1
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Durrani H, Bjork JA, Zimmer SL. Role of PIP39 in oxidative stress response appears conserved in kinetoplastids. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2024; 259:111620. [PMID: 38653348 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2024.111620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Kinetoplastids, a group of flagellated protists that are often insect intestinal parasites, encounter various sources of oxidative stress. Such stressors include reactive oxygen species, both internally produced within the protist, and induced externally by host immune responses. This investigation focuses on the role of a highly conserved aspartate-based protein phosphatase, PTP-Interacting protein (PIP39) in managing oxidative stress. In addition to its well accepted role in a Trypanosoma brucei life stage transition, there is evidence of PIP39 participation in the T. brucei oxidative stress response. To examine whether this latter PIP39 role may exist more broadly, we aimed to elucidate PIP39's contribution to redox homeostasis in the monoxenous parasite Leptomonas seymouri. Utilizing CRISPR-Cas9-mediated elimination of PIP39 in conjunction with oxidative stress assays, we demonstrate that PIP39 is required for cellular tolerance to oxidative stress in L. seymouri, positing it as a putative regulatory node for adaptive stress responses. We propose that future analysis of L. seymouri PIP39 enzymatic activity, regulation, and potential localization to a specialized organelle termed a glycosome will contribute to a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which protozoan parasites adapt to oxidative environments. Our study also demonstrates success at using gene editing tools developed for Leishmania for the related L. seymouri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hina Durrani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Duluth, USA
| | - James A Bjork
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Duluth, USA
| | - Sara L Zimmer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Duluth, USA.
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2
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Rivas F, Del Mármol C, Scalese G, Pérez Díaz L, Machado I, Blacque O, Salazar F, Coitiño EL, Benítez D, Medeiros A, Comini M, Gambino D. Multifunctional Organometallic Compounds Active against Infective Trypanosomes: Ru(II) Ferrocenyl Derivatives with Two Different Bioactive Ligands. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:11667-11687. [PMID: 38860314 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT, sleeping sickness) and American trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease) are endemic zoonotic diseases caused by genomically related trypanosomatid protozoan parasites (Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma cruzi, respectively). Just a few old drugs are available for their treatment, with most of them sharing poor safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetic profiles. Only fexinidazole has been recently incorporated into the arsenal for the treatment of HAT. In this work, new multifunctional Ru(II) ferrocenyl compounds were rationally designed as potential agents against these pathogens by including in a single molecule 1,1'-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene (dppf) and two bioactive bidentate ligands: pyridine-2-thiolato-1-oxide ligand (mpo) and polypyridyl ligands (NN). Three [Ru(mpo)(dppf)(NN)](PF6) compounds and their derivatives with chloride as a counterion were synthesized and fully characterized in solid state and solution. They showed in vitro activity on bloodstream T. brucei (EC50 = 31-160 nM) and on T. cruzi trypomastigotes (EC50 = 190-410 nM). Compounds showed the lowest EC50 values on T. brucei when compared to the whole set of metal-based compounds previously developed by us. In addition, several of the Ru compounds showed good selectivity toward the parasites, particularly against the highly proliferative bloodstream form of T. brucei. Interaction with DNA and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were ruled out as potential targets and modes of action of the Ru compounds. Biochemical assays and in silico analysis led to the insight that they are able to inhibit the NADH-dependent fumarate reductase from T. cruzi. One representative hit induced a mild oxidation of low molecular weight thiols in T. brucei. The compounds were stable for at least 72 h in two different media and more lipophilic than both bioactive ligands, mpo and NN. An initial assessment of the therapeutic efficacy of one of the most potent and selective candidates, [Ru(mpo)(dppf)(bipy)]Cl, was performed using a murine infection model of acute African trypanosomiasis. This hit compound lacks acute toxicity when applied to animals in the dose/regimen described, but was unable to control parasite proliferation in vivo, probably because of its rapid clearance or low biodistribution in the extracellular fluids. Future studies should investigate the pharmacokinetics of this compound in vivo and involve further research to gain deeper insight into the mechanism of action of the compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feriannys Rivas
- Área Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Carolina Del Mármol
- Área Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gonzalo Scalese
- Área Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
- Group Redox Biology of Trypanosomes, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Leticia Pérez Díaz
- Sección Genómica Funcional, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ignacio Machado
- Área Química Analítica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Olivier Blacque
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, CH 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fabiana Salazar
- Laboratorio de Química Teórica y Computacional (LQTC), Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, and Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CeInBio), Universidad de la República, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - E Laura Coitiño
- Laboratorio de Química Teórica y Computacional (LQTC), Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, and Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CeInBio), Universidad de la República, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Diego Benítez
- Group Redox Biology of Trypanosomes, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Andrea Medeiros
- Group Redox Biology of Trypanosomes, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Marcelo Comini
- Group Redox Biology of Trypanosomes, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Dinorah Gambino
- Área Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
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3
