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Murphy AC, Oldenkamp HF, Peppas NA. A highly tuneable inverse emulsion polymerization for the synthesis of stimuli-responsive nanoparticles for biomedical applications. Biomater Sci 2024; 12:1707-1715. [PMID: 38334980 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm01765f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Polymeric nanomaterials have seen widespread use in biomedical applications as they are highly tuneable to achieve the desired stimuli-responsiveness, targeting, biocompatibility, and degradation needed for fields such as drug delivery and biosensing. However, adjustments to composition and the introduction of new monomers often necessitate reoptimization of the polymer synthesis to achieve the target parameters. In this study, we explored the use of inverse emulsion polymerization to prepare a library of polymeric nanoparticles with variations in pH and temperature response and examined the impact of overall batch volume and the volume of the aqueous phase on nanoparticle size and composition. We were able to prepare copolymeric nanoparticles using three different nonionic and three different anionic comonomers. Varying the non-ionizable comonomers, acrylamide (AAm), 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, and N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM), was found to alter the mass percentage of methacrylic acid (MAA) incorporated (from 26.7 ± 3.5 to 45.8 ± 1.8 mass%), the critical swelling pH (from 5.687 ± 0.194 to 6.637 ± 0.318), and the volume swelling ratio (from 1.389 ± 0.064 to 2.148 ± 0.037). Additionally, the use of NIPAM was found to allow for temperature-responsive behavior. Varying the ionizable comonomers, MAA, itaconic acid, and 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPSA), was found to significantly alter the critical swelling pH and, in the case of AMPSA, remove the pH-responsive behavior entirely. Finally, we found that for the base P(AAm-co-MAA) formulation, the pH-responsive swelling behavior was independent of the scale of the reaction; however, variations in the aqueous volume relative to the volume of the continuous phase significantly affected both the nanoparticle size and the critical swelling pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Murphy
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
- Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Heidi F Oldenkamp
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
- Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Nicholas A Peppas
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
- Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
- Department of Surgery and Perioperative Care, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
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2
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Rana P, Singh C, Kaushik A, Saleem S, Kumar A. Recent advances in stimuli-responsive tailored nanogels for cancer therapy; from bench to personalized treatment. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:382-412. [PMID: 38095136 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb02650g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
To improve the quality of health in a personalized manner, better control over pharmacologically relevant cargo formulation, organ-specific targeted delivery, and on-demand release of therapeutic agents is crucial. Significant work has been put into designing and developing revolutionary nanotherapeutics approaches for the effective monitoring and personalized treatment of disease. Nanogel (NG) has attracted significant interest because of its tremendous potential in cancer therapy and its environmental stimuli responsiveness. NG is considered a next-generation delivery technology due to its benefits like as size tunability, high loading, stimuli responsiveness, prolonged drug release via in situ gelling mechanisms, stability, and its potential to provide personalized therapy from the investigation of human genes and the genes in various types of cancers and its association with a selective anticancer drug. Stimuli-responsive NGs can be used as smart nanomedicines to detect and treat cancer and can be tuned as personalized medicine as well. This comprehensive review article's major objectives include the challenges of NGs' clinical translation for cancer treatment as well as its early preclinical successes and prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prinsy Rana
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
- M. M. College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala-133207, Haryana, India
| | - Charan Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Sciences, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University (A Central University), Srinagar, Uttarakhand-246174, India
| | - Ajeet Kaushik
- NanoBiotech Lab, Department of Environmental Engineering, Florida Polytechnic University (FPU), Lakeland, FL, 33805-8531, USA
- School of Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun 248007, India
| | - Shakir Saleem
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Saudi Electronic University, P. O. Box 93499, Riyadh 11673, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arun Kumar
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya-824209, India.
