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Akhtar S, Babiker F, Akhtar UA, Benter IF. Mitigating Cardiotoxicity of Dendrimers: Angiotensin-(1-7) via Its Mas Receptor Ameliorates PAMAM-Induced Cardiac Dysfunction in the Isolated Mammalian Heart. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122673. [PMID: 36559167 PMCID: PMC9781033 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The influence of the physiochemical properties of dendrimer nanoparticles on cardiac contractility and hemodynamics are not known. Herein, we investigated (a) the effect of polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer generation (G7, G6, G5, G4 and G3) and surface chemistry (-NH2, -COOH and -OH) on cardiac function in mammalian hearts following ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, and (b) determined if any PAMAM-induced cardiotoxicity could be mitigated by Angiotensin-(1-7) (Ang-(1-7), a cardioprotective agent. METHODS Hearts isolated from male Wistar rats underwent regional I/R and/or treatment with different PAMAM dendrimers, Ang-(1-7) or its MAS receptors antagonists. Thirty minutes of regional ischemia through ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery was followed by 30 min of reperfusion. All treatments were initiated 5 min prior to reperfusion and maintained during the first 10 min of reperfusion. Cardiac function parameters for left ventricular contractility, hemodynamics and vascular dynamics data were acquired digitally, whereas cardiac enzymes and infarct size were used as measures of cardiac injury. RESULTS Treatment of isolated hearts with increasing doses of G7 PAMAM dendrimer progressively exacerbated recovery of cardiac contractility and hemodynamic parameters post-I/R injury. Impairment of cardiac function was progressively less on decreasing dendrimer generation with G3 exhibiting little or no cardiotoxicity. Cationic PAMAMs (-NH2) were more toxic than anionic (-COOH), with neutral PAMAMs (-OH) exhibiting the least cardiotoxicity. Cationic G7 PAMAM-induced cardiac dysfunction was significantly reversed by Ang-(1-7) administration. These cardioprotective effects of Ang-(1-7) were significantly revoked by administration of the MAS receptor antagonists, A779 and D-Pro7-Ang-(1-7). CONCLUSIONS PAMAM dendrimers can impair the recovery of hearts from I/R injury in a dose-, dendrimer-generation-(size) and surface-charge dependent manner. Importantly, PAMAM-induced cardiotoxicity could be mitigated by Ang-(1-7) acting through its MAS receptor. Thus, this study highlights the activation of Ang-(1-7)/Mas receptor axis as a novel strategy to overcome dendrimer-induced cardiotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saghir Akhtar
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
- Correspondence: (S.A.); (F.B.)
| | - Fawzi Babiker
- Departments of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Health Science Center, Kuwait University, Safat P.O. Box 24923, Kuwait
- Correspondence: (S.A.); (F.B.)
| | - Usman A. Akhtar
- Department of Mechanical and Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
| | - Ibrahim F. Benter
- Faculty of Medicine, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta 99628, North Cyprus, Turkey
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Kheraldine H, Rachid O, Habib AM, Al Moustafa AE, Benter IF, Akhtar S. Emerging innate biological properties of nano-drug delivery systems: A focus on PAMAM dendrimers and their clinical potential. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 178:113908. [PMID: 34390777 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Drug delivery systems or vectors are usually needed to improve the bioavailability and effectiveness of a drug through improving its pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics at an organ, tissue or cellular level. However, emerging technologies with sensitive readouts as well as a greater understanding of physiological/biological systems have revealed that polymeric drug delivery systems are not biologically inert but can have innate or intrinsic biological actions. In this article, we review the emerging multiple innate biological/toxicological properties of naked polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer delivery systems in the absence of any drug cargo and discuss their correlation with the defined physicochemical properties of PAMAMs in terms of molecular size (generation), architecture, surface charge and chemistry. Further, we assess whether any of the reported intrinsic biological actions of PAMAMs such as their antimicrobial activity or their ability to sequester glucose and modulate key protein interactions or cell signaling pathways, can be exploited clinically such as in the treatment of diabetes and its complications.
