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Nguyen VP, Karoukis AJ, Qian W, Chen L, Perera ND, Yang D, Zhang Q, Zhe J, Henry J, Liu B, Zhang W, Fahim AT, Wang X, Paulus YM. Multimodal Imaging-Guided Stem Cell Ocular Treatment. ACS NANO 2024; 18:14893-14906. [PMID: 38801653 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c10632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Stem cell therapies are gaining traction as promising treatments for a variety of degenerative conditions. Both clinical and preclinical studies of regenerative medicine are hampered by the lack of technologies that can evaluate the migration and behavior of stem cells post-transplantation. This study proposes an innovative method to longitudinally image in vivo human-induced pluripotent stem cells differentiated to retinal pigment epithelium (hiPSC-RPE) cells by multimodal photoacoustic microscopy, optical coherence tomography, and fluorescence imaging powered by ultraminiature chain-like gold nanoparticle cluster (GNC) nanosensors. The GNC exhibits an optical absorption peak in the near-infrared regime, and the 7-8 nm size in diameter after disassembly enables renal excretion and improved safety as well as biocompatibility. In a clinically relevant rabbit model, GNC-labeled hiPSC-RPE cells migrated to RPE degeneration areas and regenerated damaged tissues. The hiPSC-RPE cells' distribution and migration were noninvasively, longitudinally monitored for 6 months with exceptional sensitivity and spatial resolution. This advanced platform for cellular imaging has the potential to enhance regenerative cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Phuc Nguyen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, United States
| | - Athanasios J Karoukis
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, United States
| | - Wei Qian
- IMRA America Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, United States
| | - Lisheng Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, United States
| | - Nirosha D Perera
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, United States
| | - Dongshan Yang
- Center for Advanced Models for Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Qitao Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, United States
| | - Josh Zhe
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, United States
| | - Jessica Henry
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, United States
| | - Bing Liu
- IMRA America Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, United States
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, United States
| | - Abigail T Fahim
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, United States
| | - Xueding Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, United States
| | - Yannis M Paulus
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, United States
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Hsueh HT, Chou RT, Rai U, Kolodziejski P, Liyanage W, Pejavar J, Mozzer A, Davison C, Appell MB, Kim YC, Leo KT, Kwon H, Sista M, Anders NM, Hemingway A, Rompicharla SVK, Pitha I, Zack DJ, Hanes J, Cummings MP, Ensign LM. Engineered peptide-drug conjugate provides sustained protection of retinal ganglion cells with topical administration in rats. J Control Release 2023; 362:371-380. [PMID: 37657693 PMCID: PMC10591956 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Effective eye drop delivery systems for treating diseases of the posterior segment have yet to be clinically validated. Further, adherence to eye drop regimens is often problematic due to the difficulty and inconvenience of repetitive dosing. Here, we describe a strategy for topically dosing a peptide-drug conjugate to achieve effective and sustained therapeutic sunitinib concentrations to protect retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in a rat model of optic nerve injury. We combined two promising delivery technologies, namely, a hypotonic gel-forming eye drop delivery system, and an engineered melanin binding and cell-penetrating peptide that sustains intraocular drug residence time. We found that once daily topical dosing of HR97-SunitiGel provided up to 2 weeks of neuroprotection after the last dose, effectively doubling the therapeutic window observed with SunitiGel. For chronic ocular diseases affecting the posterior segment, the convenience of an eye drop combined with intermittent dosing frequency could result in greater patient adherence, and thus, improved disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry T Hsueh
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Renee Ti Chou
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Usha Rai
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Patricia Kolodziejski
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Wathsala Liyanage
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jahnavi Pejavar
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ann Mozzer
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Charlotte Davison
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Matthew B Appell
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yoo Chun Kim
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kirby T Leo
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - HyeYoung Kwon
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Maanasa Sista
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Nicole M Anders
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Avelina Hemingway
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sri Vishnu Kiran Rompicharla
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ian Pitha
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Donald J Zack
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Departments of Neuroscience, Molecular Biology and Genetics, and Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Justin Hanes
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael P Cummings
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Laura M Ensign
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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3
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Hsueh HT, Chou RT, Rai U, Liyanage W, Kim YC, Appell MB, Pejavar J, Leo KT, Davison C, Kolodziejski P, Mozzer A, Kwon H, Sista M, Anders NM, Hemingway A, Rompicharla SVK, Edwards M, Pitha I, Hanes J, Cummings MP, Ensign LM. Machine learning-driven multifunctional peptide engineering for sustained ocular drug delivery. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2509. [PMID: 37130851 PMCID: PMC10154330 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38056-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sustained drug delivery strategies have many potential benefits for treating a range of diseases, particularly chronic diseases that require treatment for years. For many chronic ocular diseases, patient adherence to eye drop dosing regimens and the need for frequent intraocular injections are significant barriers to effective disease management. Here, we utilize peptide engineering to impart melanin binding properties to peptide-drug conjugates to act as a sustained-release depot in the eye. We develop a super learning-based methodology to engineer multifunctional peptides that efficiently enter cells, bind to melanin, and have low cytotoxicity. When the lead multifunctional peptide (HR97) is conjugated to brimonidine, an intraocular pressure lowering drug that is prescribed for three times per day topical dosing, intraocular pressure reduction is observed for up to 18 days after a single intracameral injection in rabbits. Further, the cumulative intraocular pressure lowering effect increases ~17-fold compared to free brimonidine injection. Engineered multifunctional peptide-drug conjugates are a promising approach for providing sustained therapeutic delivery in the eye and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry T Hsueh
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Renee Ti Chou
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Usha Rai
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Wathsala Liyanage
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yoo Chun Kim
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Matthew B Appell
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jahnavi Pejavar
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kirby T Leo
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Charlotte Davison
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Patricia Kolodziejski
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ann Mozzer
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - HyeYoung Kwon
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Maanasa Sista
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Nicole M Anders
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Avelina Hemingway
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sri Vishnu Kiran Rompicharla
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Malia Edwards
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ian Pitha
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Justin Hanes
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael P Cummings
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, USA.
| | - Laura M Ensign
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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4
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Tega Y, Takeuchi T, Nagano M, Makino R, Kubo Y, Akanuma SI, Hosoya KI. Characterization of LysoTracker Red uptake by in vitro model cells of the outer blood-retinal barrier: Implication of lysosomal trapping with cytoplasmic vacuolation and cytotoxicity. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2023; 51:100510. [PMID: 37451173 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2023.100510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomal trapping, a physicochemical process in which lipophilic cationic compounds are sequestered in lysosomes, can affect drug disposition and cytotoxicity. To better understand lysosomal trapping at the outer blood-retinal barrier (BRB), we investigated the distribution of LysoTracker Red (LTR), a probe compound for lysosomal trapping, in conditionally immortalized rat retinal pigment epithelial (RPE-J) cells. LTR uptake by RPE-J cells was dependent on temperature and attenuated by ammonium chloride and protonophore, which decreased the pH gradient between the lysosome and cytoplasm, suggesting lysosomal trapping of LTR in RPE-J cells. The involvement of lysosomal trapping in response to cationic drugs, including neuroprotectants such as desipramine and memantine, was also suggested by an inhibition study of LTR uptake. Chloroquine, which is known to show ocular toxicity, induced cytoplasmic vacuolization in RPE-J cells with a half-maximal effective concentration of 1.35 μM. This value was 59 times lower than the median lethal concentration (= 79.1 μM) of chloroquine, suggesting that vacuolization was not a direct trigger of cell death. These results are helpful for understanding the lysosomal trapping of cationic drugs, which is associated with drug disposition and cytotoxicity in the outer BRB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuma Tega
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Japan
| | - Toshinari Takeuchi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Nagano
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Japan
| | - Reina Makino
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Kubo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Akanuma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Japan.