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3
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In situ encapsulation of biologically active ingredients into polymer particles by polymerization in dispersed media. Prog Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2022.101637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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4
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Bhaladhare S, Bhattacharjee S. Chemical, physical, and biological stimuli-responsive nanogels for biomedical applications (mechanisms, concepts, and advancements): A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 226:535-553. [PMID: 36521697 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The development of nanotechnology has influenced the advancements in biomedical and pharmaceutical fields. The design and formulation of stimuli-responsive nano-drug delivery systems, also called smart drug delivery systems, have attracted significant research worldwide and have been seen as a breakthrough in nanomedicines. The ability of these nanocarriers to respond to external and internal stimuli, such as pH, temperature, redox, electric and magnetic fields, enzymes, etc., has allowed them to deliver the cargo at targeted sites in a controlled fashion. The targeted drug delivery systems limit the harmful side effects on healthy tissue by toxic drugs and furnish spatial and temporal control drug delivery, improved patient compliance, and treatment efficiency. The polymeric nanogels (hydrogel nanoparticles) with stimuli-responsive characteristics have shown great potential in various biomedical, tissue engineering, and pharmaceutical fields. It is primarily because of their small size, biocompatibility, biodegradability, stimuli-triggered drug deliverability, high payload capacity, and tailored functionality. This comprehensive review deals distinctively with polymeric nanogels, their chemical, physical, and biological stimuli, the concepts of nanogels response to different stimuli, and recent advancements. This document will further improve the current understanding of stimuli-responsive materials and drug delivery systems and assist in exploring advanced potential applications of these intelligent materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Bhaladhare
- Chemical and Polymer Engineering, Tripura University, Suryamaninagar, Tripura 799022, India.
| | - Sulagna Bhattacharjee
- Chemical and Polymer Engineering, Tripura University, Suryamaninagar, Tripura 799022, India
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5
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Tan B, Li Y, Fei X, Tian J, Xu L, Wang Y. Lipase-polydopamine magnetic hydrogel microspheres for the synthesis of octenyl succinic anhydride starch. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 219:482-490. [PMID: 35850268 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA) starch is an important edible additive in the food field, and its synthesis method has attracted much attention. Lipase as a biocatalyst can improve the synthesis efficiency of OSA starch, and significantly inhibit the occurrence of side reactions. However, free lipase has not been widely applied in the synthesis of OSA starch due to the difficulty of separation from starch and poor reusability. In this work, a promising strategy for the synthesis of OSA starch catalyzed by lipase immobilized on polydopamine magnetic hydrogel microspheres (PMHM) is reported. The prepared lipase-polydopamine magnetic hydrogel microspheres (L-PMHM) can be uniformly dispersed in starch slurry, which is conducive to the full contact between lipase and starch. L-PMHM (Km =2.6276 μmol/mL) exhibits better affinity to the substrate than free lipase (Km = 3.4301 μmol/mL). Compared with the OSA starch catalyzed by free lipase (DS = 0.0176), the degree of substitution of OSA starch catalyzed by L-PMHM is up to 0.0277 in a short reaction time. In cyclic catalysis, L-PHMM can remain about 48 % of their original activity after 20 reuses and can be quickly separated from the product. These results suggest that L-PMHM has great potential as a biocatalyst for the efficient synthesis of OSA starch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bozhi Tan
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China; School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Yao Li
- School of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Xu Fei
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China.
| | - Jing Tian
- School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China.
| | - Longquan Xu
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Yi Wang
- School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
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Wang Y, Jiang G. Advances in the Novel Nanotechnology for the Targeted Tumor Therapy by the Transdermal Drug Delivery. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2022; 22:2708-2714. [PMID: 35319394 DOI: 10.2174/1871520622666220321093000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite modern medicine advances greatly, cancer remains a serious challenge to world health for which effective methods of treatment have hardly been developed yet. However, throughout the recent years, the rapid-developing nanotechnology has provided a new outlook of cancer therapy by transdermal drug delivery. By disrupting the stratum corneum, drugs are delivered through the skin and navigated to the tumor site by drug delivery systems such as nanogels, microneedles, etc. The superiorities include the improvement of drug pharmacokinetics as well as reduced side effects. This paper reviews the reported novel development of transdermal drug delivery systems for targeted cancer therapy. Advanced techniques for penetrating the skin will be discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, Chi-na
| | - Guan Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, Chi-na
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials School of Life Science and Technology China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
| | - Shiyang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials School of Life Science and Technology China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
| | - Ran Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials School of Life Science and Technology China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
