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Luo M, Chen A, Huang C, Guo M, Cai T. Effects of Polymers on Cocrystal Growth in a Drug-Drug Coamorphous System: Relations between Glass-to-Crystal Growth and Surface-Enhanced Crystal Growth. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:3591-3602. [PMID: 38818946 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Coamorphous and cocrystal drug delivery systems provide attractive crystal engineering strategies for improving the solubilities, dissolution rates, and oral bioavailabilities of poorly water-soluble drugs. Polymeric additives have often been used to inhibit the unwanted crystallization of amorphous drugs. However, the transformation of a coamorphous phase to a cocrystal phase in the presence of polymers has not been fully elucidated. Herein, we investigated the effects of low concentrations of the polymeric excipients poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) on the growth of carbamazepine-celecoxib (CBZ-CEL) cocrystals from the corresponding coamorphous phase. PEO accelerated the growth rate of the cocrystals by increasing the molecular mobility of the coamorphous system, while PVP had the opposite effect. The coamorphous CBZ-CEL system exhibited two anomalously fast crystal growth modes: glass-to-crystal (GC) growth in the bulk and accelerated crystal growth at the free surface. These two fast growth modes both disappeared after doping with PEO (1-3% w/w) but were retained in the presence of PVP, indicating a potential correlation between the two fast crystal growth modes. We propose that the different effects of PEO and PVP on the crystal growth modes arose from weaker effects of the polymers on cocrystallization at the surface than in the bulk. This work provides a deep understanding of the mechanisms by which polymers influence the cocrystallization kinetics of a multicomponent amorphous phase and highlights the importance of polymer selection in stabilizing coamorphous systems or preparing cocrystals via solid-based methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minqian Luo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - An Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Chengbin Huang
- CMC Drug Product, Research and Development, BeiGene Co., Inc., Beijing 102206, China
| | - Minshan Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Ting Cai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
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2
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Wang Y, Chin CY, Shivashekaregowda NKH, Shi Q. Implications of Low-concentration Polymer on the Physical Stability of Glassy Griseofulvin: Role of the Segmental Mobility. AAPS PharmSciTech 2024; 25:103. [PMID: 38714634 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-024-02809-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Crystallization of amorphous pharmaceutical solids are widely reported to be affected by the addition of polymer, while the underlying mechanism require deep study. Herein, crystal growth behaviors of glassy griseofulvin (GSF) doped with various 1% w/w polymer were systematically studied. From the molecular structure, GSF cannot form the hydrogen bonding interactions with the selected polymer poly(vinyl acetate), polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), 60:40 vinyl pyrrolidone-vinyl acetate copolymer (PVP/VA 64), and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO). 1% w/w polymer exhibited weak or no detectable effects on the glass transition temperature (Tg) of GSF. However, crystal growth rates of GSF was altered from 4.27-fold increase to 2.57-fold decrease at 8 ℃ below Tg of GSF. Interestingly, the ability to accelerate and inhibit the growth rates of GSF crystals correlated well with Tg of polymer, indicating the controlling role of segmental mobility of polymer. Moreover, ring-banded growth of GSF was observed in the polymer-doped systems. Normal compact bulk and ring-banded crystals of GSF were both characterized as the thermodynamically stable form I. More importantly, formation of ring-banded crystals of GSF can significantly weaken the inhibitory effects of polymer on the crystallization of glassy GSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng, 224005, China
- Digital Health and Medical Advancement Impact Lab, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Selangor, 47500, Malaysia
| | - Chai-Yee Chin
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, 47500, Malaysia
| | - Naveen Kumar Hawala Shivashekaregowda
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, 47500, Malaysia.
- Digital Health and Medical Advancement Impact Lab, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Selangor, 47500, Malaysia.
| | - Qin Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng, 224005, China.