| | - Ken-Ichi Hosoya
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Japan
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5
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Wang N, Zhang Y, Wang W, Ye Z, Chen H, Hu G, Ouyang D. How can machine learning and multiscale modeling benefit ocular drug development? Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 196:114772. [PMID: 36906232 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
The eyes possess sophisticated physiological structures, diverse disease targets, limited drug delivery space, distinctive barriers, and complicated biomechanical processes, requiring a more in-depth understanding of the interactions between drug delivery systems and biological systems for ocular formulation development. However, the tiny size of the eyes makes sampling difficult and invasive studies costly and ethically constrained. Developing ocular formulations following conventional trial-and-error formulation and manufacturing process screening procedures is inefficient. Along with the popularity of computational pharmaceutics, non-invasive in silico modeling & simulation offer new opportunities for the paradigm shift of ocular formulation development. The current work first systematically reviews the theoretical underpinnings, advanced applications, and unique advantages of data-driven machine learning and multiscale simulation approaches represented by molecular simulation, mathematical modeling, and pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamic (PD) modeling for ocular drug development. Following this, a new computer-driven framework for rational pharmaceutical formulation design is proposed, inspired by the potential of in silico explorations in understanding drug delivery details and facilitating drug formulation design. Lastly, to promote the paradigm shift, integrated in silico methodologies were highlighted, and discussions on data challenges, model practicality, personalized modeling, regulatory science, interdisciplinary collaboration, and talent training were conducted in detail with a view to achieving more efficient objective-oriented pharmaceutical formulation design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences (ICMS), University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Yunsen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences (ICMS), University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences (ICMS), University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Zhuyifan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences (ICMS), University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Hongyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences (ICMS), University of Macau, Macau, China; Faculty of Science and Technology (FST), University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Guanghui Hu
- Faculty of Science and Technology (FST), University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Defang Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences (ICMS), University of Macau, Macau, China; Department of Public Health and Medicinal Administration, Faculty of Health Sciences (FHS), University of Macau, Macau, China.
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6
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Wang L, Zhang H. Ocular barriers as a double-edged sword: preventing and facilitating drug delivery to the retina. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2023; 13:547-567. [PMID: 36129668 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-022-01231-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In recent decades, the growing of the aging population in the world brings increasingly heavy burden of vision-threatening retinal diseases. One of the biggest challenges in the treatment of retinal diseases is the effective drug delivery to the diseased area. Due to the existence of multiple anatomical and physiological barriers of the eye, commonly used oral drugs or topical eye drops cannot effectively reach the retinal lesions. Innovations in new drug formulations and delivery routes have been continuously applied to improve current drug delivery to the back of the eye. Unique ocular anatomical structures or physiological activities on these ocular barriers, in turn, can facilitate drug delivery to the retina if compatible formulations or delivery routes are properly designed or selected. This paper focuses on key barrier structures of the eye and summarizes advances of corresponding drug delivery means to the retina, including various local drug delivery routes by invasive approaches, as well as systemic eye drug delivery by non-invasive approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixiang Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Triapex Laboratories Co., Ltd No. 9 Xinglong Road, Jiangbei New Area, Jiangsu, Nanjing, China.
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Bahrpeyma S, Reinisalo M, Hellinen L, Auriola S, Del Amo EM, Urtti A. Mechanisms of cellular retention of melanin bound drugs: Experiments and computational modeling. J Control Release 2022; 348:760-770. [PMID: 35738465 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Melanin binding of drugs is known to increase drug concentrations and retention in pigmented eye tissues. Even though the correlation between melanin binding in vitro and exposure to pigmented eye in vivo has been shown, there is a discrepancy between rapid drug release from melanin particles in vitro and the long in vivo retention in the pigmented tissues. We investigated mechanisms and kinetics of pigment-related drug retention experimentally using isolated melanin particles from porcine retinal pigment epithelium and choroid, isolated porcine eye melanosomes, and re-pigmented ARPE-19 cells in a dynamic flow system. The experimental studies were supplemented with kinetic simulations. Affinity and capacity of levofloxacin, terazosin, papaverine, and timolol binding to melanin revealed Kd values of ≈ 50-150 μM and Bmax ≈ 40-112 nmol.mg-1. The drugs were released from melanin in <1 h (timolol) or in 6-12 h (other drugs). The drugs were released slower from the melanosomes than from melanin; the experimental differences ranged from 1.2-fold (papaverine) to 7.4-fold (timolol). Kinetic simulations supported the role of the melanosomal membrane in slowing down the release of melanin binders. In release studies from the pigmented ARPE-19 cells, drugs were released from the cellular melanin to the extracellular space in ≈ 1 day (timolol) and ≈ 11 days (levofloxacin), i.e., much slower than the release from melanin or melanosomes. Simulations of drug release from pigmented cells in the flow system matched the experimental data and enabled further sensitivity analyses. The simulations demonstrated a significant prolongation of drug retention in the cells as a function of decreasing drug permeability in the melanosomal membranes and increasing melanin content in the cells. Overall, we report the impact of cellular factors in prolonging drug retention and release from melanin-containing cells. These data and simulations will facilitate the design of melanin binding drugs with prolonged ocular actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Bahrpeyma
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00014, University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Mika Reinisalo
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Laura Hellinen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Seppo Auriola
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Eva M Del Amo
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Arto Urtti
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00014, University of Helsinki, Finland; Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Petergoff, Russian Federation.