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Deng S, Gigliobianco MR, Mijit E, Minicucci M, Cortese M, Campisi B, Voinovich D, Battistelli M, Salucci S, Gobbi P, Lupidi G, Zambito G, Mezzanotte L, Censi R, Di Martino P. Dually Cross-Linked Core-Shell Structure Nanohydrogel with Redox-Responsive Degradability for Intracellular Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13122048. [PMID: 34959330 PMCID: PMC8708258 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A redox-responsive nanocarrier is a promising strategy for the intracellular drug release because it protects the payload, prevents its undesirable leakage during extracellular transport, and favors site-specific drug delivery. In this study, we developed a novel redox responsive core-shell structure nanohydrogel prepared by a water in oil nanoemulsion method using two biocompatible synthetic polymers: vinyl sulfonated poly(N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide mono/dilactate)-polyethylene glycol-poly(N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide mono/dilactate) triblock copolymer, and thiolated hyaluronic acid. The influence on the nanohydrogel particle size and distribution of formulation parameters was investigated by a three-level full factorial design to optimize the preparation conditions. The surface and core-shell morphology of the nanohydrogel were observed by scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscopy, and further confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy from the standpoint of chemical composition. The redox-responsive biodegradability of the nanohydrogel in reducing environments was determined using glutathione as reducing agent. A nanohydrogel with particle size around 250 nm and polydispersity index around 0.1 is characterized by a thermosensitive shell which jellifies at body temperature and crosslinks at the interface of a redox-responsive hyaluronic acid core via the Michael addition reaction. The nanohydrogel showed good encapsulation efficiency for model macromolecules of different molecular weight (93% for cytochrome C, 47% for horseradish peroxidase, and 90% for bovine serum albumin), capacity to retain the peroxidase-like enzymatic activity (around 90%) of cytochrome C and horseradish peroxidase, and specific redox-responsive release behavior. Additionally, the nanohydrogel exhibited excellent cytocompatibility and internalization efficiency into macrophages. Therefore, the developed core-shell structure nanohydrogel can be considered a promising tool for the potential intracellular delivery of different pharmaceutical applications, including for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Deng
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (S.D.); (M.C.); (G.L.)
| | | | - Emin Mijit
- Physics Division, School of Science and Technology, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri 9, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (E.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Marco Minicucci
- Physics Division, School of Science and Technology, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri 9, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (E.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Manuela Cortese
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (S.D.); (M.C.); (G.L.)
| | - Barbara Campisi
- Department of Economic, Business, Mathematic and Statistical Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Dario Voinovich
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Science, University of Trieste, P. le Europa 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Michela Battistelli
- Institute of Morphological Sciences, University of Urbino, Via Ca’ le Suore 2, 61029 Urbino, Italy; (M.B.); (P.G.)
| | - Sara Salucci
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Pietro Gobbi
- Institute of Morphological Sciences, University of Urbino, Via Ca’ le Suore 2, 61029 Urbino, Italy; (M.B.); (P.G.)
| | - Giulio Lupidi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (S.D.); (M.C.); (G.L.)
| | - Giorgia Zambito
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (G.Z.); (L.M.)
| | - Laura Mezzanotte
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (G.Z.); (L.M.)
| | - Roberta Censi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (S.D.); (M.C.); (G.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0737-40-2231
| | - Piera Di Martino
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università “G. D’Annunzio” Chieti e Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 1, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
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Keskin D, Zu G, Forson AM, Tromp L, Sjollema J, van Rijn P. Nanogels: A novel approach in antimicrobial delivery systems and antimicrobial coatings. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:3634-3657. [PMID: 33898869 PMCID: PMC8047124 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The implementation of nanotechnology to develop efficient antimicrobial systems has a significant impact on the prospects of the biomedical field. Nanogels are soft polymeric particles with an internally cross-linked structure, which behave as hydrogels and can be reversibly hydrated/dehydrated (swollen/shrunken) by the dispersing solvent and external stimuli. Their excellent properties, such as biocompatibility, colloidal stability, high water content, desirable mechanical properties, tunable chemical functionalities, and interior gel-like network for the incorporation of biomolecules, make them fascinating in the field of biological/biomedical applications. In this review, various approaches will be discussed and compared to the newly developed nanogel technology in terms of efficiency and applicability for determining their potential role in combating infections in the biomedical area including implant-associated infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lisa Tromp
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering, W. J. Kolff Institute, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jelmer Sjollema
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering, W. J. Kolff Institute, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick van Rijn
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering, W. J. Kolff Institute, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, the Netherlands
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10
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Anson F, Thayumanavan S, Hardy JA. Exogenous Introduction of Initiator and Executioner Caspases Results in Different Apoptotic Outcomes. JACS AU 2021; 1:1240-1256. [PMID: 34467362 PMCID: PMC8385707 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The balance of pro-apoptotic and pro-survival proteins defines a cell's fate. These processes are controlled through an interdependent and finely tuned protein network that enables survival or leads to apoptotic cell death. The caspase family of proteases is central to this apoptotic network, with initiator and executioner caspases, and their interaction partners, regulating and executing apoptosis. In this work, we interrogate and modulate this network by exogenously introducing specific initiator or executioner caspase proteins. Each caspase is exogenously introduced using redox-responsive polymeric nanogels. Although caspase-3 might be expected to be the most effective due to the centrality of its role in apoptosis and its heightened catalytic efficiency relative to other family members, we observed that caspase-7 and caspase-9 are the most effective at inducing apoptotic cell death. By critically analyzing the introduced activity of the delivered caspase, the pattern of substrate cleavage, as well as the ability to activate endogenous caspases, we conclude that the efficacy of each caspase correlated with the levels of pro-survival factors that both directly and indirectly impact the introduced caspase. These findings lay the groundwork for developing methods for exogenous introduction of caspases as a therapeutic option that can be tuned to the apoptotic balance in a proliferating cell.