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3
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Li S, Liu B, Chen Z, Ou X, Rong H, Lu M. Ritonavir Revisited: Melt Crystallization Can Easily Find the Late-Appearing Polymorph II and Unexpectedly Discover a New Polymorph III. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:3854-3863. [PMID: 37450774 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Identification of a thermodynamically stable polymorph is an important step in the early stage of drug development. Ritonavir (RIT) is a well-known case where the most stable polymorph II emerged after being marketed, leading to a loss of $250 million. Herein, we report the findings that routine melt crystallization can reveal the late-appearing polymorph II of RIT at small supercooling, but the probability of nucleation is very low. The addition of 30-50% polyethylene glycol (PEG) promotes the crystallization of Form II as the only phase at low supercooling, making it easier to detect in polymorphism screening. During the course of our research, a new polymorph, denoted Form III, was unexpectedly discovered, crystallizing as the major phase from neat RIT melts. Single crystals of Form III were grown from melt microdroplets. Benefiting from the ability of synchrotron radiation to detect weak diffraction signals that cannot be accessible by a laboratory diffractometer, a reasonable structure of Form III was solved with slight disorder relative to thiazole groups (P1 space group and Z' = 4). The thermodynamic stability ranking of the three true polymorphs is Form II > Form I > Form III, as opposed to the order of solubility. The capacity to efficiently reveal rich polymorphs, especially the kinetically hindered polymorph, and rapidly grow single crystals of a new phase for structure determination together highlights the necessity of incorporating melt crystallization into routine methods for pharmaceutical polymorphism screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Binbin Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ziqiao Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiao Ou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Haowei Rong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ming Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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4
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Kawakami K. Rigid Nuclei and Flexible Nuclei: Appearance and Disappearance of Nuclei in Indomethacin Glass Revealed by a Long-Term Annealing Study. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:5967-5977. [PMID: 37408472 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c02127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, nucleation/crystallization behaviors of indomethacin glass are discussed with emphasis on the fate of nuclei, which is explained using a notion of "rigid" and "flexible" nuclei. The observation was made mainly by thermal analysis of indomethacin glass after long-term annealing at various temperatures. Formation of nuclei was evaluated by observing cold crystallization behaviors of the annealed glasses, as they should be dominated by the "nuclei form" produced in the glass. Nuclei of forms α and γ, which have opposite stability trends, were found to appear over a wide temperature range. The nuclei of form α were stable even in the presence of other crystal forms, whereas those of form γ were likely to be easily integrated into other crystals during their growth, which was explained by a notion of rigid and flexible nuclei. Moreover, unconventionally fast crystallization in the glass-transition region and the finding of a new crystal form are also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohsaku Kawakami
- Research Center for Macromolecules and Biomaterials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
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5
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Zhang J, Guo M, Luo M, Cai T. Advances in the development of amorphous solid dispersions: The role of polymeric carriers. Asian J Pharm Sci 2023; 18:100834. [PMID: 37635801 PMCID: PMC10450425 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2023.100834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) is one of the most effective approaches for delivering poorly soluble drugs. In ASDs, polymeric materials serve as the carriers in which the drugs are dispersed at the molecular level. To prepare the solid dispersions, there are many polymers with various physicochemical and thermochemical characteristics available for use in ASD formulations. Polymer selection is of great importance because it influences the stability, solubility and dissolution rates, manufacturing process, and bioavailability of the ASD. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of ASDs from the perspectives of physicochemical characteristics of polymers, formulation designs and preparation methods. Furthermore, considerations of safety and regulatory requirements along with the studies recommended for characterizing and evaluating polymeric carriers are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha 410022, China
| | - Minshan Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Minqian Luo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Ting Cai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
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6
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Shi Q, Chen H, Wang Y, Wang R, Xu J, Zhang C. Amorphous Solid Dispersions: Role of the Polymer and Its Importance in Physical Stability and In Vitro Performance. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081747. [PMID: 36015373 PMCID: PMC9413000 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Amorphous solid dispersions stabilized by one or more polymer(s) have been widely used for delivering amorphous drugs with poor water solubilities, and they have gained great market success. Polymer selection is important for preparing robust amorphous solid dispersions, and considerations should be given as to how the critical attributes of a polymer can enhance the physical stability, and the in vitro and in vivo performances of a drug. This article provides a comprehensive overview for recent developments in the understanding the role of polymers in amorphous solid dispersions from the aspects of nucleation, crystal growth, overall crystallization, miscibility, phase separation, dissolution, and supersaturation. The critical properties of polymers affecting the physical stability and the in vitro performance of amorphous solid dispersions are also highlighted. Moreover, a perspective regarding the current research gaps and novel research directions for better understanding the role of the polymer is provided. This review will provide guidance for the rational design of polymer-based amorphous pharmaceutical solids with desired physicochemical properties from the perspective of physical stability and in vitro performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng 224005, China
- Correspondence: (Q.S.); (C.Z.)