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8
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Silva PUJ, Oliveira MB, Vieira W, Cardoso SV, Blumenberg C, Franco A, Siqueira WL, Paranhos LR. Oral pigmentation as an adverse effect of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine use: A scoping review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e29044. [PMID: 35356915 PMCID: PMC10684193 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000029044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine are 2 medications used to treat some systemic diseases. OBJECTIVE The aim of this scoping review was to assess the occurrence of oral pigmentation induced by chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine and to understand the pathogenic mechanism behind this phenomenon. METHODS The review was performed according to the list of PRISMA SrC recommendations and the JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis for Scoping Reviews. MEDLINE (PubMed), Scopus, EMBASE, SciELO, Web of Science, Lilacs, and LIVIVO were primary sources, and "gray literature" was searched in OpenThesis and Open Access Thesis and Dissertations (OATD). Studies that screened the occurrence of oral pigmentation associated to the use of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine were considered eligible. No restrictions of year and language of publication were applied. Study selection and data extraction were performed by 2 independent reviewers. The risk of bias was assessed through the JBI tool, depending on the design of the selected studies. RESULTS The initial search resulted in 2238 studies, of which 19 were eligible. Sixteen studies were case reports, 2 had case-control design and 1 was cross-sectional. Throughout the studies, 44 cases of oral pigmentation were reported. The hard palate was the anatomic region most affected with pigmentation (66%). According to the case reports, most of the lesions (44%) were bluish-gray. The minimum time from the beginning of treatment (chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine) to the occurrence of pigmentation was 6 months. The mean treatment time with the medications was 4.9 years, and the mean drug dosage was 244 mg. Most of the studies (63.1%) had low risk of bias (high methodological quality). CONCLUSIONS The outcomes of this study suggest that hyperpigmentation depend on drug dosage and treatment length. Hyperpigmentation was detected after a long period of treatment with chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Walter Luiz Siqueira
- Correspondence: Walter Luiz Siqueira, University of Saskatchewan, College of Dentistry, Saskatoon, Canada (e-mail: ).
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Löscher M, Seiz C, Hurst J, Schnichels S. Topical Drug Delivery to the Posterior Segment of the Eye. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14010134. [PMID: 35057030 PMCID: PMC8779621 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Topical drug delivery to the posterior segment of the eye is a very complex challenge. However, topical delivery is highly desired, to achieve an easy-to-use treatment option for retinal diseases. In this review, we focus on the drug characteristics that are relevant to succeed in this challenge. An overview on the ocular barriers that need to be overcome and some relevant animal models to study ocular pharmacokinetics are given. Furthermore, a summary of substances that were able to reach the posterior segment after eye drop application is provided, as well as an outline of investigated delivery systems to improve ocular drug delivery. Some promising results of substances delivered to the retina suggest that topical treatment of retinal diseases might be possible in the future, which warrants further research.
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10
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Ocular Fluid Mechanics and Drug Delivery: A Review of Mathematical and Computational Models. Pharm Res 2021; 38:2003-2033. [PMID: 34936067 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03141-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The human eye is a complex biomechanical structure with a range of biomechanical processes involved in various physiological as well as pathological conditions. Fluid flow inside different domains of the eye is one of the most significant biomechanical processes that tend to perform a wide variety of functions and when combined with other biophysical processes play a crucial role in ocular drug delivery. However, it is quite difficult to comprehend the effect of these processes on drug transport and associated treatment experimentally because of ethical constraints and economic feasibility. Computational modeling on the other hand is an excellent means to understand the associated complexity between these aforementioned processes and drug delivery. A wide range of computational models specific to different types of fluids present in different domains of the eye as well as varying drug delivery modes has been established to understand the fluid flow behavior and drug transport phenomenon in an insilico manner. These computational models have been used as a non-invasive tool to aid ophthalmologists in identifying the challenges associated with a particular drug delivery mode while treating particular eye diseases and to advance the understanding of the biomechanical behavior of the eye. In this regard, the author attempts to summarize the existing computational and mathematical approaches proposed in the last two decades for understanding the fluid mechanics and drug transport associated with different domains of the eye, together with their application to modify the existing treatment processes.
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11
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Sander BP. Prevention of Choroidal Thinning by 0.01% Atropine Administered 24 h Before Exposure to Hyperopic Blur in Young Myopes. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2021; 37:510-517. [PMID: 34491840 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2021.0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To evaluate the persistence of atropine's effect upon choroidal thickness and ocular biometrics and its interaction with hyperopic blur in a population of young adult myopes. Methods: Twenty young (aged 18-35 years) myopic participants with spherical equivalent refractive error of -0.75 to -6.00 D (mean ± SD -2.85 ± 1.64 D) had subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) measurements derived from scans collected from the right eye only with a SD-OCT instrument (Copernicus SOCT-HR) before, as well as 60 min following the introduction of 3 testing conditions: (1) placebo/hyperopic (-3 D) blur, (2) placebo/hyperopic blur one day after administration of 0.01% atropine, and (3) placebo/no blur. Each combination of blur and pharmacological agent was tested on a separate day at approximately the same time of day between 9 am and 2 pm. Results: Repeated measures ANOVA revealed that hyperopic blur and placebo were associated with a decrease in choroidal thickness (mean change: -10.7 ± 2.7 μm, P < 0.001 after 60 min), whereas administration of 0.01% atropine one day before the introduction of hyperopic blur prevented the thinning of the choroid (mean change of +1.1 ± 3.7 μm after 60 min) compared to baseline (both, P > 0.05). There was also no significant difference between the baseline choroidal thickness measurements for any of the conditions tested. Conclusion: Low dose atropine can inhibit signals associated with hyperopic defocus that cause thinning of the choroid for at least 24 h after initial instillation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata P Sander
- Contact Lens and Visual Optics Laboratory, School of Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.,Lees and Henschell Optometrists, Kenmore, Australia
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12
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Dhillon B, Singh S, Keifer J, Kumar U, Shaikh S, Ho S, Seal S. Ameliorating hydroxychloroquine induced retinal toxicity through cerium oxide nanoparticle treatments. J Biomater Appl 2021; 36:1033-1041. [PMID: 34210196 DOI: 10.1177/08853282211030150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the potential protective effects of cerium oxide nanoparticles (CNP) on human retinal pigment epithelium (ARPE-19) cells damaged by hydroxychloroquine (HCQ). Toxicity of HCQ on the ARPE-19 cells was explored with a dose response trial. CNP rescue both a pre-treatment protocol, where CNP were applied 24 hours prior to HCQ application and a simultaneous treatment protocol where both CNP and HCQ were applied together, were used. In the dose response trial, 250 µM HCQ showed 51.84% cell viability after 24 hours and 32.75% after 48 hours time period. This was selected as model HCQ dose for rescue trials. The simultaneous treatment trials did not show a significant increase in viability compared to model toxic dose. The CNP pre-treatment trials showed a significant increase in cellular viability compared to model toxic dose with 68.03% ± 3.27 viability (p = 4.56E-05) at 24 hours and 51.85% ± 4.96 (p = 1.18E-05) at 48 hours time period. CNP pre-treatment showed significant protection of cells from HCQ induced toxicity. The difference in efficacy of simultaneous and pre-treatment is hypothesized to lie in the cellular localization of CNP. Furthermore, including the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging properties of CNP seems to be responsible for protection, the effect of CNP on autophagosome and lysosome colocalization are also hypothesized to play a significant role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baltej Dhillon
- College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, USA
