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Jin Q, Li G, Qin K, Shang Y, Yan H, Liu H, Zeng B, Hu Z. The expression pattern, subcellular localization and function of three sterol 14α-demethylases in Aspergillus oryzae. Front Genet 2023; 14:1009746. [PMID: 36755574 PMCID: PMC9899854 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1009746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Sterol 14α-demethylase catalyzes lanosterol hydroxylation, which is one of the key reactions in the biosynthetic pathway of sterols. There is only one sterol 14α-demethylases gene named Erg11 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome. In this study, three sterol 14α-demethylases genes named AoErg11A, AoErg11B and AoErg11C were identified in Aspergillus oryzae genome through bioinformatics analysis. The function of these three genes were studied by yeast complementation, and the expression pattern/subcellular localization of these genes/proteins were detected. The results showed that the three AoErg11s were expressed differently at different growth times and under different abiotic stresses. All of the three proteins were located in endoplasmic reticulum. The AoErg11s could not restore the temperature-sensitive phenotype of S. cerevisiae erg11 mutant. Overexpression of the three AoErg11s affected both growth and sporulation, which may be due to the effect of AoErg11s on ergosterol content. Therefore, this study revealed the functions of three AoErg11s and their effects on the growth and ergosterol biosynthesis of A. oryzae, which may contribute to the further understanding of the ergosterol biosynthesis and regulation mechanism in this important filamentous fungus, A. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Jin
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ganghua Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Edible Wild Plants Conservation and Utilization, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, China
| | - Kunhai Qin
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yitong Shang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Huanhuan Yan
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Hongliang Liu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Bin Zeng
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, China,*Correspondence: Zhihong Hu, ; Bin Zeng,
| | - Zhihong Hu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China,*Correspondence: Zhihong Hu, ; Bin Zeng,
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Fang Y, Yang H, Hu G, Lu J, Zhou J, Gao N, Gu Y, Zhang C, Qiu J, Guo Y, Zhang Y, Wen Q, Qiao H. The POR rs10954732 polymorphism decreases susceptibility to hepatocellular carcinoma and hepsin as a prognostic biomarker correlated with immune infiltration based on proteomics. J Transl Med 2022; 20:88. [PMID: 35164791 PMCID: PMC8842912 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03282-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of the cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR) rs10954732 (G > A) polymorphism on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) susceptibility is unknown. Here we found that A allele carriers showed a 69% decrease in susceptibility to HCC with overall survival (OS) prolonged to 199%, accompanied by lower activity for cytochrome P450 2E1. A total of 222 differentially expressed proteins were mainly enriched in neutrophil and T cell activation and involved in the immune and inflammatory responses, constituting the altered immune tumor microenvironment related with A allele by proteomics analysis. Hepsin (HPN) showed significant down-regulation in HCC and up-regulation in A allele carriers. A lower HPN level was associated with increased susceptibility to HCC and a worse prognosis. Moreover, HPN is a potential independent prognostic biomarker for HCC and is strongly associated with clinicopathological features, tumor-infiltrating status of immune cells both in our discovery cohort and database surveys. Our findings provide a new potential mechanism by which HPN may play an important role in the susceptibility of rs10954732 A allele carriers to HCC and their prognosis through tumor immune infiltration, thus offering potential insights for future studies on tumor immunotherapy.