| | - Haibiao Chen
- Institute of Marine Biomedicine, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng 224005, China
| | - Ruoxun Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng 224005, China
| | - Jia Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng 224005, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Institute of Marine Biomedicine, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Correspondence: (Q.S.); (C.Z.)
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7
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Recent advances in drug polymorphs: Aspects of pharmaceutical properties and selective crystallization. Int J Pharm 2022; 611:121320. [PMID: 34843866 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Drug polymorphism, an established term used to describe the phenomenon that a drug can exist in different crystalline phases, has attracted great interests in pharmaceutical field in consideration of its important role in affecting the pharmaceutical performance of oral formulations. This paper presents an overview of recent advances in the research on polymorphic drug systems including understandings on nucleation, crystal growth, dissolution, mechanical properties, polymorphic transformation, etc. Moreover, new strategies and mechanisms in the control of polymorphic forms are also highlighted in this review. Furthermore, challenges and trends in the development of polymorphic drugs are briefly discussed, aiming at developing effective and efficient pharmaceutical formulations containing the polymorphic drugs.
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8
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Zhang J, Shi Q, Qu T, Zhou D, Cai T. Crystallization kinetics and molecular dynamics of binary coamorphous systems of nimesulide and profen analogs. Int J Pharm 2021; 610:121235. [PMID: 34743960 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Coamorphous drug delivery systems have emerged as a promising formulation technique for improving the solubility and oral bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. The selection of a suitable coformer is the key to obtaining a successful coamorphous formulation. This study aims to investigate the impacts of coformers with similar chemical structures but different physical properties on the crystallization behavior and molecular dynamics of binary amorphous systems. The addition of three profen analogs, ibuprofen (IBU), ketoprofen (KETO) and indoprofen (INDO) leads to significantly different effects on the crystallization kinetics of amorphous nimesulide (NIME). The crystal growth rates for amorphous NIME are substantially accelerated in the presence of IBU, but drastically reduced in the presence of INDO, while the incorporation of KETO results in a negligible effect. Broadband dielectric spectroscopy is employed to characterize the molecular dynamics of neat amorphous NIME and coamorphous systems. The addition of three structural analogs alters the molecular mobility of amorphous NIME in different ways, which is consistent with the trend observed for their impacts on the crystallization kinetics, suggesting that the relative mobility between the components of coamorphous mixtures governs the physical stability. In addition, it is found that the temperature dependence of the α-relaxation times for NIME with and without coformers is superimposed once the temperature is scaled by Tg/T, whereas the crystallization kinetics do not overlap on a Tg/T scale. This deviation can result from a complex interplay of thermodynamic and kinetic factors involved in multicomponent amorphous systems. This study provides insights into the crystallization kinetics and molecular dynamics of coamorphous systems containing drug analogs, which can potentially offer more flexibility for the control of physical stability without sacrificing therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qin Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Tengfei Qu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Dongshan Zhou
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Ting Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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9
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Shi Q, Li F, Xu J, Wu L, Xin J, Chen H, Ling B. Bubble-induced fast crystal growth of indomethacin polymorphs in a supercooled liquid. J Appl Crystallogr 2021. [DOI: 10.1107/s1600576721007068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical stability is one of the main challenges when developing robust amorphous pharmaceutical formulations. This article reports fast crystal growth behaviors of the γ and α forms of indomethacin (IMC) initiated by bubbles in the interior of a supercooled liquid. Bubble-induced crystal growth of γ-IMC exhibits approximately the same kinetics as its surface crystal growth, supporting the view that bubble-induced crystal growth is a surface-facilitated process. In contrast, the rates of bubble-induced crystal growth of α-IMC are much faster than those of its surface crystal growth. These results indicate that the bubble-induced crystal growth not only depends on the interface created by the bubble but also strongly correlates with the true cavitation of the bubble. Moreover, bubble-induced fast crystal growth of γ- and α-IMC can be terminated at different temperatures by cooling. These outcomes are meaningful for the in-depth understanding of physical stability and pre-formulation study of amorphous pharmaceutical solids showing surface-facilitated crystal growth.