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Mauri E, Giannitelli SM, Trombetta M, Rainer A. Synthesis of Nanogels: Current Trends and Future Outlook. Gels 2021; 7:36. [PMID: 33805279 PMCID: PMC8103252 DOI: 10.3390/gels7020036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanogels represent an innovative platform for tunable drug release and targeted therapy in several biomedical applications, ranging from cancer to neurological disorders. The design of these nanocarriers is a pivotal topic investigated by the researchers over the years, with the aim to optimize the procedures and provide advanced nanomaterials. Chemical reactions, physical interactions and the developments of engineered devices are the three main areas explored to overcome the shortcomings of the traditional nanofabrication approaches. This review proposes a focus on the current techniques used in nanogel design, highlighting the upgrades in physico-chemical methodologies, microfluidics and 3D printing. Polymers and biomolecules can be combined to produce ad hoc nanonetworks according to the final curative aims, preserving the criteria of biocompatibility and biodegradability. Controlled polymerization, interfacial reactions, sol-gel transition, manipulation of the fluids at the nanoscale, lab-on-a-chip technology and 3D printing are the leading strategies to lean on in the next future and offer new solutions to the critical healthcare scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Mauri
- Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (E.M.); (S.M.G.); (M.T.)
| | - Sara Maria Giannitelli
- Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (E.M.); (S.M.G.); (M.T.)
| | - Marcella Trombetta
- Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (E.M.); (S.M.G.); (M.T.)
| | - Alberto Rainer
- Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (E.M.); (S.M.G.); (M.T.)
- Institute of Nanotechnology (NANOTEC), National Research Council, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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12
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Anson F, Liu B, Kanjilal P, Wu P, Hardy JA, Thayumanavan S. Evaluating Endosomal Escape of Caspase-3-Containing Nanomaterials Using Split GFP. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:1261-1272. [PMID: 33591168 PMCID: PMC8477791 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c01767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The ability for biologics to access intracellular targets hinges on the translocation of active, unmodified proteins. This is often achieved using nanoscale formulations, which enter cells through endocytosis. This uptake mechanism often limits the therapeutic potential of the biologics, as the propensity of the nanocarrier to escape the endosome becomes the key determinant. To appropriately evaluate and compare competing delivery systems of disparate compositions, it is therefore critical to assess endosomal escape efficiencies. Unfortunately, quantitative tools to assess endosomal escape are lacking, and standard approaches often lead to an erroneous interpretation of cytosolic localization. In this study we use a split-complementation endosomal escape (SEE) assay to evaluate levels of cytosolic caspase-3 following delivery by polymer nanogels and mesoporous silica nanoparticles. In particular, we use SEE as a means to enable the systematic investigation of the effect of polymer composition, polymer architecture (random vs block), hydrophobicity, and surface functionality. Although polymer structure had little influence on endosomal escape, nanogel functionalization with cationic and pH-sensitive peptides significantly enhanced endosomal escape levels and, further, significantly increased the amount of nanogel per endosome. This work serves as a guide for developing an optimal caspase-3 delivery system, as this caspase-3 variant can be easily substituted for a therapeutic caspase-3 cargo in any system that results in cytosolic accumulation and cargo release. In addition, these data provide a framework that can be readily applied to a wide variety of protein cargos to assess the independent contributions of both uptake and endosomal escape of a wide range of protein delivery vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jeanne A. Hardy
- Center for Bioactive Delivery at the Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - S. Thayumanavan
- Center for Bioactive Delivery at the Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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13
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Anson F, Kanjilal P, Thayumanavan S, Hardy JA. Tracking exogenous intracellular casp-3 using split GFP. Protein Sci 2021; 30:366-380. [PMID: 33165988 PMCID: PMC7784757 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cytosolic protein delivery promises diverse applications from therapeutics, to genetic modification and precision research tools. To achieve effective cellular and subcellular delivery, approaches that allow protein visualization and accurate localization with greater sensitivity are essential. Fluorescently tagging proteins allows detection, tracking and visualization in cellulo. However, undesired consequences from fluorophores or fluorescent protein tags, such as nonspecific interactions and high background or perturbation to native protein's size and structure, are frequently