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Barrera-Téllez FJ, Prieto-Martínez FD, Hernández-Campos A, Martínez-Mayorga K, Castillo-Bocanegra R. In Silico Exploration of the Trypanothione Reductase (TryR) of L. mexicana. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16046. [PMID: 38003236 PMCID: PMC10671491 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Human leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease which affects nearly 1.5 million people every year, with Mexico being an important endemic region. One of the major defense mechanisms of these parasites is based in the polyamine metabolic pathway, as it provides the necessary compounds for its survival. Among the enzymes in this route, trypanothione reductase (TryR), an oxidoreductase enzyme, is crucial for the Leishmania genus' survival against oxidative stress. Thus, it poses as an attractive drug target, yet due to the size and features of its catalytic pocket, modeling techniques such as molecular docking focusing on that region is not convenient. Herein, we present a computational study using several structure-based approaches to assess the druggability of TryR from L. mexicana, the predominant Leishmania species in Mexico, beyond its catalytic site. Using this consensus methodology, three relevant pockets were found, of which the one we call σ-site promises to be the most favorable one. These findings may help the design of new drugs of trypanothione-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J. Barrera-Téllez
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Fernando D. Prieto-Martínez
- Instituto de Química, Unidad Mérida, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Carretera Mérida-Tetiz, Km. 4.5, Ucú 97357, Mexico
| | - Alicia Hernández-Campos
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Karina Martínez-Mayorga
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Matemáticas Aplicadas y en Sistemas, Unidad Mérida, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sierra Papacal, Mérida 97302, Mexico
| | - Rafael Castillo-Bocanegra
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
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4
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Abirami M, Karan Kumar B, Dey S, Johri S, Reguera RM, Balaña-Fouce R, Gowri Chandra Sekhar KV, Sankaranarayanan M. Molecular-level strategic goals and repressors in Leishmaniasis - Integrated data to accelerate target-based heterocyclic scaffolds. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 257:115471. [PMID: 37257213 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a complex of neglected tropical diseases caused by various species of leishmanial parasites that primarily affect the world's poorest people. A limited number of standard medications are available for this disease that has been used for several decades, these drugs have many drawbacks such as resistance, higher cost, and patient compliance, making it difficult to reach the poor. The search for novel chemical entities to treat leishmaniasis has led to target-based scaffold research. Among several identified potential molecular targets, enzymes involved in the purine salvage pathway include polyamine biosynthetic process, such as arginase, ornithine decarboxylase, S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase, spermidine synthase, trypanothione reductase as well as enzymes in the DNA cell cycle, such as DNA topoisomerases I and II plays vital role in the life cycle survival of leishmanial parasite. This review mainly focuses on various heterocyclic scaffolds, and their specific inhibitory targets against leishmaniasis, particularly those from the polyamine biosynthesis pathway and DNA topoisomerases with estimated activity studies of various heterocyclic analogs in terms of their IC50 or EC50 value, reported molecular docking analysis from available published literatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Abirami
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Pilani, 333031, India
| | - Banoth Karan Kumar
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Pilani, 333031, India; Department of Pharmacy, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, AP, India
| | - Sanchita Dey
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Pilani, 333031, India
| | - Samridhi Johri
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Pilani, 333031, India
| | - Rosa M Reguera
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of León, 24071, León, Spain
| | | | - Kondapalli Venkata Gowri Chandra Sekhar
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Kapra Mandal, Hyderabad, 500078, Telangana, India
| | - Murugesan Sankaranarayanan
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Pilani, 333031, India.
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5
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Lima SKSD, Jesus JA, Raminelli C, Laurenti MD, Passero LFD. High Selectivity of 8-Hydroxyquinoline on Leishmania (Leishmania) and Leishmania (Viannia) Species Correlates with a Potent Therapeutic Activity In Vivo. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16050707. [PMID: 37242490 DOI: 10.3390/ph16050707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected disease caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania, which causes different clinical manifestations. Drugs currently used in the treatment such as pentavalent antimonial and amphotericin B cause severe side effects in patients, and parasite resistance has been reported. Thus, it is necessary and urgent to characterize new and effective alternative drugs to replace the current chemotherapy of leishmaniasis. In this regard, it has been experimentally demonstrated that quinoline derivatives present significative pharmacological and parasitic properties. Thus, the aim of this work was to demonstrate the leishmanicidal activity of 8-hydroxyquinoline (8-HQ) in vitro and in vivo. The leishmanicidal activity (in vitro) of 8-HQ was assayed on promastigote and intracellular amastigote forms of L. (L.) amazonensis, L. (L.) infantum chagasi, L. (V.) guyanensis L. (V.) naiffi, L. (V.) lainsoni, and L. (V.) shawi. Additionally, the levels of nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide were analyzed. The therapeutic potential of 8-HQ was analyzed in BALB/c mice infected with a strain of L. (L.) amazonensis that causes anergic cutaneous diffuse leishmaniasis. In vitro data showed that at 24 and 72 h, 8-HQ eliminated promastigote and intracellular amastigote forms of all studied species and this effect may be potentialized by nitric oxide. Furthermore, 8-HQ was more selective than miltefosine. Infected animals treated with 8-HQ by the intralesional route dramatically reduced the number of tissue parasites in the skin, and it was associated with an increase in IFN-γ and decrease in IL-4, which correlated with a reduction in inflammatory reaction in the skin. These results strongly support the idea that 8-HQ is an alternative molecule that can be employed in the treatment of leishmaniasis, given its selectivity and multispectral action in parasites from the Leishmania genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Kymberly Santos de Lima
- Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n, São Vicente 11330-900, Brazil
- Laboratory of Pathology of Infectious Diseases (LIM50), Department of Pathology, Medical School of São Paulo University, São Paulo 01246-903, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Adriana Jesus
- Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n, São Vicente 11330-900, Brazil
| | - Cristiano Raminelli
- Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema 09920-000, Brazil
| | - Márcia Dalastra Laurenti
- Laboratory of Pathology of Infectious Diseases (LIM50), Department of Pathology, Medical School of São Paulo University, São Paulo 01246-903, Brazil