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Shraim BA, Moursi MO, Benter IF, Habib AM, Akhtar S. The Role of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Family of Receptor Tyrosine Kinases in Mediating Diabetes-Induced Cardiovascular Complications. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:701390. [PMID: 34408653 PMCID: PMC8365470 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.701390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a major debilitating disease whose global incidence is progressively increasing with currently over 463 million adult sufferers and this figure will likely reach over 700 million by the year 2045. It is the complications of diabetes such as cardiovascular, renal, neuronal and ocular dysfunction that lead to increased patient morbidity and mortality. Of these, cardiovascular complications that can result in stroke and cardiomyopathies are 2- to 5-fold more likely in diabetes but the underlying mechanisms involved in their development are not fully understood. Emerging research suggests that members of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR/ErbB/HER) family of tyrosine kinases can have a dual role in that they are beneficially required for normal development and physiological functioning of the cardiovascular system (CVS) as well as in salvage pathways following acute cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury but their chronic dysregulation may also be intricately involved in mediating diabetes-induced cardiovascular pathologies. Here we review the evidence for EGFR/ErbB/HER receptors in mediating these dual roles in the CVS and also discuss their potential interplay with the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System heptapeptide, Angiotensin-(1-7), as well the arachidonic acid metabolite, 20-HETE (20-hydroxy-5, 8, 11, 14-eicosatetraenoic acid). A greater understanding of the multi-faceted roles of EGFR/ErbB/HER family of tyrosine kinases and their interplay with other key modulators of cardiovascular function could facilitate the development of novel therapeutic strategies for treating diabetes-induced cardiovascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bara A Shraim
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Moaz O Moursi
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ibrahim F Benter
- Faculty of Medicine, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, North Cyprus
| | - Abdella M Habib
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Saghir Akhtar
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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Babiker F, Benter IF, Akhtar S. Nanotoxicology of Dendrimers in the Mammalian Heart: ex vivo and in vivo Administration of G6 PAMAM Nanoparticles Impairs Recovery of Cardiac Function Following Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:4393-4405. [PMID: 32606684 PMCID: PMC7310973 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s255202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim The effects of polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers on the mammalian heart are not completely understood. In this study, we have investigated the effects of a sixth-generation cationic dendrimer (G6 PAMAM) on cardiac function in control and diabetic rat hearts following ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Methods Isolated hearts from healthy non-diabetic (Ctr) male Wistar rats were subjected to ischemia and reperfusion (I/R). LV contractility and hemodynamics data were computed digitally whereas cardiac damage following I/R injury was assessed by measuring cardiac enzymes. For ex vivo acute exposure experiments, G6 PAMAM was administered during the first 10 mins of reperfusion in Ctr animals. In chronic in vivo studies, nondiabetic rats (Ctr) received either vehicle or daily i.p. injections of G6 PAMAM (40 mg/kg) for 4 weeks. Diabetic (D) animals received either vehicle or daily i.p. injections of G6 PAMAM (10, 20 or 40 mg/kg) for 4 weeks. The impact of G6 PAMAM on pacing-postconditioning (PPC) was also studied in Ctr and D rats. Results In ex vivo studies, acute administration of G6 PAMAM to isolated Ctr hearts during reperfusion dose-dependently impaired recovery of cardiac hemodynamics and vascular dynamics parameters following I/R injury. Chronic daily i.p. injections of G6 PAMAM significantly (P<0.01) impaired recovery of cardiac function following I/R injury in nondiabetic animals but this was not generally observed in diabetic animals except for CF which was impaired by about 50%. G6 PAMAM treatment completely blocked the protective effects of PPC in the Ctr animals. Conclusion Acute ex vivo or chronic in vivo treatment with naked G6 PAMAM dendrimer can significantly compromise recovery of non-diabetic hearts from I/R injury and can further negate the beneficial effects of PPC. Our findings are therefore extremely important in the nanotoxicological evaluation of G6 PAMAM dendrimers for potential clinical applications in physiological and pathological settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fawzi Babiker
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Health Science Center, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Ibrahim F Benter
- Faculty of Medicine, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, North Cyprus, Republic of Cyprus
| | - Saghir Akhtar
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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Sandoval-Yañez C, Castro Rodriguez C. Dendrimers: Amazing Platforms for Bioactive Molecule Delivery Systems. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E570. [PMID: 31991703 PMCID: PMC7040653 DOI: 10.3390/ma13030570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Today, dendrimers are the main nanoparticle applied to drug delivery systems. The physicochemical characteristics of dendrimers and their versatility structural modification make them attractive to applied as a platform to bioactive molecules transport. Nanoformulations based on dendrimers enhance low solubility drugs, arrival to the target tissue, drugs bioavailability, and controlled release. This review describes the latter approaches on the transport of bioactive molecules based on dendrimers. The review focus is on the last therapeutic strategies addressed by dendrimers conjugated with bioactive molecules. A brief review of the latest studies in therapies against cancer and cardiovascular diseases, as well as future projections in the area, are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Sandoval-Yañez
- Institute of Applied Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Universidad Autonoma de Chile, El Llano Subercaseaux 2801, San Miguel 8910060, Santiago-Chile, Chile
| | - Cristian Castro Rodriguez
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Tarapacá, Avenida General Velásquez 1775, Arica-Chile 1000007, Chile;