observed, or more troublingly, overlooked. Distinguishing cytosolically released molecules from those that are endosomally entrapped upon cellular uptake is particularly challenging and is often complicated by the inherent pH-sensitive and hydrophobic properties of the fluorophore. Monitoring localization is more complex in delivery of proteins with inherent protein-modifying activities like proteases, transacetylases, kinases, etc. Proteases are among the toughest cargos due to their inherent propensity for self-proteolysis. To implement a reliable, but functionally silent, tagging technology in a protease, we have developed a caspase-3 variant tagged with the 11th strand of GFP that retains both enzymatic activity and structural characteristics of wild-type caspase-3. Only in the presence of cytosolic GFP strands 1-10 will the tagged caspase-3 generate fluorescence to signal a non-endosomal location. This methodology facilitates easy screening of cytosolic vs. endosomally-entrapped proteins due to low probabilities for false positive results, and further, allows tracking of the resultant cargo's translocation. The development of this tagged casp-3 cytosolic reporter lays the foundation to probe caspase therapeutic properties, charge-property relationships governing successful escape, and the precise number of caspases required for apoptotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Anson
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of MassachusettsAmherstMassachusettsUSA
| | - Pintu Kanjilal
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of MassachusettsAmherstMassachusettsUSA
| | - S. Thayumanavan
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of MassachusettsAmherstMassachusettsUSA
- The Center for Bioactive Delivery at the Institute for Applied Life SciencesUniversity of MassachusettsAmherstMassachusettsUSA
| | - Jeanne A. Hardy
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of MassachusettsAmherstMassachusettsUSA
- The Center for Bioactive Delivery at the Institute for Applied Life SciencesUniversity of MassachusettsAmherstMassachusettsUSA
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14
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Zhang Y, Zhang D, Wang JT, Zhang X, Yang Y. Fabrication of stimuli-responsive nanogels for protein encapsulation and traceless release without introducing organic solvents, surfactants, or small-molecule cross-linkers. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01600d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive nanogels were fabricated by reaction of proteins and polymers without using small-organic-molecules. Once the nanogels dissociated, the proteins were released with functional groups, secondary structures, and activities maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Functional Polymers
- Hebei University of Technology
- Tianjin 300130
- China
| | - Daowen Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Functional Polymers
- Hebei University of Technology
- Tianjin 300130
- China
| | - Jin-Tao Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials
- Zhoukou Normal University
- Zhoukou
- China
| | - Xiaojie Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Functional Polymers
- Hebei University of Technology
- Tianjin 300130
- China
| | - Yongfang Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Functional Polymers
- Hebei University of Technology
- Tianjin 300130
- China
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15
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Abstract
Compared to normal tissue, solid tumors exhibit a lower pH value. Such pH gradient can be used to design pH-sensitive nanogels for selective drug delivery. The acid-sensitive elements in the nanogel cause it to swell/degrade rapidly, followed by rapid drug release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou
- PR. China
| | - Jun Huang
- School of Biomedical Engineering
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou
- PR. China
- The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University
| | - Jun Wu
- School of Biomedical Engineering
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou
- PR. China
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16
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Ma Y, Li Y, Fei X, Tian J, Xu L, Wang Y. Synthesis of papain–polyacrylamide hydrogel microspheres and their catalytic application. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj02551a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A schematic of the formation process of papain–PAHMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Ma
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Dalian Polytechnic University, 1# Qinggongyuan Road, Dalian 116034, China
- School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, 1# Qinggongyuan Road, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Yao Li
- School of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Xu Fei
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Dalian Polytechnic University, 1# Qinggongyuan Road, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Jing Tian
- School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, 1# Qinggongyuan Road, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Longquan Xu
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Dalian Polytechnic University, 1# Qinggongyuan Road, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Yi Wang