| | - Luiz Felipe Domingues Passero
- Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n, São Vicente 11330-900, Brazil
- Institute for Advanced Studies of Ocean, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua João Francisco Bensdorp, 1178, São Vicente 11350-011, Brazil
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6
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Santiago-Silva KMD, Bortoleti BTDS, Brito TDO, Costa IC, Lima CHDS, Macedo F, Miranda-Sapla MM, Pavanelli WR, Bispo MDLF. Exploring the antileishmanial activity of N1, N2-disubstituted-benzoylguanidines: synthesis and molecular modeling studies. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 40:11495-11510. [PMID: 34355671 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1959403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In this report, we describe the synthesis and evaluation of nine N1,N2-disubstituted-benzoylguanidines against promastigotes and amastigotes forms of Leishmania amazonensis. The derivatives 2g and 2i showed low IC50 values against promastigote form (90.8 ± 0.05 µM and 68.4 ± 0.03 µM, respectively), low cytotoxicity profile (CC50 396 ± 0.02 µM and 857.9 ± 0.06 µM) for peritoneal macrophages cells and SI of 5.5 and 12.5, respectively. Investigations about the mechanism of action of 2g and 2i showed that both compounds cause mitochondrial depolarization, increase in ROS levels, and generation of autophagic vacuoles on free promastigotes forms. These compounds were also capable of reducing the number of infected macrophages with amastigotes forms (59.5% ± 0.08% and 98.1% ± 0.46%) and the number of amastigotes/macrophages (79.80% ± 0.05% and 96.0% ± 0.16%), through increasing induction of microbicide molecule NO. Additionally, ADMET-Tox in silico predictions showed drug-like features and free of toxicological risks. The molecular docking studies with arginase and gp63 showed that relevant intermolecular interactions could explain the experimental results. Therefore, these results reinforce that benzoylguanidines could be a starting scaffold for the search for new antileishmanial drugs.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaio Maciel de Santiago-Silva
- Laboratório de Síntese de Moléculas Medicinais (LaSMMed), Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Bruna Taciane da Silva Bortoleti
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia das Doenças Negligenciadas e Câncer (LIDNC), Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências e Biotecnologia, Instituto Carlos Chagas (ICC), Fiocruz, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Tiago de Oliveira Brito
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Moléculas Bioativas (LPMBA), Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Ivete Conchon Costa
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia das Doenças Negligenciadas e Câncer (LIDNC), Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Fernando Macedo
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Moléculas Bioativas (LPMBA), Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Milena Menegazzo Miranda-Sapla
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia das Doenças Negligenciadas e Câncer (LIDNC), Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Wander Rogério Pavanelli
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia das Doenças Negligenciadas e Câncer (LIDNC), Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Marcelle de Lima Ferreira Bispo
- Laboratório de Síntese de Moléculas Medicinais (LaSMMed), Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
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7
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de Santiago-Silva KM, Bortoleti BTDS, Oliveira LDN, Maia FLDA, Castro JC, Costa IC, Lazarin DB, Wardell JL, Wardell SMSV, Albuquerque MG, Lima CHDS, Pavanelli WR, Bispo MDLF, Gonçalves RSB. Antileishmanial Activity of 4,8-Dimethoxynaphthalenyl Chalcones on Leishmania amazonensis. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11101402. [PMID: 36290060 PMCID: PMC9598561 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11101402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by Leishmania species. Available therapeutic options have several limitations. The drive to develop new, more potent, and selective antileishmanial agents is thus a major goal. Herein we report the synthesis and the biological activity evaluation against promastigote and amastigote forms of Leishmania amazonensis of nine 4,8-dimethoxynaphthalenyl chalcones. Compound ((E)-1-(4,8-dimethoxynaphthalen-1-yl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)prop-2-en-1-one), 4f, was the most promising with an IC50 = 3.3 ± 0.34 μM (promastigotes), a low cytotoxicity profile (CC50 = 372.9 ± 0.04 μM), and a high selectivity index (SI = 112.6). Furthermore, 4f induced several morphological and ultrastructural changes in the free promastigote forms, loss of plasma membrane integrity, and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS). An in silico analysis of drug-likeness and ADME parameters suggested high oral bioavailability and intestinal absorption. Compound 4f reduced the number of infected macrophages and the number of amastigotes per macrophage, with an IC50 value of 18.5 ± 1.19 μM. Molecular docking studies with targets, ARG and TR, showed that compound 4f had more hydrogen bond interactions with the ARG enzyme, indicating a more stable protein-ligand binding. These results suggest that 4,8-dimethoxynaphthalenyl chalcones are worthy of further study as potential antileishmanial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaio Maciel de Santiago-Silva
- Laboratório de Síntese de Moléculas Medicinais (LaSMMed), Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil
| | - Bruna Taciane da Silva Bortoleti
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia das Doenças Negligenciadas e Câncer (LIDNC), Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências e Biotecnologia, Instituto Carlos Chagas (ICC), Fiocruz, Curitiba 81350-010, PR, Brazil
| | | | | | - Joyce Cristina Castro
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ivete Conchon Costa
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia das Doenças Negligenciadas e Câncer (LIDNC), Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil
| | - Danielle Bidóia Lazarin
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia das Doenças Negligenciadas e Câncer (LIDNC), Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil
| | - James L. Wardell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Meston Walk, Old Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, Scotland, UK
| | | | - Magaly Girão Albuquerque
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Wander Rogério Pavanelli
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia das Doenças Negligenciadas e Câncer (LIDNC), Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil
| | - Marcelle de Lima Ferreira Bispo
- Laboratório de Síntese de Moléculas Medicinais (LaSMMed), Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil
- Correspondence: (M.d.L.F.B.); (R.S.B.G.); Tel.: +55-43-33714810 (M.d.L.F.B.)
| | - Raoni Schroeder B. Gonçalves
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, RJ, Brazil
- Correspondence: (M.d.L.F.B.); (R.S.B.G.); Tel.: +55-43-33714810 (M.d.L.F.B.)