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Hu G, Gao F, Wang G, Fang Y, Guo Y, Zhou J, Gu Y, Zhang C, Gao N, Wen Q, Qiao H. Use of proteomics to identify mechanisms of hepatocellular carcinoma with the CYP2D6*10 polymorphism and identification of ANGPTL6 as a new diagnostic and prognostic biomarker. J Transl Med 2021; 19:359. [PMID: 34412629 PMCID: PMC8375140 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-021-03038-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although an association between the cytochrome P4502D6 (CYP2D6) *10 (100C>T) polymorphism and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is known, the mechanism remains unclear. Here we aimed to explore mechanisms of CYP2D6*10 (100C>T) polymorphism conferring to HCC, and screen markers for HCC. METHODS Label-free global proteome profiling with 34 normal livers and peritumor tissue from 61 HCC patients was performed, and angiopoietin-like protein-6 (ANGPTL6) was evaluated in 2 liver samples validation cohorts and 2 blood specimens validation cohorts. RESULTS We found a significantly decreased frequency of TT in HCC patients which reduced HCC susceptibility by 69.2% and was accompanied by lowered enzymatic activity for CYP2D6. Proteomic analysis revealed 1342 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) that were associated with HCC and 88 DEPs were identified as 100 TT-related proteins, likely underlying the susceptibility to HCC. Twenty-two upregulated DEPs and 66 downregulated DEPs were mainly related to lipid metabolism and the extracellular matrix, respectively. High ANGPTL6 was associated with a higher risk to HCC and worse prognosis. ANGPTL6 was both an independent risk factor and an independent prognostic factor for HCC and exhibited strong potential for predicting HCC occurrence, with comparable AUC values and higher sensitivity compared with alpha-fetoprotein. CONCLUSIONS The TT genotype-associated decreased risk of HCC appears to be related to lowered CYP2D6 activity and altered protein expression in the tumor microenvironment, and ANGPTL6 is a promising new diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for HCC. Our findings reveal new mechanistic insights for polymorphisms related to HCC risk and provide avenues for screening for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiming Hu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Fei Gao
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Guanzhe Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Yan Fang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Guo
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.,Affiliated People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuhan Gu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Cunzhen Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Na Gao
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Qiang Wen
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Hailing Qiao
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
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Fang Y, Wang T, Guo YY, Zhang HF, Wen Q, Xing YR, Gao N, Qiao HL. From Genotype to Phenotype: Content and Activities of Cytochromes P450 2A6 in Human Liver In Vitro and Predicted In Vivo. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 372:320-330. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.263152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Abstract
The cytochromes P450 comprise a family of enzymes that are responsible for around three-quarters of all drug metabolism reactions that occur in human populations. Many isoforms of cytochrome P450 exist but most reactions are undertaken by CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4. This brief review focusses on the first three isozymes which exhibit polymorphism of phenotype.If there is a wide variation in drug metabolising capacity within the population, this may precipitate clinical consequences and influence the drug treatment of patients. Such problems range from a lack of efficacy to unanticipated toxicity. In order to minimise untoward events and "personalise" a patient's treatment, efforts have been made to discover an individual's drug metabolism status. This requires knowledge of the subject's phenotype at the time of clinical treatment. Since such testing is difficult, time-consuming and costly, the simpler approach of genotyping has been advocated.However, the correlation between genotype and phenotype is not good, with values of up to 50% misprediction being reported. Genotype-assisted forecasts cannot therefore be used with confidence to replace actual phenotype measurements. Obfuscating factors discussed include gene splicing, single nucleotide polymorphisms, epigenetics and microRNA, transcription regulation and multiple gene copies.
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Xiao K, Gao J, Weng SJ, Fang Y, Gao N, Wen Q, Jin H, Qiao HL. CYP3A4/5 Activity Probed with Testosterone and Midazolam: Correlation between Two Substrates at the Microsomal and Enzyme Levels. Mol Pharm 2018; 16:382-392. [PMID: 30517006 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b01043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Testosterone (TST) and midazolam (MDZ) are widely used as probes to detect CYP3A4/5 activity, but the data acquired with these two substrates do not correlate well at the microsomal level (per milligram of microsomal protein), and the reason is unclear. In this study, CYP3A4/5 activity was probed with TST and MDZ at the microsomal and enzyme levels (per picomole of CYP3A4/5) in 72 human liver samples. Correlation coefficients were lower in Vmax and CLint at the microsomal level, as compared with those at the enzyme level ( Vmax 0.658 vs 0.883; CLint no correlation vs 0.796). Compared with TST, MDZ was found to correlate better with the content of CYP3A4/5 (no correlation vs 0.431) and CYP3A5 (no correlation vs 0.447), and huge variations in enzyme content existed among different genotypes, which explained the lower degree of correlation at the microsomal level. In addition, different genotypes had varying effects on activity at the enzyme level, whereas the difference between activity at the enzyme level probed with TST and that probed with MDZ was not obvious ( P > 0.05), indicating that the effect of gene polymorphisms on correlation between activity probed with these two substrates was limited at the enzyme level. In conclusion, our study demonstrates a high degree of correlation between CYP3A4/5 activity probed with TST and MDZ at the enzyme level but not at the microsomal level and allows us to correctly understand the influence of gene polymorphisms on the correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Xiao