- School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, 1# Qinggongyuan Road, Dalian 116034, China
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17
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Rosa E, Diaferia C, Gallo E, Morelli G, Accardo A. Stable Formulations of Peptide-Based Nanogels. Molecules 2020; 25:E3455. [PMID: 32751321 PMCID: PMC7435922 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, nanogels have been identified as innovative formulations for enlarging the application of hydrogels (HGs) in the area of drug delivery or in diagnostic imaging. Nanogels are HGs-based aggregates with sizes in the range of nanometers and formulated in order to obtain injectable preparations. Regardless of the advantages offered by peptides in a hydrogel preparation, until now, only a few examples of peptide-based nanogels (PBNs) have been developed. Here, we describe the preparation of stable PBNs based on Fmoc-Phe-Phe-OH using three different methods, namely water/oil emulsion (W/O), top-down, and nanogelling in water. The effect of the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) in the formulation was also evaluated in terms of size and stability. The resulting nanogels were found to encapsulate the anticancer drug doxorubicin, chosen as the model drug, with a drug loading comparable with those of the liposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Rosa
- Department of Pharmacy and Interuniversity Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides (CIRPeB), University of Naples “Federico II”, via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Naples, Italy; (E.R.); (C.D.); (G.M.)
| | - Carlo Diaferia
- Department of Pharmacy and Interuniversity Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides (CIRPeB), University of Naples “Federico II”, via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Naples, Italy; (E.R.); (C.D.); (G.M.)
| | - Enrico Gallo
- IRCCS SDN, Via E. Gianturco 113, 80143 Naples, Italy;
| | - Giancarlo Morelli
- Department of Pharmacy and Interuniversity Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides (CIRPeB), University of Naples “Federico II”, via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Naples, Italy; (E.R.); (C.D.); (G.M.)
| | - Antonella Accardo
- Department of Pharmacy and Interuniversity Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides (CIRPeB), University of Naples “Federico II”, via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Naples, Italy; (E.R.); (C.D.); (G.M.)
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18
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Hajebi S, Rabiee N, Bagherzadeh M, Ahmadi S, Rabiee M, Roghani-Mamaqani H, Tahriri M, Tayebi L, Hamblin MR. Stimulus-responsive polymeric nanogels as smart drug delivery systems. Acta Biomater 2019; 92:1-18. [PMID: 31096042 PMCID: PMC6661071 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nanogels are three-dimensional nanoscale networks formed by physically or chemically cross-linking polymers. Nanogels have been explored as drug delivery systems due to their advantageous properties, such as biocompatibility, high stability, tunable particle size, drug loading capacity, and possible modification of the surface for active targeting by attaching ligands that recognize cognate receptors on the target cells or tissues. Nanogels can be designed to be stimulus responsive, and react to internal or external stimuli such as pH, temperature, light and redox, thus resulting in the controlled release of loaded drugs. This "smart" targeting ability prevents drug accumulation in non-target tissues and minimizes the side effects of the drug. This review aims to provide an introduction to nanogels, their preparation methods, and to discuss the design of various stimulus-responsive nanogels that are able to provide controlled drug release in response to particular stimuli. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Smart and stimulus-responsive drug delivery is a rapidly growing area of biomaterial research. The explosive rise in nanotechnology and nanomedicine, has provided a host of nanoparticles and nanovehicles which may bewilder the uninitiated reader. This review will lay out the evidence that polymeric nanogels have an important role to play in the design of innovative drug delivery vehicles that respond to internal and external stimuli such as temperature, pH, redox, and light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakineh Hajebi
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, P.O. Box 51335-1996, Tabriz, Iran; Institute of Polymeric Materials, Sahand University of Technology, P.O. Box 51335-1996, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Navid Rabiee
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Sepideh Ahmadi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Division of Diseases, Advanced Technologies Research Group, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rabiee
- Biomaterials Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Roghani-Mamaqani
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, P.O. Box 51335-1996, Tabriz, Iran; Institute of Polymeric Materials, Sahand University of Technology, P.O. Box 51335-1996, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Lobat Tayebi
- Marquette University School of Dentistry, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, USA.