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10
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Li F, Xin J, Shi Q. Diffusion-controlled and `diffusionless' crystal growth: relation between liquid dynamics and growth kinetics of griseofulvin. J Appl Crystallogr 2021. [DOI: 10.1107/s1600576720014636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how liquid dynamics govern crystallization is critical for maintaining the physical stability of amorphous pharmaceutical formulations. In the present study, griseofulvin (GSF), a classic antifungal drug, was used as the model system to investigate the correlations between crystal growth kinetics and liquid dynamics. The temperature dependence of the kinetic part of the bulk crystal growth in a supercooled liquid of GSF was weaker than that of the structural relaxation time τα and scaled as τα
−0.69. In the glassy state, GSF exhibited the glass-to-crystal (GC) growth behavior, whose growth rate was too fast to be under the control of the α-relaxation process. Moreover, from the perspective of τα, the GC growth of GSF also satisfied the general condition for GC growth to exist: D/u < 7 pm, where D is the diffusion coefficient and u the speed of crystal growth. Also compared were the fast surface crystal growth rates u
s and surface relaxation times τsurface predicted by the random first-order transition theory. Here, the surface crystal growth rate u
s of GSF exhibited a power-law dependence upon the surface structural relaxation time: u
s ∝ τsurface
−0.71, which was similar to that of the bulk growth rate and τα. These findings are important for understanding and predicting the crystallization of amorphous pharmaceutical solids both in the bulk and at the surface.
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11
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Jia S, Gao Z, Tian N, Li Z, Gong J, Wang J, Rohani S. Review of melt crystallization in the pharmaceutical field, towards crystal engineering and continuous process development. Chem Eng Res Des 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2020.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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12
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Zhang J, Liu Z, Wu H, Cai T. Effect of polymeric excipients on nucleation and crystal growth kinetics of amorphous fluconazole. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:4308-4316. [DOI: 10.1039/d1bm00104c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Three chemically distinct polymeric excipients show significantly different effects on the nucleation and crystal growth kinetics of amorphous fluconazole, a classical antifungal drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- School of Pharmacy
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
| | - Zhengyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- School of Pharmacy
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
| | - Haomin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- School of Pharmacy
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
| | - Ting Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- School of Pharmacy
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
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13
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Shi Q, Cheng J, Li F, Xu J, Zhang C. Molecular Mobility and Crystal Growth in Amorphous Binary Drug Delivery Systems: Effects of Low-Concentration Poly(Ethylene Oxide). AAPS PharmSciTech 2020; 21:317. [PMID: 33175339 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-020-01869-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymer additives have been widely reported to affect the crystallization of amorphous drugs, while the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. The present study aims to investigate the relationship between the crystal growth and the molecular mobility of amorphous nifedipine (NIF) in the presence and absence of low-concentration poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO). The addition of 3% w/w PEO yields approximately a 5-fold increase in the crystal growth rate of NIF in the glassy matrix and a 10-fold increase in the supercooled liquid. Broadband dielectric spectroscopy is performed to investigate the molecular mobility of amorphous pure NIF system and NIF doped with low-concentration PEO. With 3% w/w PEO, the structural relaxation time τα of amorphous NIF significantly decreases, indicating an increase in the global molecular mobility. However, the increase of the molecular mobility is insufficient to explain the 5- to 10-fold increase of the crystal growth rate at the same τα scale. Moreover, we compare the accelerating effect of PEO in NIF-PEO systems to other PEO-doped systems. The accelerating effect of low-concentration PEO on the crystal growth of amorphous drugs is found to be independent of the Flory-Huggins interaction, Tg of the drug, or the increase of the global molecular mobility. These findings suggest that an in-depth understanding regarding the effects of polymer additives on the crystallization of drugs should consider the localized mobility of the host molecules near the crystal-liquid interface.