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Furuya-Kanamori L, Doi SA, Onitilo A, Akhtar S. Is there truly an increase in risk of cardiovascular and hematological adverse events with vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors? Expert Opin Drug Saf 2019; 19:223-228. [PMID: 31698959 DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2020.1691167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: Recent studies have shown an increase risk of cardiovascular and hematological adverse events associated with vascular endothelial growth factor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (VEGF-TKIs). The authors hypothesize that the original studies may have produced exaggerated results because of the small baseline risks involved.Methods: A meta-analysis that included 71 trials, 8 different VEGFR-TKIs, and 11 adverse events were re-analyzed. The outcome of interest was re-defined as the complementary outcome (i.e. remaining free of an adverse event). The inverse variance heterogeneity model was used to pool the effect size.Results: VEGFR-TKIs decreased the risk of remaining free of hypertension by 7% (RR 0.93; 95%CI:0.88-0.97). Specific VEGFR-TKIs; pazopanib, regorafenib, and nintedanib were associated with a decrease risk of remaining free of an arterial thrombotic event (RR 0.96; 95%CI:0.93-0.99), thrombocytopenia (RR 0.91; 95%CI:0.89-0.93), and bleeding (RR 0.96; 95%CI:0.93-0.99) respectively. VEGFR-TKIs were not associated with the thrombotic event, myocardial infarction, stroke, venous thrombotic event, pulmonary embolism, left ventricular dysfunction, or QTc interval prolongation.Conclusion: VEGFR-TKIs are associated with a small increase in the risk of patients developing hypertension, arterial thrombotic events, thrombocytopenia, and bleeding. Previous studies overestimated the actual risk associated with VEGFR-TKIs by analyzing the outcome with the lower baseline risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Furuya-Kanamori
- Research School of Population Health, ANU College of Health and Medicine, Australian National University, Acton, Australia
| | - Suhail Ar Doi
- Department of Population Medicine, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Adedayo Onitilo
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Marshfield Clinic, Weston, WI, USA
| | - Saghir Akhtar
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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Akhtar S, Chandrasekhar B, Yousif MH, Renno W, Benter IF, El-Hashim AZ. Chronic administration of nano-sized PAMAM dendrimers in vivo inhibits EGFR-ERK1/2-ROCK signaling pathway and attenuates diabetes-induced vascular remodeling and dysfunction. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2019; 18:78-89. [PMID: 30844576 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2019.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether chronic administration of nano-sized polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers can have beneficial effects on diabetes-induced vascular dysfunction by inhibiting the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-ERK1/2-Rho kinase (ROCK)-a pathway known to be critical in the development of diabetic vascular complications. Daily administration of naked PAMAMs for up to 4 weeks to streptozotocin-induced diabetic male Wistar rats inhibited EGFR-ERK1/2-ROCK signaling and improved diabetes-induced vascular remodeling and dysfunction in a dose, generation (G6 > G5) and surface chemistry-dependent manner (cationic > anionic > neutral). PAMAMs, AG1478 (a selective EGFR inhibitor), or anti-EGFR siRNA also inhibited vascular EGFR-ERK1/2-ROCK signaling in vitro. These data showed that naked PAMAM dendrimers have the propensity to modulate key (e.g. EGFR) cell signaling cascades with associated pharmacological consequences in vivo that are dependent on their physicochemical properties. Thus, PAMAMs, alone or in combination with vasculoprotective agents, may have a beneficial role in the potential treatment of diabetes-induced vascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saghir Akhtar
- College of Medicine, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar.
| | | | - Mariam Hm Yousif
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Waleed Renno
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Ibrahim F Benter
- Faculty of Medicine, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, North Cyprus
| | - Ahmed Z El-Hashim
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University.
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Akhtar S, Al-Zaid B, El-Hashim AZ, Chandrasekhar B, Attur S, Benter IF. Impact of PAMAM delivery systems on signal transduction pathways in vivo: Modulation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAP kinase signaling in the normal and diabetic kidney. Int J Pharm 2016; 514:353-363. [PMID: 27032566 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The in vivo impact of two generation 6 cationic polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers on cellular signaling via extracellular-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK), as well as their relationship to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), were studied in the normal and/or diabetic rat kidney. A single 10mg/kg/i.p administration of Polyfect (PF; with an intact branching architecture) or Superfect (SF; with a fragmented branching architecture) modulated renal ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK phosphorylation in a dendrimer-specific and animal model-dependent manner. AG1478 treatment (a selective EGFR inhibitor) confirmed that renal ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK signaling was downstream of EGFR. Surprisingly, both PAMAMs induced hyperphosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK (at 1 or 5mg/kg) despite inhibiting EGFR phosphorylation in the diabetic kidney. PAMAMs did not alter renal morphology but their effects on p38 MAPK and EGFR phosphorylation were reversed by ex vivo treatment of kidneys with the anti-oxidant, Tempol. Thus, PAMAMs can intrinsically modulate signaling of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) depending on the type of dendrimer (fragmented vs intact branching architecture) and animal model (normal vs diabetic) used and likely occurs via an EGFR-independent and oxidative-stress dependent mechanism. These findings might have important toxicological implications for PAMAM-based delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saghir Akhtar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait.
| | - Bashayer Al-Zaid
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait
| | - Ahmed Z El-Hashim
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait
| | - Bindu Chandrasekhar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait
| | - Sreeja Attur
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait
| | - Ibrahim F Benter
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait
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