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19
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Raghupathi K, Kumar V, Sridhar U, Ribbe AE, He H, Thayumanavan S. Role of Oligoethylene Glycol Side Chain Length in Responsive Polymeric Nanoassemblies. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:7929-7936. [PMID: 31095400 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b00676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
An oft-desired feature of a responsive nanomaterial is that it should undergo disassembly or morphological change upon application of a specific stimulus. The extent of response has been found to depend on factors such as the nature and the number of responsive functionalities incorporated into these particles. In this work, the length of oligoethylene glycol (OEG) side chains associated with the polymers has been shown to greatly influence the responsive behavior of polymeric nanoparticles. The integrity of these OEG-based polymeric assemblies was found to depend not only on the chemical cross-links but also on the physical cross-links in these aggregates in cases where the polymer chains bear long OEG side chains. The physical cross-linking in longer OEG side chain containing polymeric nanogels is present in the form of crystalline domains. Our results here highlight that these ethylene glycol-based hydrophilic units are not to be ignored as spectator units with water-solubilization characteristics but must be analyzed in the context of assembly stabilization and triggerability with the targeted stimulus.
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20
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Chen J, He H, Deng C, Yin L, Zhong Z. Saporin-loaded CD44 and EGFR dual-targeted nanogels for potent inhibition of metastatic breast cancer in vivo. Int J Pharm 2019; 560:57-64. [PMID: 30699364 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis poses a long-standing treatment challenge for many cancers including breast cancer. Once spreading out, cell-selective delivery of drug appears especially critical. Here, we report on epidermal growth factor receptor and CD44 dual-targeted hyaluronic acid nanogels (EGFR/CD44-NGs) that afford enhanced targetability and protein therapy for metastatic 4T1 breast cancer in vivo. Flow cytometry in CD44 and EGFR-positive 4T1 metastatic breast cancer cells showed over 6-fold higher cellular uptake of EGFR/CD44-NGs than mono-targeting CD44-NGs. MTT and scratch assays displayed that saporin-loaded EGFR/CD44-NGs (Sap-EGFR/CD44-NGs) was highly potent in inhibiting growth as well as migration of 4T1 cells in vitro, with an IC50 of 5.36 nM, which was 1.7-fold lower than that for Sap-CD44-NGs. In 4T1-luc metastatic breast cancer model in mice, Sap-EGFR/CD44-NGs exhibited significant inhibition of tumor metastasis to lung at a small dose of 3.33 nmol Sap equiv./kg. Increasing the dosage to 13.3 nmol Sap equiv./kg resulted in further reduced lung metastasis without causing notable adverse effects. These dual-targeted nanogels with improved cancer cell selectivity provide a novel platform for combating breast cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua He
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Deng
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lichen Yin
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhong
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China.
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21
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Agrawal G, Agrawal R. Functional Microgels: Recent Advances in Their Biomedical Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1801724. [PMID: 30035853 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201801724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Here, a spotlight is shown on aqueous microgel particles which exhibit a great potential for various biomedical applications such as drug delivery, cell imaging, and tissue engineering. Herein, different synthetic methods to develop microgels with desirable functionality and properties along with degradable strategies to ensure their renal clearance are briefly presented. A special focus is given on the ability of microgels to respond to various stimuli such as temperature, pH, redox potential, magnetic field, light, etc., which helps not only to adjust their physical and chemical properties, and degradability on demand, but also the release of encapsulated bioactive molecules and thus making them suitable for drug delivery. Furthermore, recent developments in using the functional microgels for cell imaging and tissue regeneration are reviewed. The results reviewed here encourage the development of a new class of microgels which are able to intelligently perform in a complex biological environment. Finally, various challenges and possibilities are discussed in order to achieve their successful clinical use in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Agrawal
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Paper Mill Road, Saharanpur, 247001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rahul Agrawal
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1500, USA
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22
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Fan M, Wang F, Wang C. Reflux Precipitation Polymerization: A New Platform for the Preparation of Uniform Polymeric Nanogels for Biomedical Applications. Macromol Biosci 2018; 18:e1800077. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201800077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingliang Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers; Department of Macromolecular Science; Fudan University; 220 Han Dan Road Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers; Department of Macromolecular Science; Fudan University; 220 Han Dan Road Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Changchun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers; Department of Macromolecular Science; Fudan University; 220 Han Dan Road Shanghai 200433 China
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