| | - Sushant Singh
- Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Center, Nanoscience Technology Center, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 6243University of Central Florida, University of Central Florida, Orlando, USA.,Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Chhattisgarh, Raipur, India
| | - Jason Keifer
- College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, USA
| | - Udit Kumar
- Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Center, Nanoscience Technology Center, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 6243University of Central Florida, University of Central Florida, Orlando, USA
| | - Saad Shaikh
- College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, USA
| | - Son Ho
- College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, USA
| | - Sudipta Seal
- College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, USA.,Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Center, Nanoscience Technology Center, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 6243University of Central Florida, University of Central Florida, Orlando, USA
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13
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Kim YC, Hsueh HT, Shin MD, Berlinicke CA, Han H, Anders NM, Hemingway A, Leo KT, Chou RT, Kwon H, Appell MB, Rai U, Kolodziejski P, Eberhart C, Pitha I, Zack DJ, Hanes J, Ensign LM. A hypotonic gel-forming eye drop provides enhanced intraocular delivery of a kinase inhibitor with melanin-binding properties for sustained protection of retinal ganglion cells. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2021; 12:826-837. [PMID: 33900546 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-021-00987-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
While eye drops are the most common ocular dosage form, eye drops for treating diseases of the posterior segment (retina, choroid, optic nerve) have yet to be developed. In glaucoma, eye drops are used extensively for delivering intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering medications to the anterior segment. However, degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the retina may progress despite significant IOP lowering, suggesting that a complementary neuroprotective therapy would improve glaucoma management. Here, we describe a hypotonic, thermosensitive gel-forming eye drop for effective delivery of sunitinib, a protein kinase inhibitor with activity against the neuroprotective targets dual leucine zipper kinase (DLK) and leucine zipper kinase (LZK), to enhance survival of RGCs after optic nerve injury. Further, binding of sunitinib to melanin in the pigmented cells in the choroid and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) led to prolonged intraocular residence time, including therapeutically relevant concentrations in the non-pigmented retinal tissue where the RGCs reside. The combination of enhanced intraocular absorption provided by the gel-forming eye drop vehicle and the intrinsic melanin binding properties of sunitinib led to significant protection of RGCs with only once weekly eye drop dosing. For a chronic disease such as glaucoma, an effective once weekly eye drop for neuroprotection could result in greater patient adherence, and thus, greater disease management and improved patient quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo Chun Kim
- Center for Nanomedicine At the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Wilmer Eye Institute, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Henry T Hsueh
- Center for Nanomedicine At the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA.,Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Matthew D Shin
- Center for Nanomedicine At the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Wilmer Eye Institute, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Cynthia A Berlinicke
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Wilmer Eye Institute, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Hyounkoo Han
- Center for Nanomedicine At the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Wilmer Eye Institute, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Nicole M Anders
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center At Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Avelina Hemingway
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center At Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Kirby T Leo
- Center for Nanomedicine At the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Renee Ti Chou
- Department of Computational Biology, Bioinformatics, and Genomics, Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - HyeYoung Kwon
- Center for Nanomedicine At the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA.,Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Matthew B Appell
- Center for Nanomedicine At the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Usha Rai
- Center for Nanomedicine At the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Wilmer Eye Institute, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Patricia Kolodziejski
- Center for Nanomedicine At the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA.,Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Charles Eberhart
- Center for Nanomedicine At the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Wilmer Eye Institute, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Ian Pitha
- Center for Nanomedicine At the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Wilmer Eye Institute, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Donald J Zack
- Center for Nanomedicine At the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Wilmer Eye Institute, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.,Departments of Neuroscience, Molecular Biology and Genetics, and Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Justin Hanes
- Center for Nanomedicine At the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Wilmer Eye Institute, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.,Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.,The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center At Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Laura M Ensign
- Center for Nanomedicine At the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA. .,Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Wilmer Eye Institute, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA. .,Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA. .,The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center At Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA. .,Departments Gynecology and Obstetrics and Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
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14
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Williamson B, Pilla Reddy V. Blood retinal barrier and ocular pharmacokinetics: Considerations for the development of oncology drugs. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2021; 42:128-136. [PMID: 33759216 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are an example of targeted drug therapy to treat cancer while minimizing damage to healthy tissue. In contrast to traditional oncology drugs, the toxicity profile of targeted therapies is less well understood and can include severe ocular adverse events, which are among the most common toxicity reported by these therapeutics. Inhibition of Mer receptor tyrosine kinase (MERTK) promotes innate tumor immunity by decreasing M2-macrophage polarization and efferocytosis. This mechanism offers the opportunity for targeted immunotherapy to treat cancer; however, the ocular expression of MERTK increases the difficulty for developing a targeted drug due to toxicity concerns. In this article we review the pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters and in vitro absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) assays available to evaluate ocular disposition and assess the relationship between clinical PK and reported ocular events for TKIs to allow backtranslation to preclinical models. Understanding the ocular disposition in the context of PK and safety remains an evolving area and is likely to be a key aspect of developing safe and efficacious oncology drugs, devoid of ocular toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth Williamson
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Early Oncology, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Venkatesh Pilla Reddy
- Modelling and Simulation, Early Oncology, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK.,Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative Pharmacology, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
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15
