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Shin MD, Jung E, Moreno‐Gonzalez MA, Ortega‐Rivera OA, Steinmetz NF. Pluronic F127 "nanoarmor" for stabilization of Cowpea mosaic virus immunotherapy. Bioeng Transl Med 2024; 9:e10574. [PMID: 38193118 PMCID: PMC10771553 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Our lab demonstrated that intratumoral Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) is a potent antitumor immunotherapy when used as in situ vaccine. As we pave the way for human clinical translation, formulation chemistry needs to be optimized for long-term storage of the drug candidate. In this work, CPMV was nanoengineered with Pluronic F127 to realize liquid and gel formulations which mitigate structural changes and RNA release during long-term storage. We evaluated the CPMV-F127 formulations for their stability and biological activity through a combination of in vitro assays and efficacy in vivo using a B16F10 murine melanoma model. Results demonstrate that both F127 liquid and gel formulations preserve CPMV structure and function following extended periods of thermal incubation at 4°C, 25°C, and 37°C. Heat-incubated CPMV without formulation resulted in structural changes and inferior in vivo efficacy. In stark contrast, in vivo efficacy was preserved when CPMV was formulated and protected with the F127 "nanoarmor."
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. Shin
- Department of NanoEngineeringUniversity of CaliforniaLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Center for Nano‐ImmunoEngineeringUniversity of CaliforniaLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Eunkyeong Jung
- Department of NanoEngineeringUniversity of CaliforniaLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Center for Nano‐ImmunoEngineeringUniversity of CaliforniaLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Miguel A. Moreno‐Gonzalez
- Department of NanoEngineeringUniversity of CaliforniaLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Center for Nano‐ImmunoEngineeringUniversity of CaliforniaLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Oscar A. Ortega‐Rivera
- Department of NanoEngineeringUniversity of CaliforniaLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Center for Nano‐ImmunoEngineeringUniversity of CaliforniaLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Nicole F. Steinmetz
- Department of NanoEngineeringUniversity of CaliforniaLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Center for Nano‐ImmunoEngineeringUniversity of CaliforniaLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of CaliforniaLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Department of RadiologyUniversity of CaliforniaLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Moores Cancer CenterUniversity of CaliforniaLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Institute for Materials Discovery and Design, Department of NanoEngineeringUniversity of CaliforniaLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
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Nikitin N, Vasiliev Y, Kovalenko A, Ryabchevskaya E, Kondakova O, Evtushenko E, Karpova O. Plant Viruses as Adjuvants for Next-Generation Vaccines and Immunotherapy. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1372. [PMID: 37631940 PMCID: PMC10458565 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11081372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are the cornerstone of infectious disease control and prevention. The outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 has confirmed the urgent need for a new approach to the design of novel vaccines. Plant viruses and their derivatives are being used increasingly for the development of new medical and biotechnological applications, and this is reflected in a number of preclinical and clinical studies. Plant viruses have a unique combination of features (biosafety, low reactogenicity, inexpensiveness and ease of production, etc.), which determine their potential. This review presents the latest data on the use of plant viruses with different types of symmetry as vaccine components and adjuvants in cancer immunotherapy. The discussion concludes that the most promising approaches might be those that use structurally modified plant viruses (spherical particles) obtained from the Tobacco mosaic virus. These particles combine high adsorption properties (as a carrier) with strong immunogenicity, as has been confirmed using various antigens in animal models. According to current research, it is evident that plant viruses have great potential for application in the development of vaccines and in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai Nikitin
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia
| | | | - Angelina Kovalenko
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Ryabchevskaya
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia
| | - Olga Kondakova
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Evtushenko
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia
| | - Olga Karpova
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia
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Jung E, Chung YH, Mao C, Fiering SN, Steinmetz NF. The Potency of Cowpea Mosaic Virus Particles for Cancer In Situ Vaccination Is Unaffected by the Specific Encapsidated Viral RNA. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:3589-3597. [PMID: 37294891 PMCID: PMC10530639 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plant virus nanoparticles can be used as drug carriers, imaging reagents, vaccine carriers, and immune adjuvants in the formulation of intratumoral in situ cancer vaccines. One example is the cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV), a nonenveloped virus with a bipartite positive-strand RNA genome with each RNA packaged separately into identical protein capsids. Based on differences in their densities, the components carrying RNA-1 (6 kb) denoted as the bottom (B) component or carrying RNA-2 (3.5 kb) denoted as the middle (M) component can be separated from each other and from a top (T) component, which is devoid of any RNA. Previous preclinical mouse studies and canine cancer trials used mixed populations of CPMV (containing B, M, and T components), so it is unclear whether the particle types differ in their efficacies. It is known that the CPMV RNA genome contributes to immunostimulation by activation of TLR7. To determine whether the two RNA genomes that have different sizes and unrelated sequences cause different immune stimulation, we compared the therapeutic efficacies of B and M components and unfractionated CPMV in vitro and in mouse cancer models. We found that separated B and M particles behaved similarly to the mixed CPMV, activating innate immune cells to induce the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IFNα, IFNγ, IL-6, and IL-12, while inhibiting immunosuppressive cytokines such as TGF-β and IL-10. In murine models of melanoma and colon cancer, the mixed and separated CPMV particles all significantly reduced tumor growth and prolonged survival with no significant difference. This shows that the specific RNA genomes similarly stimulate the immune system even though B particles have 40% more RNA than M particles; each CPMV particle type can be used as an effective adjuvant against cancer with the same efficacy as native mixed CPMV. From a translational point of view, the use of either B or M component vs the mixed CPMV formulation offers the advantage that separated B or M alone is noninfectious toward plants and thus provides agronomic safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunkyeong Jung
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Young Hun Chung
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Chenkai Mao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Steven N Fiering
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
- Dartmouth Cancer Center, Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Nicole F Steinmetz
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Institute for Materials Design and Discovery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Center for Engineering in Cancer, Institute for Engineering in Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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