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8
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Battista T, Federico S, Brogi S, Pozzetti L, Khan T, Butini S, Ramunno A, Fiorentino E, Orsini S, Di Muccio T, Fiorillo A, Exertier C, Di Risola D, Colotti G, Gemma S, Ilari A, Campiani G. Optimization of Potent and Specific Trypanothione Reductase Inhibitors: A Structure-Based Drug Discovery Approach. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:1687-1699. [PMID: 35880849 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania spp. are responsible for up to 1 million new cases each year. The current therapeutic arsenal against Leishmania is largely inadequate, and there is an urgent need for better drugs. Trypanothione reductase (TR) represents a druggable target since it is essential for the parasite and not shared by the human host. Here, we report the optimization of a novel class of potent and selective LiTR inhibitors realized through a concerted effort involving X-ray crystallography, synthesis, structure-activity relationship (SAR) investigation, molecular modeling, and in vitro phenotypic assays. 5-Nitrothiophene-2-carboxamides 3, 6e, and 8 were among the most potent and selective TR inhibitors identified in this study. 6e and 8 displayed leishmanicidal activity in the low micromolar range coupled to SI > 50. Our studies could pave the way for the use of TR inhibitors not only against leishmaniasis but also against other trypanosomatidae due to the structural similarity of TR enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo Battista
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology (IBPM) of the National Research Council of Italy (CNR), c/o Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy.,Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri, 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Stefano Federico
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Simone Brogi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Luca Pozzetti
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Tuhina Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Stefania Butini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Anna Ramunno
- Department of Pharmacy/DIFARMA, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Eleonora Fiorentino
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Orsini
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Trentina Di Muccio
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Annarita Fiorillo
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology (IBPM) of the National Research Council of Italy (CNR), c/o Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy.,Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Cécile Exertier
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology (IBPM) of the National Research Council of Italy (CNR), c/o Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Daniel Di Risola
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Gianni Colotti
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology (IBPM) of the National Research Council of Italy (CNR), c/o Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Sandra Gemma
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Andrea Ilari
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology (IBPM) of the National Research Council of Italy (CNR), c/o Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Campiani
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
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9
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Fiorillo A, Colotti G, Exertier C, Liuzzi A, Seghetti F, Salerno A, Caciolla J, Ilari A. Innovative Approach for a Classic Target: Fragment Screening on Trypanothione Reductase Reveals New Opportunities for Drug Design. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:900882. [PMID: 35860359 PMCID: PMC9289546 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.900882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanothione reductase (TR) is a key factor in the redox homeostasis of trypanosomatid parasites, critical for survival in the hostile oxidative environment generated by the host to fight infection. TR is considered an attractive target for the development of new trypanocidal agents as it is essential for parasite survival but has no close homolog in humans. However, the high efficiency and turnover of TR challenging targets since only potent inhibitors, with nanomolar IC50, can significantly affect parasite redox state and viability. To aid the design of effective compounds targeting TR, we performed a fragment-based crystal screening at the Diamond Light Source XChem facility using a library optimized for follow-up synthesis steps. The experiment, allowing for testing over 300 compounds, resulted in the identification of 12 new ligands binding five different sites. Interestingly, the screening revealed the existence of an allosteric pocket close to the NADPH binding site, named the “doorstop pocket” since ligands binding at this site interfere with TR activity by hampering the “opening movement” needed to allow cofactor binding. The second remarkable site, known as the Z-site, identified by the screening, is located within the large trypanothione cavity but corresponds to a region not yet exploited for inhibition. The fragments binding to this site are close to each other and have some remarkable features making them ideal for follow-up optimization as a piperazine moiety in three out of five fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annarita Fiorillo
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, Italian National Research Council, IBPM-CNR, Rome, Italy
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Annarita Fiorillo,
| | - Gianni Colotti
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, Italian National Research Council, IBPM-CNR, Rome, Italy
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Cécile Exertier
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, Italian National Research Council, IBPM-CNR, Rome, Italy
| | - Anastasia Liuzzi
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, Italian National Research Council, IBPM-CNR, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Seghetti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandra Salerno
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Jessica Caciolla
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Ilari
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, Italian National Research Council, IBPM-CNR, Rome, Italy
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10
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Gambino D, Otero L. Facing Diseases Caused by Trypanosomatid Parasites: Rational Design of Pd and Pt Complexes With Bioactive Ligands. Front Chem 2022; 9:816266. [PMID: 35071192 PMCID: PMC8777014 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.816266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT), Chagas disease or American Trypanosomiasis (CD), and leishmaniases are protozoan infections produced by trypanosomatid parasites belonging to the kinetoplastid order and they constitute an urgent global health problem. In fact, there is an urgent need of more efficient and less toxic chemotherapy for these diseases. Medicinal inorganic chemistry currently offers an attractive option for the rational design of new drugs and, in particular, antiparasitic ones. In this sense, one of the main strategies for the design of metal-based antiparasitic compounds has been the coordination of an organic ligand with known or potential biological activity, to a metal centre or an organometallic core. Classical metal coordination complexes or organometallic compounds could be designed as multifunctional agents joining, in a single molecule, different chemical species that could affect different parasitic targets. This review is focused on the rational design of palladium(II) and platinum(II) compounds with bioactive ligands as prospective drugs against trypanosomatid parasites that has been conducted by our group during the last 20 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinorah Gambino
- Área Química Inorgánica, DEC, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Lucía Otero
- Área Química Inorgánica, DEC, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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11
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Etxebeste-Mitxeltorena M, Moreno E, Carvalheiro M, Calvo A, Navarro-Blasco I, González-Peñas E, Álvarez-Galindo JI, Plano D, Irache JM, Almeida AJ, Sanmartín C, Espuelas S. Oral Efficacy of a Diselenide Compound Loaded in Nanostructured Lipid Carriers in a Murine Model of Visceral Leishmaniasis. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:3197-3209. [PMID: 34767359 PMCID: PMC8675869 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis urgently needs new oral treatments, as it is one of the most important neglected tropical diseases that affects people with poor resources. The drug discovery pipeline for oral administration currently discards entities with poor aqueous solubility and permeability (class IV compounds in the Biopharmaceutical Classification System, BCS) such as the diselenide 2m, a trypanothione reductase (TR) inhibitor. This work was assisted by glyceryl palmitostearate and diethylene glycol monoethyl ether-based nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) to render 2m bioavailable and effective after its oral administration. The loading of 2m in NLC drastically enhanced its intestinal permeability and provided plasmatic levels higher than its effective concentration (IC50). In L. infantum-infected BALB/c mice, 2m-NLC reduced the parasite burden in the spleen, liver, and bone marrow by at least 95% after 5 doses, demonstrating similar efficacy as intravenous Fungizone. Overall, compound 2m and its formulation merit further investigation as an oral treatment for visceral leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikel Etxebeste-Mitxeltorena
- Institute
of Tropical Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry,
School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University
of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Esther Moreno
- Institute
of Tropical Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry,
School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University
of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Instituto
de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Manuela Carvalheiro
- Research
Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Alba Calvo
- Institute
of Tropical Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry,
School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University
of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Instituto
de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Iñigo Navarro-Blasco
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Sciences, University
of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Elena González-Peñas