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Julien‐Schraermeyer S, Illing B, Tschulakow A, Taubitz T, Guezguez J, Burnet M, Schraermeyer U. Penetration, distribution, and elimination of remofuscin/soraprazan in Stargardt mouse eyes following a single intravitreal injection using pharmacokinetics and transmission electron microscopic autoradiography: Implication for the local treatment of Stargardt's disease and dry age-related macular degeneration. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2020; 8:e00683. [PMID: 33164337 PMCID: PMC7649431 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in older people in the developed world while Stargardt's disease (SD) is a juvenile macular degeneration and an orphan disease. Both diseases are untreatable and are marked by accumulation of lipofuscin advancing to progressive deterioration of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and retina and subsequent vision loss till blindness. We discovered that a small molecule belonging to the tetrahydropyridoether class of compounds, soraprazan renamed remofuscin, is able to remove existing lipofuscin from the RPE. This study investigated the drug penetration, distribution, and elimination into the eyes of a mouse model for increased lipofuscinogenesis, following a single intravitreal injection. We measured the time course of concentrations of remofuscin in different eye tissues using high-performance liquid chromatography combined with mass spectroscopy (HPLC-MS). We also visualized the penetration and distribution of 3 H-remofuscin in eye sections up to 20 weeks post-injection using transmission electron microscopic (TEM) autoradiography. The distribution of silver grains revealed that remofuscin accumulated specifically in the RPE by binding to the RPE pigments (melanin, lipofuscin and melanolipofuscin) and that it was still detected after 20 weeks. Importantly, the melanosomes in choroidal melanocytes only rarely bind remofuscin emphasizing its potential to serve as an active ingredient in the RPE for the treatment of SD and dry AMD. In addition, our study highlights the importance of electron microscopic autoradiography as it is the only method able to show drug binding with a high intracellular resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Julien‐Schraermeyer
- Division of Experimental Vitreoretinal SurgeryCentre for OphthalmologyUniversity of TuebingenTübingenGermany
- STZ Ocutox ‐ Preclinical Drug AssessmentHechingenGermany
| | - Barbara Illing
- Division of Experimental Vitreoretinal SurgeryCentre for OphthalmologyUniversity of TuebingenTübingenGermany
| | - Alexander Tschulakow
- Division of Experimental Vitreoretinal SurgeryCentre for OphthalmologyUniversity of TuebingenTübingenGermany
- STZ Ocutox ‐ Preclinical Drug AssessmentHechingenGermany
| | - Tatjana Taubitz
- Division of Experimental Vitreoretinal SurgeryCentre for OphthalmologyUniversity of TuebingenTübingenGermany
| | | | | | - Ulrich Schraermeyer
- Division of Experimental Vitreoretinal SurgeryCentre for OphthalmologyUniversity of TuebingenTübingenGermany
- STZ Ocutox ‐ Preclinical Drug AssessmentHechingenGermany
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16
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Kari OK, Tavakoli S, Parkkila P, Baan S, Savolainen R, Ruoslahti T, Johansson NG, Ndika J, Alenius H, Viitala T, Urtti A, Lajunen T. Light-Activated Liposomes Coated with Hyaluronic Acid as a Potential Drug Delivery System. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E763. [PMID: 32806740 PMCID: PMC7465487 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12080763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Light-activated liposomes permit site and time-specific drug delivery to ocular and systemic targets. We combined a light activation technology based on indocyanine green with a hyaluronic acid (HA) coating by synthesizing HA-lipid conjugates. HA is an endogenous vitreal polysaccharide and a potential targeting moiety to cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44)-expressing cells. Light-activated drug release from 100 nm HA-coated liposomes was functional in buffer, plasma, and vitreous samples. The HA-coating improved stability in plasma compared to polyethylene glycol (PEG)-coated liposomes. Liposomal protein coronas on HA- and PEG-coated liposomes after dynamic exposure to undiluted human plasma and porcine vitreous samples were hydrophilic and negatively charged, thicker in plasma (~5 nm hard, ~10 nm soft coronas) than in vitreous (~2 nm hard, ~3 nm soft coronas) samples. Their compositions were dependent on liposome formulation and surface charge in plasma but not in vitreous samples. Compared to the PEG coating, the HA-coated liposomes bound more proteins in vitreous samples and enriched proteins related to collagen interactions, possibly explaining their slightly reduced vitreal mobility. The properties of the most abundant proteins did not correlate with liposome size or charge, but included proteins with surfactant and immune system functions in plasma and vitreous samples. The HA-coated light-activated liposomes are a functional and promising alternative for intravenous and ocular drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otto K. Kari
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland; (O.K.K.); (S.T.); (P.P.); (S.B.); (R.S.); (T.R.); (T.V.); (A.U.)
| | - Shirin Tavakoli
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland; (O.K.K.); (S.T.); (P.P.); (S.B.); (R.S.); (T.R.); (T.V.); (A.U.)
| | - Petteri Parkkila
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland; (O.K.K.); (S.T.); (P.P.); (S.B.); (R.S.); (T.R.); (T.V.); (A.U.)
| | - Simone Baan
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland; (O.K.K.); (S.T.); (P.P.); (S.B.); (R.S.); (T.R.); (T.V.); (A.U.)
- Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Roosa Savolainen
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland; (O.K.K.); (S.T.); (P.P.); (S.B.); (R.S.); (T.R.); (T.V.); (A.U.)
| | - Teemu Ruoslahti
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland; (O.K.K.); (S.T.); (P.P.); (S.B.); (R.S.); (T.R.); (T.V.); (A.U.)
| | - Niklas G. Johansson
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Joseph Ndika
- Human Microbiome Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland; (J.N.); (H.A.)
| | - Harri Alenius
- Human Microbiome Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland; (J.N.); (H.A.)
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tapani Viitala
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland; (O.K.K.); (S.T.); (P.P.); (S.B.); (R.S.); (T.R.); (T.V.); (A.U.)
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Arto Urtti
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland; (O.K.K.); (S.T.); (P.P.); (S.B.); (R.S.); (T.R.); (T.V.); (A.U.)
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Petergof, Universitetskii pr. 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Tatu Lajunen
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland; (O.K.K.); (S.T.); (P.P.); (S.B.); (R.S.); (T.R.); (T.V.); (A.U.)
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Tokyo University of Pharmacy & Life Sciences, 1432-1 Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
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17
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Microscale Thermophoresis as a Screening Tool to Predict Melanin Binding of Drugs. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12060554. [PMID: 32560065 PMCID: PMC7355663 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12060554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between drugs and melanin pigment may have major impacts on pharmacokinetics. Therefore, melanin binding can modify the efficacy and toxicity of medications in ophthalmic and other disease of pigmented tissues, such as melanoma. As melanin is present in many pigmented tissues in the human body, investigation of pigment binding is relevant in drug discovery and development. Conventionally, melanin binding assays have been performed using an equilibrium binding study followed by chemical analytics, such as LC/MS. This approach is laborious, relatively slow, and limited to facilities with high performance quantitation instrumentation. We present here a screening of melanin binding with label-free microscale thermophoresis (MST) that utilizes the natural autofluorescence of melanin. We determined equilibrium dissociation constants (Kd) of 11 model compounds with melanin nanoparticles. MST categorized the compounds into extreme (chloroquine, penicillin G), high (papaverine, levofloxacin, terazosin), intermediate (timolol, nadolol, quinidine, propranolol), and low melanin binders (atropine, methotrexate, diclofenac) and displayed good correlation with binding parameter values obtained with the conventional binding study and LC/MS analytics. Further, correlation was seen between predicted melanin binding in human retinal pigment epithelium and choroid (RPE-choroid) and Kd values obtained with MST. This method represents a useful and fast approach for classification of compounds regarding melanin binding. Thus, the method can be utilized in various fields, including drug discovery, pharmacokinetics, and toxicology.
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18
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Drug Flux Across RPE Cell Models: The Hunt for An Appropriate Outer Blood-Retinal Barrier Model for Use in Early Drug Discovery. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12020176. [PMID: 32093035 PMCID: PMC7076505 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12020176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell monolayer forms the outer blood–retinal barrier and has a crucial role in ocular pharmacokinetics. Although several RPE cell models are available, there have been no systematic comparisons of their barrier properties with respect to drug permeability. We compared the barrier properties of several RPE secondary cell lines (ARPE19, ARPE19mel, and LEPI) and both primary (hfRPE) and stem-cell derived RPE (hESC-RPE) cells by investigating the permeability of nine drugs (aztreonam, ciprofloxacin, dexamethasone, fluconazole, ganciclovir, ketorolac, methotrexate, voriconazole, and quinidine) across cell monolayers. ARPE19, ARPE19mel, and hfRPE cells displayed a narrow Papp value range, with relatively high permeation rates (5.2–26 × 10−6 cm/s. In contrast, hESC-RPE and LEPI cells efficiently restricted the drug flux, and displayed even lower Papp values than those reported for bovine RPE-choroid, with the range of 0.4–32 cm−6/s (hESC-RPE cells) and 0.4–29 × 10−6 cm/s, (LEPI cells). Therefore, ARPE19, ARPE19mel, and hfRPE cells failed to form a tight barrier, whereas hESC-RPE and LEPI cells restricted the drug flux to a similar extent as bovine RPE-choroid. Therefore, LEPI and hESC-RPE cells are valuable tools in ocular drug discovery.