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Shi Q, Li F, Yeh S, Wang Y, Xin J. Physical stability of amorphous pharmaceutical solids: Nucleation, crystal growth, phase separation and effects of the polymers. Int J Pharm 2020; 590:119925. [PMID: 33011255 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Compared to their crystalline forms, amorphous pharmaceutical solids present marvelous potential and advantages for effectively improving the oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. A central issue in developing amorphous pharmaceutical solids is the stability against crystallization, which is particularly important for maintaining their advantages in solubility and dissolution rate. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent studies focusing on the physical stability of amorphous pharmaceutical solids affected by nucleation, crystal growth, phase separation and the addition of polymers. Moreover, we highlight the novel technologies and theories in the field of amorphous pharmaceutical solids. Meanwhile, the challenges and strategies in maintaining the physical stability of amorphous pharmaceutical solids are also discussed. With a better understanding of physical stability, the more robust amorphous pharmaceutical formulations with desired pharmaceutical performance would be easier to achieve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng 224005, China; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Fang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng 224005, China
| | - Stacy Yeh
- Department of Cancer Biology, School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem 27103, USA
| | - Yanan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng 224005, China
| | - Junbo Xin
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng 224005, China
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15
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Knapik-Kowalczuk J, Chmiel K, Pacułt J, Bialek K, Tajber L, Paluch M. Enhancement of the Physical Stability of Amorphous Sildenafil in a Binary Mixture, with either a Plasticizing or Antiplasticizing Compound. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12050460. [PMID: 32443637 PMCID: PMC7284710 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12050460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The main purpose of this paper was to evaluate the impact of both high- and low-Tg polymer additives on the physical stability of an amorphous drug, sildenafil (SIL). The molecular mobility of neat amorphous SIL was strongly affected by the polymeric excipients used (Kollidon VA64 (KVA) and poly(vinylacetate) (PVAc)). The addition of KVA slowed down the molecular dynamics of amorphous SIL (antiplasticizing effect), however, the addition of PVAc accelerated the molecular motions of the neat drug (plasticizing effect). Therefore, in order to properly assess the effect of the polymer on the physical stability of SIL, the amorphous samples at both: isothermal (at constant temperature—353 K) and isochronal (at constant relaxation time—τα = 1.5 ms) conditions were compared. Our studies showed that KVA suppressed the recrystallization of amorphous SIL more efficiently than PVAc. KVA improved the physical stability of the amorphous drug, regardless of the chosen concentration. On the other hand, in the case of PVAc, a low polymer content (i.e., 25 wt.%) destabilized amorphous SIL, when stored at 353 K. Nevertheless, at high concentrations of this excipient (i.e., 75 wt.%), its effect on the amorphous pharmaceutical seemed to be the opposite. Therefore, above a certain concentration, the PVAc presence no longer accelerates the SIL recrystallization process, but inhibits it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Knapik-Kowalczuk
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology University of Silesia, SMCEBI, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1a, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland; (J.K.-K.); (J.P.); (M.P.)
| | - Krzysztof Chmiel
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology University of Silesia, SMCEBI, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1a, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland; (J.K.-K.); (J.P.); (M.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Justyna Pacułt
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology University of Silesia, SMCEBI, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1a, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland; (J.K.-K.); (J.P.); (M.P.)
| | - Klaudia Bialek
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland; (K.B.); (L.T.)
| | - Lidia Tajber
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland; (K.B.); (L.T.)
| | - Marian Paluch
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology University of Silesia, SMCEBI, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1a, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland; (J.K.-K.); (J.P.); (M.P.)