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and
Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Daniel Plano
- Institute
of Tropical Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry,
School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University
of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Instituto
de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Juan M. Irache
- Instituto
de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and
Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Antonio J. Almeida
- Research
Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carmen Sanmartín
- Institute
of Tropical Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry,
School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University
of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Instituto
de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Socorro Espuelas
- Institute
of Tropical Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry,
School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University
of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Instituto
de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
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12
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Ramos FF, Tavares GSV, Ludolf F, Machado AS, Santos TTO, Gonçalves IAP, Dias ACS, Alves PT, Fraga VG, Bandeira RS, Oliveira-da-Silva JA, Reis TAR, Lage DP, Martins VT, Freitas CS, Chaves AT, Guimarães NS, Chávez-Fumagalli MA, Tupinambás U, Rocha MOC, Cota GF, Fujiwara RT, Bueno LL, Goulart LR, Coelho EAF. Diagnostic application of sensitive and specific phage-exposed epitopes for visceral leishmaniasis and human immunodeficiency virus coinfection. Parasitology 2021; 148:1706-1714. [PMID: 35060464 PMCID: PMC11010164 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182021001505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) has improved with the search of novel antigens; however, their performance is limited when samples from VL/human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-coinfected patients are tested. In this context, studies conducted to identify more suitable antigens to detect both VL and VL/HIC coinfection cases should be performed. In the current study, phage display was performed using serum samples from healthy subjects and VL, HIV-infected and VL/HIV-coinfected patients; aiming to identify novel phage-exposed epitopes to be evaluated with this diagnostic purpose. Nine non-repetitive and valid sequences were identified, synthetized and tested as peptides in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay experiments. Results showed that three (Pep2, Pep3 and Pep4) peptides showed excellent performance to diagnose VL and VL/HIV coinfection, with 100% sensitivity and specificity values. The other peptides showed sensitivity varying from 50.9 to 80.0%, as well as specificity ranging from 60.0 to 95.6%. Pep2, Pep3 and Pep4 also showed a potential prognostic effect, since specific serological reactivity was significantly decreased after patient treatment. Bioinformatics assays indicated that Leishmania trypanothione reductase protein was predicted to contain these three conformational epitopes. In conclusion, data suggest that Pep2, Pep3 and Pep4 could be tested for the diagnosis of VL and VL/HIV coinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda F. Ramos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Grasiele S. V. Tavares
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Ludolf
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Amanda S. Machado
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Thaís T. O. Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Isabela A. P. Gonçalves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana C. S. Dias
- Laboratório de Nanobiotecnologia, Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Amazonas s/n, Campus Umuarama, Bloco 2E, Sala 248, 38400-902Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Patrícia T. Alves
- Laboratório de Nanobiotecnologia, Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Amazonas s/n, Campus Umuarama, Bloco 2E, Sala 248, 38400-902Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vanessa G. Fraga
- Laboratório de Nanobiotecnologia, Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Amazonas s/n, Campus Umuarama, Bloco 2E, Sala 248, 38400-902Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Raquel S. Bandeira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - João A. Oliveira-da-Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Thiago A. R. Reis
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniela P. Lage
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vívian T. Martins
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Camila S. Freitas
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana T. Chaves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Nathalia S. Guimarães
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Unaí Tupinambás
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Manoel O. C. Rocha
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gláucia F. Cota
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ricardo T. Fujiwara
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lílian L. Bueno
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luiz Ricardo Goulart
- Laboratório de Nanobiotecnologia, Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Amazonas s/n, Campus Umuarama, Bloco 2E, Sala 248, 38400-902Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA95616, USA
| | - Eduardo A. F. Coelho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, COLTEC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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13
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Vásquez-Ocmín PG, Gadea A, Cojean S, Marti G, Pomel S, Van Baelen AC, Ruiz-Vásquez L, Ruiz Mesia W, Figadère B, Ruiz Mesia L, Maciuk A. Metabolomic approach of the antiprotozoal activity of medicinal Piper species used in Peruvian Amazon. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 264:113262. [PMID: 32818574 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In the Peruvian Amazon as in the tropical countries of South America, the use of medicinal Piper species (cordoncillos) is common practice, particularly against symptoms of infection by protozoal parasites. However, there is few documented information about the practical aspects of their use and few scientific validation. The starting point of this work was a set of interviews of people living in six rural communities from the Peruvian Amazon (Alto Amazonas Province) about their uses of plants from Piper genus: one community of Amerindian native people (Shawi community) and five communities of mestizos. Infections caused by parasitic protozoa take a huge toll on public health in the Amazonian communities, who partly fight it using traditional remedies. Validation of these traditional practices contributes to public health care efficiency and may help to identify new antiprotozoal compounds. AIMS OF STUDY To record and validate the use of medicinal Piper species by rural people of Alto Amazonas Province (Peru) and annotate active compounds using a correlation study and a data mining approach. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rural communities were interviewed about traditional medication against parasite infections with medicinal Piper species. Ethnopharmacological surveys were undertaken in five mestizo villages, namely: Nueva Arica, Shucushuyacu, Parinari, Lagunas and Esperanza, and one Shawi community (Balsapuerto village). All communities belong to the Alto Amazonas Province (Loreto region, Peru). Seventeen Piper species were collected according to their traditional use for the treatment of parasitic diseases, 35 extracts (leaves or leaves and stems) were tested in vitro on P. falciparum (3D7 chloroquine-sensitive strain and W2 chloroquine-resistant strain), Leishmania donovani LV9 strain and Trypanosoma brucei gambiense. Assessments were performed on HUVEC cells and RAW 264.7 macrophages. The annotation of active compounds was realized by metabolomic analysis and molecular networking approach. RESULTS Nine extracts were active (IC50 ≤ 10 μg/mL) on 3D7 P. falciparum and only one on W2 P. falciparum, six on L. donovani (axenic and intramacrophagic amastigotes) and seven on Trypanosoma brucei gambiense. Only one extract was active on all three parasites (P. lineatum). After metabolomic analyses and annotation of compounds active on Leishmania, P. strigosum and P. pseudoarboreum were considered as potential sources of leishmanicidal compounds. CONCLUSIONS This ethnopharmacological study and the associated in vitro bioassays corroborated the relevance of use of Piper species in the Amazonian traditional medicine, especially in Peru. A series of Piper species with few previously available phytochemical data have good antiprotozoal activity and could be a starting point for subsequent promising work. Metabolomic approach appears to be a smart, quick but still limited methodology to identify compounds with high probability of biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro G Vásquez-Ocmín
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, BioCIS, 92290, Châtenay-Malabry, France; UMR152 PHARMADEV, IRD, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
| | - Alice Gadea
- Université de Paris, CiTCoM, UMR CNRS 8038, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Cojean
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, BioCIS, 92290, Châtenay-Malabry, France; CNR du Paludisme, AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat - Claude Bernard, F-75018, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Marti
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales UMR 5546 UPS/CNRS, Plateforme MetaboHUB - MetaToul - Métabolites Végétaux, Auzeville-Tolosan, France
| | - Sébastien Pomel
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, BioCIS, 92290, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | | | - Liliana Ruiz-Vásquez
- Laboratorio de Investigación de Productos Naturales Antiparasitarios de la Amazonia (LIPNAA), Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana (UNAP), AA. HH. "Nuevo San Lorenzo", Pasaje Paujiles S/N, San Juan, Iquitos, Peru
| | - Wilfredo Ruiz Mesia
- Laboratorio de Investigación de Productos Naturales Antiparasitarios de la Amazonia (LIPNAA), Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana (UNAP), AA. HH. "Nuevo San Lorenzo", Pasaje Paujiles S/N, San Juan, Iquitos, Peru
| | - Bruno Figadère
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, BioCIS, 92290, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Lastenia Ruiz Mesia
- Laboratorio de Investigación de Productos Naturales Antiparasitarios de la Amazonia (LIPNAA), Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana (UNAP), AA. HH. "Nuevo San Lorenzo", Pasaje Paujiles S/N, San Juan, Iquitos, Peru
| | - Alexandre Maciuk
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, BioCIS, 92290, Châtenay-Malabry, France.
