REE are largely under-investigated in these applications. To probe these interactions, we synthesized a series of poly(amino acid acrylamide)s with systematically varied hydrophobicity around a consistent chelating group (carboxylate). We then measured the ΔH of Eu3+ chelation as a function of temperature across the polymer series using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) to give the change in heat capacity (ΔCP). We observed an order of magnitude variation in ΔCP (39-471 J mol1 K-1) with changes in the hydrophobicity of the polymer. Atomistic simulations of the polymer-metal-water interactions revealed greater Eu3+ and polymer desolvation when binding to the more hydrophobic polymers. These combined experimental and computational results demonstrate that metal binding in aqueous solution can be modulated not only by directly modifying the chelating groups, but also by altering the molecular environment around the chelating site, thus suggesting a new design principle for developing increasingly effective metal-chelating materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Archer
- Department of Chemistry, Macromolecules Innovation Institute (MII), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA.
| | - Connor M B Gallagher
- Department of Chemistry, Macromolecules Innovation Institute (MII), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA.
| | - V Vaissier Welborn
- Department of Chemistry, Macromolecules Innovation Institute (MII), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA.
| | - Michael D Schulz
- Department of Chemistry, Macromolecules Innovation Institute (MII), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA.
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14
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Archer WR, Dinges GE, MacNicol PL, Schulz MD. Synthesis of bottlebrush polymers based on poly( N-sulfonyl aziridine) macromonomers. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py01125e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We synthesized bottlebrush polymers with polyaziridine brushes and a polynorbornene backbone by a grafting-through approach. The polyaziridine macromonomer aggregates in solution, but these aggregates disperse over the course of the polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R. Archer
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Grace E. Dinges
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Piper L. MacNicol
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Michael D. Schulz
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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15
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Falconer RJ, Schuur B, Mittermaier AK. Applications of isothermal titration calorimetry in pure and applied research from 2016 to 2020. J Mol Recognit 2021; 34:e2901. [PMID: 33975380 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The last 5 years have seen a series of advances in the application of isothermal titration microcalorimetry (ITC) and interpretation of ITC data. ITC has played an invaluable role in understanding multiprotein complex formation including proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACS), and mitochondrial autophagy receptor Nix interaction with LC3 and GABARAP. It has also helped elucidate complex allosteric communication in protein complexes like trp RNA-binding attenuation protein (TRAP) complex. Advances in kinetics analysis have enabled the calculation of kinetic rate constants from pre-existing ITC data sets. Diverse strategies have also been developed to study enzyme kinetics and enzyme-inhibitor interactions. ITC has also been applied to study small molecule solvent and solute interactions involved in extraction, separation, and purification applications including liquid-liquid separation and extractive distillation. Diverse applications of ITC have been developed from the analysis of protein instability at different temperatures, determination of enzyme kinetics in suspensions of living cells to the adsorption of uremic toxins from aqueous streams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Falconer
- School of Chemical Engineering & Advanced Materials, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Boelo Schuur
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
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16
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Archer WR, Thompson TN, Schulz MD. Effect of Copolymer Structure on Rare-Earth-Element Chelation Thermodynamics. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 42:e2000614. [PMID: 33368747 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Rare-earth elements (REEs) are crucial to modern technology, leading to a high demand for materials capable of REE extraction and purification. Metal-chelating polymers (e.g., polycarboxylic acids, polyamines, and others) are particularly useful in these applications due to their synthetic accessibility and high selectivity. Copolymers with varied mole fractions of acrylic acid and methyl acrylate are synthesized and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) to measure the thermodynamics of REE binding for each material is used. Across a series of copolymer compositions, entropically driven binding thermodynamics (∆G, ∆H, and ∆S) that appear to be independent of χAcrylic Acid are found. ITC stoichiometry data reveal that each copolymer requires between four and five repeat units to bind each REE. These data suggest that alterations in the copolymer structure do not affect the overall binding thermodynamics of REEs to these copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Archer
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Tiffany N Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Michael D Schulz
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
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17
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Archer WR, Schulz MD. Isothermal titration calorimetry: practical approaches and current applications in soft matter. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:8760-8774. [PMID: 32945316 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01345e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Isothermal Titration Calorimetry (ITC) elucidates the thermodynamic profile (ΔH, ΔS, ΔG, Ka, and stoichiometry) of binding and dissociation reactions in solution. While ITC has primarily been used to investigate the thermodynamics of interactions between biological macromolecules and small molecules, it has become increasingly common for measuring binding interactions between synthetic polymers and small molecules, ions, or nanoparticles. This tutorial review describes applications of ITC in studying synthetic macromolecules and provides experimental guidelines for performing ITC experiments. We also highlight specific examples of using ITC to study soft matter, then discuss the limitations and the future of ITC in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Archer
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Michael D Schulz
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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