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19
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Jakubiak P, Cantrill C, Urtti A, Alvarez-Sánchez R. Establishment of an In Vitro-In Vivo Correlation for Melanin Binding and the Extension of the Ocular Half-Life of Small-Molecule Drugs. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:4890-4901. [PMID: 31670965 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A large variety of drugs bind effectively to melanin, and this binding influences their ocular pharmacokinetic and distribution profiles. We aimed to establish a correlation between in vitro melanin binding and in vivo ocular pharmacokinetics (PK). The extent of melanin binding in vitro was determined for a set of model drugs; binding kinetics and binding isotherms were generated and fitted to a mechanistic model to derive the drug-melanin binding parameters (Bmax, KD, kon, and koff). In addition, in vitro ADME properties such as cellular permeability, P-glycoprotein-mediated efflux, plasma protein binding, and octanol partition coefficients were determined. Moreover, cellular uptake was measured in the nonpigmented ARPE-19 cells and in lightly pigmented human epidermal melanocytes. Finally, in vivo ocular PK studies were performed in albino and pigmented rats using intravenous injections. Substantial drug enrichment accompanied by a very long residence time was observed in pigmented ocular tissues, which could be linked to the melanin binding determined in vitro and to the intracellular drug uptake into the pigmented cells. The resulting ocular PK profile is shown to be a consequence of the interplay of melanin binding with concurrent processes such as systemic clearance, plasma protein binding, cellular permeation, P-glycoprotein efflux, pH partitioning, and tissue binding. Understanding this interplay at a mechanistic level could help in the rational design and development of new small-molecule drug candidates with the desired PK/pharmacodynamic profile to target the back of the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Jakubiak
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland.,School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Carina Cantrill
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Arto Urtti
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.,Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rubén Alvarez-Sánchez
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
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20
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Hellinen L, Hagström M, Knuutila H, Ruponen M, Urtti A, Reinisalo M. Characterization of artificially re-pigmented ARPE-19 retinal pigment epithelial cell model. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13761. [PMID: 31551473 PMCID: PMC6760193 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50324-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanin pigment has a significant role in ocular pharmacokinetics, because many drugs bind at high extent to melanin in the retinal pigment epithelial cells. Most retinal pigment epithelial cell lines lack pigmentation and, therefore, we re-pigmented human ARPE-19 cells to generate a pigmented cell model. Melanosomes from porcine retinal pigment epithelium were isolated and co-incubated with ARPE-19 cells that spontaneously phagocytosed the melanosomes. Internalized melanosomes were functionally integrated to the cellular system as evidenced by correct translocation of cellular Rab27a protein to the melanosomal membranes. The pigmentation was retained during cell cultivation and the level of pigmentation can be controlled by altering the amount of administered melanosomes. We used these cells to study melanosomal uptake of six drugs. The uptake was negligible with low melanin-binders (methotrexate, diclofenac) whereas most of the high melanin-binders (propranolol, chloroquine) were extensively taken up by the melanosomes. This cell line can be used to model pigmentation of the retinal pigment epithelium, while maintaining the beneficial cell line characteristics, such as fast generation of cultures, low cost, long-term maintenance and good reproducibility. The model enables studies at normal and decreased levels of pigmentation to model different retinal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hellinen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marja Hagström
- Drug Research Programme, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heidi Knuutila
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marika Ruponen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Arto Urtti
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210, Kuopio, Finland.,Drug Research Programme, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.,Laboratory of Biohybrid Technologies, Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Peterhoff, 198504 St, Petersburg, Russian Federation, Russia
| | - Mika Reinisalo
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210, Kuopio, Finland. .,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210, Kuopio, Finland.
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21
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Castro-Balado A, Mondelo-García C, González-Barcia M, Zarra-Ferro I, Otero-Espinar FJ, Ruibal-Morell Á, Aguiar-Fernández P, Fernández-Ferreiro A. Ocular Biodistribution Studies using Molecular Imaging. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11050237. [PMID: 31100961 PMCID: PMC6572242 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11050237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Classical methodologies used in ocular pharmacokinetics studies have difficulties to obtain information about topical and intraocular distribution and clearance of drugs and formulations. This is associated with multiple factors related to ophthalmic physiology, as well as the complexity and invasiveness intrinsic to the sampling. Molecular imaging is a new diagnostic discipline for in vivo imaging, which is emerging and spreading rapidly. Recent developments in molecular imaging techniques, such as positron emission tomography (PET), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), allow obtaining reliable pharmacokinetic data, which can be translated into improving the permanence of the ophthalmic drugs in its action site, leading to dosage optimisation. They can be used to study either topical or intraocular administration. With these techniques it is possible to obtain real-time visualisation, localisation, characterisation and quantification of the compounds after their administration, all in a reliable, safe and non-invasive way. None of these novel techniques presents simultaneously high sensitivity and specificity, but it is possible to study biological procedures with the information provided when the techniques are combined. With the results obtained, it is possible to assume that molecular imaging techniques are postulated as a resource with great potential for the research and development of new drugs and ophthalmic delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Castro-Balado
- Pharmacy Department, University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- Pharmacology Group, Health Research Institute Santiago Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Cristina Mondelo-García
- Pharmacy Department, University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- Pharmacology Group, Health Research Institute Santiago Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Miguel González-Barcia
- Pharmacy Department, University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- Pharmacology Group, Health Research Institute Santiago Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Irene Zarra-Ferro
- Pharmacy Department, University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- Pharmacology Group, Health Research Institute Santiago Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Francisco J Otero-Espinar
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Industrial Pharmacy Institute, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Álvaro Ruibal-Morell
- Nuclear Medicine Department, University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- Molecular Imaging Group. Health Research Institute Santiago Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Pablo Aguiar-Fernández
- Nuclear Medicine Department, University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- Molecular Imaging Group. Health Research Institute Santiago Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Anxo Fernández-Ferreiro
- Pharmacy Department, University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- Pharmacology Group, Health Research Institute Santiago Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Industrial Pharmacy Institute, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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22