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14
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Martínez de Iturrate P, Sebastián-Pérez V, Nácher-Vázquez M, Tremper CS, Smirlis D, Martín J, Martínez A, Campillo NE, Rivas L, Gil C. Towards discovery of new leishmanicidal scaffolds able to inhibit Leishmania GSK-3. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2020; 35:199-210. [PMID: 31752556 PMCID: PMC6882465 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2019.1693704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous reports have validated the glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) as a druggable target against the human protozoan parasite Leishmania. This prompted us to search for new leishmanicidal scaffolds as inhibitors of this enzyme from our in-house library of human GSK-3β inhibitors, as well as from the Leishbox collection of leishmanicidal compounds developed by GlaxoSmithKline. As a result, new leishmanicidal inhibitors acting on Leishmania GSK-3 at micromolar concentrations were found. These inhibitors belong to six different chemical classes (thiadiazolidindione, halomethylketone, maleimide, benzoimidazole, N-phenylpyrimidine-2-amine and oxadiazole). In addition, the binding mode of the most active compounds into Leishmania GSK-3 was approached using computational tools. On the whole, we have uncovered new chemical scaffolds with an appealing prospective in the development and use of Leishmania GSK-3 inhibitors against this infectious protozoan.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Despina Smirlis
- Microbiology Department, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Julio Martín
- Global Health R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Tres Cantos, Spain
| | - Ana Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Luis Rivas
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Gil
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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15
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Camargo PG, Bortoleti BTDS, Fabris M, Gonçalves MD, Tomiotto-Pellissier F, Costa IN, Conchon-Costa I, Lima CHDS, Pavanelli WR, Bispo MDLF, Macedo F. Thiohydantoins as anti-leishmanial agents: n vitro biological evaluation and multi-target investigation by molecular docking studies. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 40:3213-3222. [PMID: 33183184 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1845979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania. The first-line treatment of this disease is still based on pentavalent antimonial drugs that have a high toxicity profile, which could induce parasitic resistance. Therefore, there is a critical need to discover more effective and selective novel anti-leishmanial agents. In this context, thiohydantoins are a versatile class of substances due to their simple synthesis and several biological activities. In this work, thiohydantoins 1a-l were evaluated in vitro for antileishmania activity. Among them, four derivatives (1c, 1e, 1h and 1l) showed promising IC50 values around 10 µM against promastigotes forms of Leishmania amazonensis and low cytotoxicity profile for peritoneal macrophages cells. Besides, these compounds induce oxidative stress through an increase in ROS production and the labeling of annexin-V and propidium iodide, indicating that promastigotes were undergoing a late apoptosis-like process. Additionally, molecular consensual docking analysis was carried out against two important targets to L. amazonensis: arginase and trypanothione reductase enzymes. Docking results suggest that thiohydantoin ring could be a pharmacophoric group due to its binding affinity by hydrogens bond interactions with important amino acid residues at the active site of both enzymes. These results demonstrate that compounds 1c, 1e, 1h and 1l may are promising in future advance studies.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Goes Camargo
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | | | - Marcieli Fabris
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Manoela Daiele Gonçalves
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | | | - Idessania Nazareth Costa
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Ivete Conchon-Costa
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | | | - Wander Rogério Pavanelli
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | | | - Fernando Macedo
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
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16
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Saccoliti F, Di Santo R, Costi R. Recent Advancement in the Search of Innovative Antiprotozoal Agents Targeting Trypanothione Metabolism. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:2420-2435. [PMID: 32805075 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania and Trypanosoma parasites are responsible for the challenging neglected tropical diseases leishmaniases, Chagas disease, and human African trypanosomiasis, which account for up to 40,000 deaths annually mainly in developing countries. Current chemotherapy relies on drugs with significant limitations in efficacy and safety, prompting the urgent need to explore innovative approaches to improve the drug discovery pipeline. The unique trypanothione-based redox pathway, which is absent in human hosts, is vital for all trypanosomatids and offers valuable opportunities to guide the rational development of specific, broad-spectrum and innovative anti-trypanosomatid agents. Major efforts focused on the key metabolic enzymes trypanothione synthetase-amidase and trypanothione reductase, whose inhibition should affect the entire pathway and, finally, parasite survival. Herein, we will report and comment on the most recent studies in the search for enzyme inhibitors, underlining the promising opportunities that have emerged so far to drive the exploration of future successful therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Saccoliti
- D3 PharmaChemistry, Italian Institute of Technology, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
| | - Roberto Di Santo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Roberta Costi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
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17
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Martínez-Peinado N, Cortes-Serra N, Losada-Galvan I, Alonso-Vega C, Urbina JA, Rodríguez A, VandeBerg JL, Pinazo MJ, Gascon J, Alonso-Padilla J. Emerging agents for the treatment of Chagas disease: what is in the preclinical and clinical development pipeline? Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2020; 29:947-959. [PMID: 32635780 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2020.1793955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chagas disease treatment relies on the lengthy administration of benznidazole and/or nifurtimox, which have frequent toxicity associated. The disease, caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, is mostly diagnosed at its chronic phase when life-threatening symptomatology manifest in approximately 30% of those infected. Considering that both available drugs have variable efficacy by then, and there are over 6 million people infected, there is a pressing need to find safer, more efficacious drugs. AREAS COVERED We provide an updated view of the path to achieve the aforementioned goal. From state-of-the-art in vitro and in vivo assays based on genetically engineered parasites that have allowed high throughput screenings of large chemical collections, to the unfulfilled requirement of having treatment-response biomarkers for the clinical evaluation of drugs. In between, we describe the most promising pre-clinical hits and the landscape of clinical trials with new drugs or new regimens of existing ones. Moreover, the use of monkey models to reduce the pre-clinical to clinical attrition rate is discussed. EXPERT OPINION In addition to the necessary research on new drugs and much awaited biomarkers of treatment efficacy, a key step will be to generalize access to diagnosis and treatment and maximize efforts to impede transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nieves Martínez-Peinado