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , Henan 450052 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Gao
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , Henan 450052 , People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Jia Weng
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , Henan 450052 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Fang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , Henan 450052 , People's Republic of China
| | - Na Gao
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , Henan 450052 , People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Wen
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , Henan 450052 , People's Republic of China
| | - Han Jin
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , Henan 450052 , People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Ling Qiao
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , Henan 450052 , People's Republic of China
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Xu C, Gao J, Zhang HF, Gao N, Guo YY, Fang Y, Wen Q, Qiao HL. Content and Activities of UGT2B7 in Human Liver In Vitro and Predicted In Vivo: A Bottom-Up Approach. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:1351-1359. [PMID: 29929994 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.082024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7 (UGT2B7) is one of the most significant isoforms of UGTs in human liver. This research measured UGT2B7 protein content and activities, including maximum velocity (Vmax) and intrinsic clearance (CLint), in human liver at isoform, microsomal, liver tissue, and liver levels and identified the factors that influence expression. We determined absolute protein content by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy and activities using the probe drug zidovudine in 82 normal human liver microsomes. Using a bottom-up method for derivation, we showed UGT2B7 content at the microsomal, liver tissue, and liver levels, as well as activities at the isoform, microsomal, liver tissue, and liver levels in vitro, and predicted hepatic clearance in vivo, with median, range, variation, and 95% and 50% prediction intervals. With regard to the intrinsic activities, the maximum velocity (Vmax) had a median (range) of 7.5 (2-24) pmol/min per picomole of 2B7, and the CLint was 0.08 (0.02-0.31) μl/min per picomole of 2B7. Determinations at liver level showed larger variations than at microsomal level, so it was more suitable for evaluating individual differences. By analyzing factors that affect UGT2B7, we found that: 1) The content at the liver tissue and liver levels correlated positively with activities; 2) the mutant heterozygotes of -327G>A, -900A>G, -161C>T may lead to decreased protein content and increased intrinsic CLint; and 3) the transcription factor pregnane X receptor mRNA expression level was positively associated with the measured protein content. In all, we showed that protein content and activities at different levels and the factors that influence content provide valuable information for UGT2B7 research and clinically individualized medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Xu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Gao
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Feng Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Gao
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Guo
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Fang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Wen
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Ling Qiao
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
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McGraw J, Gerhardt A, Morris TC. Opportunities and obstacles in genotypic prediction of cytochrome P450 phenotypes. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2018; 14:659-661. [PMID: 29863909 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2018.1484451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph McGraw
- a Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences , Concordia University Wisconsin , Mequon , WI , USA
| | | | - Tommy C Morris
- c Xavier University of Louisiana, Division of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences , New Orleans , LA , USA
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Biocatalysts for the pharmaceutical industry created by structure-guided directed evolution of stereoselective enzymes. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 26:1241-1251. [PMID: 28693917 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes have been used for a long time as catalysts in the asymmetric synthesis of chiral intermediates needed in the production of therapeutic drugs. However, this alternative to man-made catalysts has suffered traditionally from distinct limitations, namely the often observed wrong or insufficient enantio- and/or regioselectivity, low activity, narrow substrate range, and insufficient thermostability. With the advent of directed evolution, these problems can be generally solved. The challenge is to develop and apply the most efficient mutagenesis methods which lead to highest-quality mutant libraries requiring minimal screening. Structure-guided saturation mutagenesis and its iterative form have emerged as the method of choice for evolving stereo- and regioselective mutant enzymes needed in the asymmetric synthesis of chiral intermediates. The number of (industrial) applications in the preparation of chiral pharmaceuticals is rapidly increasing. This review features and analyzes typical case studies.
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