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Jakubiak P, Lack F, Thun J, Urtti A, Alvarez-Sánchez R. Influence of Melanin Characteristics on Drug Binding Properties. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:2549-2556. [PMID: 30998378 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Melanins are biopolymers encompassing a high degree of chemical heterogeneity. Binding of small-molecule drugs to ocular melanin significantly affects the ocular pharmacokinetics, and could serve as a strategy for prolonged drug retention in the eye. The influence of the structural and physical characteristics of melanins originating from different sources on their drug binding properties has not yet been methodically investigated. We performed physical characterization of Sepia officinalis, synthetic and porcine melanin. The particle size distribution was analyzed by laser diffractometry. A dynamic vapor sorption method, requiring small amounts of the material, was developed to analyze the differences in the specific surface area of the melanins. The extent of melanin binding at equilibrium was determined for a set of 34 small-molecule drugs and compared across different melanin types. Despite systematic shifts in the extent of binding within a twofold range, binding data were highly correlated across the melanins. These moderate differences in binding could not be directly explained by the substantial differences in particle size and were more in line with the relatively similar specific surface area of these different melanin materials. Overall, these results suggest that the specific surface area reflects the actual accessibility of a small molecule in the melanin structure and could serve as a surrogate to explain the binding differences observed for the respective melanin materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Jakubiak
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development , Roche Innovation Center Basel , 4070 Basel , Switzerland.,School of Pharmacy , University of Eastern Finland , 70211 Kuopio , Finland
| | - Flavio Lack
- Roche Technical Development Small Molecules , Solid State Sciences Department , 4070 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Jürgen Thun
- Roche Technical Development Small Molecules , Solid State Sciences Department , 4070 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Arto Urtti
- School of Pharmacy , University of Eastern Finland , 70211 Kuopio , Finland.,Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Helsinki , 00014 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Rubén Alvarez-Sánchez
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development , Roche Innovation Center Basel , 4070 Basel , Switzerland
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23
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Jakubiak P, Reutlinger M, Mattei P, Schuler F, Urtti A, Alvarez-Sánchez R. Understanding Molecular Drivers of Melanin Binding To Support Rational Design of Small Molecule Ophthalmic Drugs. J Med Chem 2018; 61:10106-10115. [PMID: 30398862 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Binding of drugs to ocular melanin is a prominent biological phenomenon that affects the local pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in the eye. In this work, we report on the development of in vitro and in silico tools for an early assessment and prediction of melanin binding properties of small molecules. A robust high-throughput assay has been established to study the binding of large sets of compounds to melanin. The extremely randomized trees approach was used to develop an in silico model able to predict the extent of melanin binding from the molecular properties of the compounds. After the last iteration of the model, strong melanin binders could prospectively be identified with 91% accuracy. On the basis of in vitro data generated for approximately 3400 chemically diverse drug-like small molecules, pronounced correlations were observed between the extent of melanin binding and the basicity, lipophilicity, and aromaticity of the compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Jakubiak
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel , F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. , Grenzacherstrasse 124 , 4070 Basel , Switzerland.,School of Pharmacy , University of Eastern Finland , 70211 Kuopio , Finland
| | - Michael Reutlinger
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel , F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. , Grenzacherstrasse 124 , 4070 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Patrizio Mattei
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel , F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. , Grenzacherstrasse 124 , 4070 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Franz Schuler
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel , F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. , Grenzacherstrasse 124 , 4070 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Arto Urtti
- School of Pharmacy , University of Eastern Finland , 70211 Kuopio , Finland.,Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Helsinki , 00014 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Rubén Alvarez-Sánchez
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel , F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. , Grenzacherstrasse 124 , 4070 Basel , Switzerland
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24
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Santer V, Chen Y, Kalia YN. Controlled non-invasive iontophoretic delivery of triamcinolone acetonide amino acid ester prodrugs into the posterior segment of the eye. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 132:157-167. [PMID: 30266666 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated short duration transscleral iontophoretic delivery of four triamcinolone acetonide (TA) amino acid ester prodrugs (TA-AA) (alanine, Ala; arginine, Arg; isoleucine, Ile and lysine, Lys) using whole porcine eyes globes in vitro. Post-iontophoretic biodistribution of TA was quantified by UHPLC-MS/MS in the different ocular compartments (cornea, aqueous humor, sclera, ciliary body, choroid and retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE), neural retina and vitreous humor). Transscleral iontophoresis (3 mA/cm2 for 10 min) increased total drug delivery of the TA-AA prodrugs by 14-30-fold as compared to passive diffusion. The TA-AA prodrugs had distinct biodistribution profiles - the penetration depth achieved was dependent on their physicochemical properties (e.g. lipophilicity for TA-Ile) and susceptibility to hydrolysis (e.g. TA-Arg). Intraocular drug distribution was also influenced by prodrug binding to melanin (TA-Lys). Interestingly, under conditions of equivalent charge (6 mA/cm2 for 5 min vs. 1.5 mA/cm2 for 20 min, i.e. 1.44 C respectively) the longer duration (20 min) at lower current density resulted in ∼6 times more TA delivery into the vitreous humor. Overall, the study provided further evidence of the potential of transscleral iontophoresis for the non-invasive treatment of posterior segment inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Santer
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva & University of Lausanne, CMU-1, rue Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Yong Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva & University of Lausanne, CMU-1, rue Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Yogeshvar N Kalia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva & University of Lausanne, CMU-1, rue Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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25
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Neupane R, Gaudana R, Boddu SHS. Imaging Techniques in the Diagnosis and Management of Ocular Tumors: Prospects and Challenges. AAPS JOURNAL 2018; 20:97. [PMID: 30187172 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-018-0259-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Different types of imaging modalities are used in the diagnosis of ocular cancer. Selection of an imaging modality is based on the features of a tumor as well as the inherent characteristics of the imaging technique. It is vital to select an appropriate imaging modality in diagnosis of ocular tumor with confidence. This review focuses on five most commonly used imaging modalities, i.e., positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET/CT), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), optical coherence tomography (OCT), ultrasound (US), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The principal of imaging modalities is briefly explained, along with their role in the diagnosis and management of the most common ocular tumors such as retinoblastoma and uveal melanoma. Further, the diagnostic features of ocular tumors corresponding to each imaging modality and possibilities of utilizing imaging techniques in the process of ocular drug development are included in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabin Neupane
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - Ripal Gaudana
- Principal Scientist, Par Pharmaceuticals, 1 Ram Ridge Rd, Spring Valley, New York, 10977, USA
| | - Sai H S Boddu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, P.O. Box 346, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.