- Hospital Clínic - University of Barcelona, Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal) , Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria Cortes-Serra
- Hospital Clínic - University of Barcelona, Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal) , Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irene Losada-Galvan
- Hospital Clínic - University of Barcelona, Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal) , Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Alonso-Vega
- Hospital Clínic - University of Barcelona, Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal) , Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julio A Urbina
- Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Research , Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Ana Rodríguez
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine , New York, NY, USA
| | - John L VandeBerg
- Department of Human Genetics, South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, and Center for Vector-Borne Diseases, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley , Brownsville/Harlingen/Edinburg, TX, USA
| | - Maria-Jesus Pinazo
- Hospital Clínic - University of Barcelona, Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal) , Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Gascon
- Hospital Clínic - University of Barcelona, Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal) , Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julio Alonso-Padilla
- Hospital Clínic - University of Barcelona, Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal) , Barcelona, Spain
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18
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Turcano L, Battista T, De Haro ET, Missineo A, Alli C, Paonessa G, Colotti G, Harper S, Fiorillo A, Ilari A, Bresciani A. Spiro-containing derivatives show antiparasitic activity against Trypanosoma brucei through inhibition of the trypanothione reductase enzyme. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008339. [PMID: 32437349 PMCID: PMC7269337 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanothione reductase (TR) is a key enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of trypanothione, an antioxidant dithiol that protects Trypanosomatid parasites from oxidative stress induced by mammalian host defense systems. TR is considered an attractive target for the development of novel anti-parasitic agents as it is essential for parasite survival but has no close homologue in humans. We report here the identification of spiro-containing derivatives as inhibitors of TR from Trypanosoma brucei (TbTR), the parasite responsible for Human African Trypanosomiasis. The hit series, identified by high throughput screening, was shown to bind TbTR reversibly and to compete with the trypanothione (TS2) substrate. The prototype compound 1 from this series was also found to impede the growth of Trypanosoma brucei parasites in vitro. The X-ray crystal structure of TbTR in complex with compound 1 solved at 1.98 Å allowed the identification of the hydrophobic pocket where the inhibitor binds, placed close to the catalytic histidine (His 461’) and lined by Trp21, Val53, Ile106, Tyr110 and Met113. This new inhibitor is specific for TbTR and no activity was detected against the structurally similar human glutathione reductase (hGR). The central spiro scaffold is known to be suitable for brain active compounds in humans thus representing an attractive starting point for the future treatment of the central nervous system stage of T. brucei infections. Trypanosoma brucei is a parasite responsible for neglected pathologies such as human African trypanosomiasis, also known as sleeping sickness. This disease is endemic in sub-Saharan Africa, with 70 million people at risk of infection. Current treatments for this type of disease are limited by their toxicity, administration in endemic countries and treatment resistance. Therapies against infectious diseases typically rely on targeting one or more components of the parasite that are not present in humans to ensure the best possible therapeutic window. In this case we aimed at targeting the Trypanosoma brucei trypanothione reductase (TR), one enzyme that synthesize the reduced trypanothione a key molecule for preserving the parasite redox balance. This enzyme does not exist in humans that have glutathione instead of trypanothione. Past attempts to identify novel inhibitors of this target has failed to generate drug-like molecules. To overcome this limitation we employed a recent, higher quality, TR activity assay to test a collection of compounds previously reported to be active against these parasites. This approach led to the identification and validation of a new chemotype with a unique mode of inhibition of TR. This chemical series is a drug-like starting point, in fact its core (spiro) is present in drugs approved for human use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Turcano
- Department of Translational and Discovery Research, Pomezia (Roma) Italy
| | - Theo Battista
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | | | - Antonino Missineo
- Department of Translational and Discovery Research, Pomezia (Roma) Italy
| | - Cristina Alli
- Department of Translational and Discovery Research, Pomezia (Roma) Italy
| | - Giacomo Paonessa
- Department of Translational and Discovery Research, Pomezia (Roma) Italy
| | - Gianni Colotti
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari del CNR c/o Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | | | - Annarita Fiorillo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - Andrea Ilari
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari del CNR c/o Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy
- * E-mail: (AI); (AB)
| | - Alberto Bresciani
- Department of Translational and Discovery Research, Pomezia (Roma) Italy
- * E-mail: (AI); (AB)
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19
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Battista T, Colotti G, Ilari A, Fiorillo A. Targeting Trypanothione Reductase, a Key Enzyme in the Redox Trypanosomatid Metabolism, to Develop New Drugs against Leishmaniasis and Trypanosomiases. Molecules 2020; 25:E1924. [PMID: 32326257 PMCID: PMC7221613 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25081924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The protozoans Leishmania and Trypanosoma, belonging to the same Trypanosomatidae family, are the causative agents of Leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, and human African trypanosomiasis. Overall, these infections affect millions of people worldwide, posing a serious health issue as well as socio-economical concern. Current treatments are inadequate, mainly due to poor efficacy, toxicity, and emerging resistance; therefore, there is an urgent need for new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo Battista
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University, P.le A.Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Gianni Colotti
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, Italian National Research Council, IBPM-CNR, c/o Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University, P.le A.Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.C.); (A.I.)