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16
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Zhang J, Shi Q, Guo M, Liu Z, Cai T. Melt Crystallization of Indomethacin Polymorphs in the Presence of Poly(ethylene oxide): Selective Enrichment of the Polymer at the Crystal–Liquid Interface. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:2064-2071. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qin Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Minshan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhengyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ting Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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17
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Bovone G, Guzzi EA, Tibbitt MW. Flow‐based reactor design for the continuous production of polymeric nanoparticles. AIChE J 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.16840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Bovone
- Macromolecular Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process EngineeringETH Zürich Zürich 8092 Switzerland
| | - Elia A. Guzzi
- Macromolecular Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process EngineeringETH Zürich Zürich 8092 Switzerland
| | - Mark W. Tibbitt
- Macromolecular Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process EngineeringETH Zürich Zürich 8092 Switzerland
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18
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Procházková E, Cao C, Rawal A, Dračínský M, Bhattacharyya S, Císařová I, Hook JM, Stenzel MH. Polymorphic Transformation of Drugs Induced by Glycopolymeric Vesicles Designed for Anticancer Therapy Probed by Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:28278-28288. [PMID: 31290309 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b05514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the nature of the drug-polymer interactions in micellar drug delivery systems and what happens with the drug and the polymer once the complex has formed is essential for the rational design of the polymeric matrices suitable for a particular drug. In this work, glycopolymeric vesicles-a block copolymer, poly(1-O-methacryloyl-β-d-fructopyranose)-b-poly(methyl methacrylate), (PFru36-PMMA160),-designed to target tumor cells loaded with two drugs, ellipticine and curcumin, were characterized. Advanced solid-state NMR spectroscopy and single-crystal/powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) combined with CASTEP calculations shed light on the nature of the drug, the polymer, and their interactions. While the low drug loading (ca. 5%) ensured that the structure, size, and shape of the polymeric vesicles did not change significantly, the solid-state forms of the drugs changed markedly. Upon loading into the vesicles, ellipticine favored a highly ordered form distinctly different from the bulk drug as indicated by 13C solid-state NMR spectroscopy. A detailed analysis of the CASTEP-calculated 13C spectra derived from crystallographic data based on the lowest mean absolute error showed the best match with form I. Moreover, ellipticine before loading was found as a new polymorph and was described by single-crystal XRD as a new orthorhombic Form III. Likewise, curcumin, originally present in monoclinic Form I was found to recrystallize as metastable orthorhombic Form II inside the vesicles. Intermolecular interactions between the polymeric vesicles and the drugs, ellipticine as well as curcumin, were detected using 2D 1H magic angle spinning experiments, indicating that the drugs are localized in the hydrophobic layer of the vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliška Procházková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry , Czech Academy of Sciences , Prague 166 10 , Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Martin Dračínský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry , Czech Academy of Sciences , Prague 166 10 , Czech Republic
| | | | - Ivana Císařová
- Faculty of Science , Charles University , Prague 128 43 , Czech Republic
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19
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Tu W, Knapik-Kowalczuk J, Chmiel K, Paluch M. Glass Transition Dynamics and Physical Stability of Amorphous Griseofulvin in Binary Mixtures with Low- Tg Excipients. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:3626-3635. [PMID: 31287704 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Amorphization of drug formulations containing active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and excipients has been proven to be an effective strategy to improve their poor aqueous solubility. The excipients can also impact the physical stability of the prepared amorphous forms. Generally, researchers are more apt to select excipients that have high values of glass transition temperature (Tg) because of the antiplasticization effect of the additives on APIs. In this article, we studied the glass transition dynamics as well as crystallization behavior in binary blends composed of griseofulvin (GSF) and two low-Tg additives, octaacetylmaltose (acMAL) and polyvinyl acetate (PVAc), with a particular focus on the plasticization effect. Effectively suppressed crystallization of GSF is observed in both systems when higher excipient contents are used. Our finding aims to encourage the use of specifically developed protocols in which suitable plasticizers are used as excipients for stabilizing the amorphous state of a drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenkang Tu
- Institute of Physics , University of Silesia , 75 Pułku Piechoty 1a , 41-500 Chorzow , Poland.,SMCEBI , 75 Pułku Piechoty 1a , 41-500 Chorzow , Poland
| | - Justyna Knapik-Kowalczuk