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26
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Lajunen T, Nurmi R, Wilbie D, Ruoslahti T, Johansson NG, Korhonen O, Rog T, Bunker A, Ruponen M, Urtti A. The effect of light sensitizer localization on the stability of indocyanine green liposomes. J Control Release 2018; 284:213-223. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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27
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Melanin targeting for intracellular drug delivery: Quantification of bound and free drug in retinal pigment epithelial cells. J Control Release 2018; 283:261-268. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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28
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Rimpelä AK, Reunanen S, Hagström M, Kidron H, Urtti A. Binding of Small Molecule Drugs to Porcine Vitreous Humor. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:2174-2179. [PMID: 29648838 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacokinetics in the posterior eye segment has therapeutic implications due to the importance of retinal diseases in ophthalmology. In principle, drug binding to the components of the vitreous, such as proteins, collagen, or glycosaminoglycans, could prolong ocular drug retention and modify levels of pharmacologically active free drug in the posterior eye segment. Since drug binding in the vitreous has been investigated only sparsely, we studied vitreal drug binding of 35 clinical small molecule drugs. Isolated homogenized porcine vitreous and the drugs were placed in a two-compartment dialysis system that was used to separate the bound and unbound drug. Free drug concentrations and binding percentages were quantitated using LC-MS/MS. Drug binding levels varied between 21 and 74% in the fresh vitreous and 0 and 64% in the frozen vitreous. The vitreal binding percentages did not correlate with those in plasma. Our data-based pharmacokinetic simulations suggest that vitreal binding of small molecule drugs has only a modest influence on the AUC of free drug or drug half-life in the vitreous. Therefore, it is likely that vitreal binding is not a major reason for interindividual variability in ocular drug responses or drug-drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Kaisa Rimpelä
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 56, FI-00014 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Saku Reunanen
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 56, FI-00014 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Marja Hagström
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 56, FI-00014 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Heidi Kidron
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 56, FI-00014 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Arto Urtti
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 56, FI-00014 Helsinki , Finland.,School of Pharmacy , University of Eastern Finland , P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio , Finland
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29
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Rimpelä AK, Reinisalo M, Hellinen L, Grazhdankin E, Kidron H, Urtti A, del Amo EM. Implications of melanin binding in ocular drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 126:23-43. [PMID: 29247767 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pigmented ocular tissues contain melanin within the intracellular melanosomes. Drugs bind to melanin at varying extent that ranges from no binding to extensive binding. Binding may lead to drug accumulation to the pigmented tissues and prolonged drug retention in the melanin containing cells. Therefore, melanin binding is an important feature that affects ocular drug delivery and biodistribution, but this topic has not been reviewed since 1998. In this review, we present current knowledge on ocular melanin, melanosomes and binding of drugs to pigmented cells and tissues. In vitro, in vivo and in silico methods in the field were critically evaluated, because the literature in this field can be confusing if the reader does not properly understand the methodological aspects. Literature analysis includes a comprehensive table of literature data on melanin binding of drugs. Furthermore, we aimed to give some insights beyond the current literature by making a chemical structure based classification model for melanin binding of drugs and kinetic simulations that revealed significant interplay between melanin binding and drug permeability across the melanosomal and plasma membranes. Overall, more mechanistic and systematic research is needed before the impact of melanin binding on ocular drug delivery can be properly understood and predicted.
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30
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Melanin binding study of clinical drugs with cassette dosing and rapid equilibrium dialysis inserts. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 109:162-168. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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31
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Autophagy Regulates Proteasome Inhibitor-Induced Pigmentation in Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18051089. [PMID: 28534814 PMCID: PMC5454998 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18051089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The impairment of autophagic and proteasomal cleansing together with changes in pigmentation has been documented in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell degeneration. However, the function and co-operation of these mechanisms in melanosome-containing RPE cells is still unclear. We show that inhibition of proteasomal degradation with MG-132 or autophagy with bafilomycin A1 increased the accumulation of premelanosomes and autophagic structures in human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived RPE cells. Consequently, upregulation of the autophagy marker p62 (also known as sequestosome-1, SQSTM1) was confirmed in Western blot and perinuclear staining. Interestingly, cells treated with the adenosine monophosphatedependent protein kinase activator, AICAR (5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide), decreased the proteasome inhibitor-induced accumulation of premelanosomes, increased the amount of autophagosomes and eradicated the protein expression of p62 and LC3 (microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3). These results revealed that autophagic machinery is functional in hESC-RPE cells and may regulate cellular pigmentation with proteasomes.
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32
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Del Amo EM, Rimpelä AK, Heikkinen E, Kari OK, Ramsay E, Lajunen T, Schmitt M, Pelkonen L, Bhattacharya M, Richardson D, Subrizi A, Turunen T, Reinisalo M, Itkonen J, Toropainen E, Casteleijn M, Kidron H, Antopolsky M, Vellonen KS, Ruponen M, Urtti A. Pharmacokinetic aspects of retinal drug delivery. Prog Retin Eye Res 2016; 57:134-185. [PMID: 28028001 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 398] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Drug delivery to the posterior eye segment is an important challenge in ophthalmology, because many diseases affect the retina and choroid leading to impaired vision or blindness. Currently, intravitreal injections are the method of choice to administer drugs to the retina, but this approach is applicable only in selected cases (e.g. anti-VEGF antibodies and soluble receptors). There are two basic approaches that can be adopted to improve retinal drug delivery: prolonged and/or retina targeted delivery of intravitreal drugs and use of other routes of drug administration, such as periocular, suprachoroidal, sub-retinal, systemic, or topical. Properties of the administration route, drug and delivery system determine the efficacy and safety of these approaches. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic factors determine the required dosing rates and doses that are needed for drug action. In addition, tolerability factors limit the use of many materials in ocular drug delivery. This review article provides a critical discussion of retinal drug delivery, particularly from the pharmacokinetic point of view. This article does not include an extensive review of drug delivery technologies, because they have already been reviewed several times recently. Instead, we aim to provide a systematic and quantitative view on the pharmacokinetic factors in drug delivery to the posterior eye segment. This review is based on the literature and unpublished data from the authors' laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Del Amo
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anna-Kaisa Rimpelä
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Emma Heikkinen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Otto K Kari
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eva Ramsay
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tatu Lajunen
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mechthild Schmitt
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Laura Pelkonen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Madhushree Bhattacharya
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dominique Richardson
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Astrid Subrizi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tiina Turunen
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mika Reinisalo
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jaakko Itkonen
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elisa Toropainen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marco Casteleijn
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heidi Kidron
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maxim Antopolsky
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Marika Ruponen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Arto Urtti
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
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Pelkonen L, Reinisalo M, Morin-Picardat E, Kidron H, Urtti A. Isolation of Intact and Functional Melanosomes from the Retinal Pigment Epithelium. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160352. [PMID: 27551967 PMCID: PMC4994940 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanosomes of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) have many vision supporting functions. Melanosome research would benefit from a method to isolate pure and characterized melanosomes. Sucrose gradient centrifugation is the most commonly used method for isolation of RPE melanosomes, but the isolated products are insufficiently characterized and their quality is unclear. Here we introduce a new gentle method for fractionation of porcine RPE that produces intact functional melanosomes with minimal cross-contamination from other cell organelles. The characterization of isolated organelles was conducted with several methods confirming the purity of the isolated melanosomal fraction (transmission electron microscopy, immunoblotting) and presence of the melanosomal membrane (fluorescence staining of melanosomal membrane, zeta potential measurement). We demonstrate that our isolation method produces RPE melanosomes with the ability to generate free phosphate (Pi) from ATP thereby proving that many membrane proteins remain functional after isolation. The isolated porcine RPE melanosomes represented V-type H+ATPase activity that was demonstrated with bafilomycin A1, a specific V-ATPase inhibitor. We anticipate that the isolation method described here can easily be optimized for the isolation of stage IV melanosomes from other pigmented cell types and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pelkonen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mika Reinisalo
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Heidi Kidron
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Arto Urtti
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail:
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34
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Manzanares JA, Rimpelä AK, Urtti A. Interpretation of Ocular Melanin Drug Binding Assays. Alternatives to the Model of Multiple Classes of Independent Sites. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:1251-7. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José A. Manzanares
- Department
of Thermodynamics, Faculty of Physics, University of Valencia, E-46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Anna-Kaisa Rimpelä
- Centre
for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Arto Urtti
- Centre
for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- School
of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
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