| | - Andrea Ilari
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, Italian National Research Council, IBPM-CNR, c/o Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University, P.le A.Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.C.); (A.I.)
| | - Annarita Fiorillo
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University, P.le A.Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
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20
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Marozienė A, Lesanavičius M, Davioud-Charvet E, Aliverti A, Grellier P, Šarlauskas J, Čėnas N. Antiplasmodial Activity of Nitroaromatic Compounds: Correlation with Their Reduction Potential and Inhibitory Action on Plasmodium falciparum Glutathione Reductase. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24244509. [PMID: 31835450 PMCID: PMC6943496 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24244509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
With the aim to clarify the mechanism(s) of action of nitroaromatic compounds against the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, we examined the single-electron reduction by P. falciparum ferredoxin:NADP+ oxidoreductase (PfFNR) of a series of nitrofurans and nitrobenzenes (n = 23), and their ability to inhibit P. falciparum glutathione reductase (PfGR). The reactivity of nitroaromatics in PfFNR-catalyzed reactions increased with their single-electron reduction midpoint potential (E17). Nitroaromatic compounds acted as non- or uncompetitive inhibitors towards PfGR with respect to NADPH and glutathione substrates. Using multiparameter regression analysis, we found that the in vitro activity of these compounds against P. falciparum strain FcB1 increased with their E17 values, octanol/water distribution coefficients at pH 7.0 (log D), and their activity as PfGR inhibitors. Our data demonstrate that both factors, the ease of reductive activation and the inhibition of PfGR, are important in the antiplasmodial in vitro activity of nitroaromatics. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first quantitative demonstration of this kind of relationship. No correlation between antiplasmodial activity and ability to inhibit human erythrocyte GR was detected in tested nitroaromatics. Our data suggest that the efficacy of prooxidant antiparasitic agents may be achieved through their combined action, namely inhibition of antioxidant NADPH:disulfide reductases, and the rapid reduction by single-electron transferring dehydrogenases-electrontransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audronė Marozienė
- Department of Xenobiotics Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry of Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (A.M.); (M.L.); (J.Š.)
| | - Mindaugas Lesanavičius
- Department of Xenobiotics Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry of Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (A.M.); (M.L.); (J.Š.)
| | - Elisabeth Davioud-Charvet
- UMR7042 CNRS-Unistra-UHA, Laboratoire d’Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (LIMA), Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Team, European School of Chemistry, Polymers and Materials, 25 rue Becquerel, F-67087 Strasbourg, France;
| | - Alessandro Aliverti
- Department of Biosciences, Universita degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milano, Italy;
| | - Philippe Grellier
- MCAM, UMR7245, Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, 61 rue Buffon, F-75231 Paris CEDEX 05, France;
| | - Jonas Šarlauskas
- Department of Xenobiotics Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry of Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (A.M.); (M.L.); (J.Š.)
| | - Narimantas Čėnas
- Department of Xenobiotics Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry of Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (A.M.); (M.L.); (J.Š.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +370-5-223-4392
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21
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Colotti G, Saccoliti F, Gramiccia M, Di Muccio T, Prakash J, Yadav S, Dubey VK, Vistoli G, Battista T, Mocci S, Fiorillo A, Bibi A, Madia VN, Messore A, Costi R, Di Santo R, Ilari A. Structure-guided approach to identify a novel class of anti-leishmaniasis diaryl sulfide compounds targeting the trypanothione metabolism. Amino Acids 2019; 52:247-259. [PMID: 31037461 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-019-02731-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania protozoans are the causative agent of leishmaniasis, a neglected tropical disease consisting of three major clinical forms: visceral leishmaniasis (VL), cutaneous leishmaniasis, and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. VL is caused by Leishmania donovani in East Africa and the Indian subcontinent and by Leishmania infantum in Europe, North Africa, and Latin America, and causes an estimated 60,000 deaths per year. Trypanothione reductase (TR) is considered to be one of the best targets to find new drugs against leishmaniasis. This enzyme is fundamental for parasite survival in the human host since it reduces trypanothione, a molecule used by the tryparedoxin/tryparedoxin peroxidase system of Leishmania to neutralize the hydrogen peroxide produced by host macrophages during infection. Recently, we solved the X-ray structure of TR in complex with the diaryl sulfide compound RDS 777 (6-(sec-butoxy)-2-((3-chlorophenyl)thio)pyrimidin-4-amine), which impairs the parasite defense against the reactive oxygen species by inhibiting TR with high efficiency. The compound binds to the catalytic site and engages in hydrogen bonds the residues more involved in the catalysis, namely Glu466', Cys57 and Cys52, thereby inhibiting the trypanothione binding. On the basis of the RDS 777-TR complex, we synthesized structurally related diaryl sulfide analogs as TR inhibitors able to compete for trypanothione binding to the enzyme and to kill the promastigote in the micromolar range. One of the most active among these compounds (RDS 562) was able to reduce the trypanothione concentration in cell of about 33% via TR inhibition. RDS 562 inhibits selectively Leishmania TR, while it does not inhibit the human homolog glutathione reductase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianni Colotti
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, IBPM-CNR, c/o Dip. Scienze Biochimiche Università Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Saccoliti
- Dip. Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Università Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Marina Gramiccia
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Trentina Di Muccio
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Jay Prakash
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, 981039, India
| | - Sunita Yadav
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Vikash Kumar Dubey
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Giulio Vistoli
- Dip. di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Mangiagalli 25, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Theo Battista
- Dip. Scienze Biochimiche, Università Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Mocci
- Dip. Scienze Biochimiche, Università Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Annarita Fiorillo
- Dip. Scienze Biochimiche, Università Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Aasia Bibi
- Dip. Scienze Biochimiche, Università Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Noemi Madia
- Dip. Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Università Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Messore
- Dip. Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Università Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Costi
- Dip. Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Università Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Di Santo
- Dip. Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Università Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Ilari
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, IBPM-CNR, c/o Dip. Scienze Biochimiche Università Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
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