- Institute of Physics , University of Silesia , 75 Pułku Piechoty 1a , 41-500 Chorzow , Poland.,SMCEBI , 75 Pułku Piechoty 1a , 41-500 Chorzow , Poland
| | - Krzysztof Chmiel
- Institute of Physics , University of Silesia , 75 Pułku Piechoty 1a , 41-500 Chorzow , Poland.,SMCEBI , 75 Pułku Piechoty 1a , 41-500 Chorzow , Poland
| | - Marian Paluch
- Institute of Physics , University of Silesia , 75 Pułku Piechoty 1a , 41-500 Chorzow , Poland.,SMCEBI , 75 Pułku Piechoty 1a , 41-500 Chorzow , Poland
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20
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Zhang J, Shi Q, Tao J, Peng Y, Cai T. Impact of Polymer Enrichment at the Crystal–Liquid Interface on Crystallization Kinetics of Amorphous Solid Dispersions. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:1385-1396. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b01331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qin Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jun Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yayun Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ting Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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21
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Shi Q, Moinuddin SM, Cai T. Advances in coamorphous drug delivery systems. Acta Pharm Sin B 2019; 9:19-35. [PMID: 30766775 PMCID: PMC6361732 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the coamorphous drug delivery system has been established as a promising formulation approach for delivering poorly water-soluble drugs. The coamorphous solid is a single-phase system containing an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and other low molecular weight molecules that might be pharmacologically relevant APIs or excipients. These formulations exhibit considerable advantages over neat crystalline or amorphous material, including improved physical stability, dissolution profiles, and potentially enhanced therapeutic efficacy. This review provides a comprehensive overview of coamorphous drug delivery systems from the perspectives of preparation, physicochemical characteristics, physical stability, in vitro and in vivo performance. Furthermore, the challenges and strategies in developing robust coamorphous drug products of high quality and performance are briefly discussed.
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Key Words
- API, active pharmaceutical ingredient;
- AUC, area under plasma concentrations-time curve
- BCS, bio-pharmaceutics classification systems
- Bioavailability
- Characterization
- Cmax, maximum plasma concentration
- Coamorphous
- Css, plasma concentration at steady state
- DSC, differential scanning calorimetry
- DVS, dynamic vapor sorption
- Dc, relative degree of crystallization
- Dissolution
- FT-IR, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
- HME, hot melt extrusion
- HPLC, high performance liquid chromatography
- IDR, intrinsic dissolution rate
- LFRS, low-frequency Raman spectroscopy
- LLPS, liquid—liquid phase separation
- MTDSC, modulated temperature differential scanning calorimetry
- NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance
- P-gp, P-glycoprotein
- PXRD, powder X-ray diffraction
- Physical stability
- Preparation
- RH, relative humidity
- SEM, scanning electron microscope
- TGA, thermogravimetric analysis
- Tg, glass transition temperature
- Tmax, time of maximum plasma concentration
- UV, ultraviolet spectroscopy
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ting Cai
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 25 83271123.
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22
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Phan AD, Wakabayashi K, Paluch M, Lam VD. Effects of cooling rate on structural relaxation in amorphous drugs: elastically collective nonlinear langevin equation theory and machine learning study. RSC Adv 2019; 9:40214-40221. [PMID: 35542647 PMCID: PMC9076194 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra08441j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Theoretical approaches are formulated to investigate the molecular mobility under various cooling rates of amorphous drugs. We describe the structural relaxation of a tagged molecule as a coupled process of cage-scale dynamics and collective molecular rearrangement beyond the first coordination shell. The coupling between local and non-local dynamics behaves distinctly in different substances. Theoretical calculations for the structural relaxation time, glass transition temperature, and dynamic fragility are carried out over twenty-two amorphous drugs and polymers. Numerical results have a quantitatively good accordance with experimental data and the extracted physical quantities using the Vogel–Fulcher–Tammann fit function and machine learning. The machine learning method reveals the linear relation between the glass transition temperature and the melting point, which is a key factor for pharmaceutical solubility. Our predictive approaches are reliable tools for developing drug formulations. Theoretical approaches are formulated to investigate the molecular mobility under various cooling rates of amorphous drugs.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh D. Phan
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering
- Phenikaa Institute for Advanced Study
- Phenikaa University
- Hanoi 12116
- Vietnam
| | - Katsunori Wakabayashi
- Department of Nanotechnology for Sustainable Energy
- School of Science and Technology
- Kwansei Gakuin University
- Sanda
- Japan
| | - Marian Paluch
- Institute of Physics
- University of Silesia
- SMCEBI
- 41-500 Chorzow
- Poland
| | - Vu D. Lam
- Institute of Materials Science
- Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology
- Hanoi
- Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology
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