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Rok J, Kowalska J, Rzepka Z, Banach K, Wrześniok D. The assessment of the phototoxic potential of drugs forming complexes with melanin - Screening in vitro studies using normal skin cells with varying pigmentation irradiated by a sunlight simulator. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 404:111268. [PMID: 39396721 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2024.111268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2024] [Revised: 09/20/2024] [Accepted: 10/11/2024] [Indexed: 10/15/2024]
Abstract
Phototoxic reactions are among the most common skin-related adverse effects induced by drugs. It is believed that the binding of chemicals to melanin biopolymers is a significant factor influencing skin toxicity. The formation of drug-melanin complexes can lead to the accumulation of drugs or their photodegradation products in pigmented cells, potentially affecting phototoxic reactions. Current procedures for assessing the phototoxic potential of drugs are based on tests using immortalized mouse fibroblasts. This study aimed to assess the phototoxic potential of selected drugs that form complexes with melanin (chloroquine, chlorpromazine, doxycycline) using human melanocytes with varying degrees of pigmentation. Parallel research was conducted on human dermal fibroblasts. To induce phototoxicity, cell cultures were irradiated using a sunlight simulator (5 J/cm2 for UVA spectrum). To account for the process of drug accumulation, two experimental models with different incubation times of cells with drugs before irradiation were used. The photo-irritation factor (PIF) was calculated based on NRU and WST-1 screening tests. Additionally, cell viability was examined cytometrically, and analyses of the cell cycle and reduced glutathione levels were conducted. The results indicated that drugs binding with melanin exhibited different levels of cytotoxicity and phototoxicity towards fibroblasts and melanocytes. These observed differences impact the values of PIF, potentially complicating the interpretation of the studies. Additional analyses, such as examining cell subpopulations in the sub-G1 phase and determining the level of reduced glutathione, can enhance the assessment of the phototoxicity of drugs on pigmented cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Rok
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200, Sosnowiec, Poland.
| | - Justyna Kowalska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Rzepka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Klaudia Banach
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Dorota Wrześniok
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200, Sosnowiec, Poland
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2
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Sadeghi A, Subrizi A, Del Amo EM, Urtti A. Mathematical Models of Ocular Drug Delivery. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:28. [PMID: 39287588 PMCID: PMC11412384 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.11.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Drug delivery is an important factor for the success of ocular drug treatment. However, several physical, biochemical, and flow-related barriers limit drug exposure of anterior and posterior ocular target tissues during drug treatment via topical, subconjunctival, intravitreal, or systemic routes. Mathematical models encompass various barriers so that their joint influence on pharmacokinetics (PKs) can be simulated in an integrated fashion. The models are useful in predicting PKs and even pharmacodynamics (PDs) of administered drugs thereby fostering development of new drug molecules and drug delivery systems. Furthermore, the models are potentially useful in interspecies translation and probing of disease effects on PKs. In this review article, we introduce current modeling methods (noncompartmental analyses, compartmental and physiologically based PK models, and finite element models) in ocular PKs and related drug delivery. The roles of top-down models and bottom-up simulations are discussed. Furthermore, we present some future challenges, such as modeling of intra-tissue distribution, prediction of drug responses, quantitative systems pharmacology, and possibilities of artificial intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Sadeghi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Astrid Subrizi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Eva M Del Amo
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Arto Urtti
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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3
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Karkoszka M, Rok J, Wrześniok D. Melanin Biopolymers in Pharmacology and Medicine-Skin Pigmentation Disorders, Implications for Drug Action, Adverse Effects and Therapy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:521. [PMID: 38675481 PMCID: PMC11054731 DOI: 10.3390/ph17040521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Melanins are biopolymeric pigments formed by a multi-step oxidation process of tyrosine in highly specialized cells called melanocytes. Melanin pigments are mainly found in the skin, iris, hair follicles, and inner ear. The photoprotective properties of melanin biopolymers have been linked to their perinuclear localization to protect DNA, but their ability to scavenge metal ions and antioxidant properties has also been noted. Interactions between drugs and melanins are of clinical relevance. The formation of drug-melanin complexes can affect both the efficacy of pharmacotherapy and the occurrence of adverse effects such as phototoxic reactions and discoloration. Because the amount and type of melanin synthesized in the body is subject to multifactorial regulation-determined by both internal factors such as genetic predisposition, inflammation, and hormonal balance and external factors such as contact with allergens or exposure to UV radiation-different effects on the melanogenesis process can be observed. These factors can directly influence skin pigmentation disorders, resulting in hypopigmentation or hyperpigmentation of a genetic or acquired nature. In this review, we will present information on melanocyte biology, melanogenesis, and the multifactorial influence of melanin on pharmacological parameters during pharmacotherapy. In addition, the types of skin color disorders, with special emphasis on the process of their development, symptoms, and methods of treatment, are presented in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Karkoszka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland;
| | - Jakub Rok
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland;
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4
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Dang M, Shoichet MS. Long-Acting Ocular Injectables: Are We Looking In The Right Direction? ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2306463. [PMID: 38018313 PMCID: PMC10885661 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
The complex anatomy and physiological barriers of the eye make delivering ocular therapeutics challenging. Generally, effective drug delivery to the eye is hindered by rapid clearance and limited drug bioavailability. Biomaterial-based approaches have emerged to enhance drug delivery to ocular tissues and overcome existing limitations. In this review, some of the most promising long-acting injectables (LAIs) in ocular drug delivery are explored, focusing on novel design strategies to improve therapeutic outcomes. LAIs are designed to enable sustained therapeutic effects, thereby extending local drug residence time and facilitating controlled and targeted drug delivery. Moreover, LAIs can be engineered to enhance drug targeting and penetration across ocular physiological barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickael Dang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied ChemistryUniversity of Toronto200 College StreetTorontoONM5S 3E5Canada
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular ResearchUniversity of Toronto160 College StreetTorontoONM5S 3E1Canada
| | - Molly S. Shoichet
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied ChemistryUniversity of Toronto200 College StreetTorontoONM5S 3E5Canada
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular ResearchUniversity of Toronto160 College StreetTorontoONM5S 3E1Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering164 College StreetTorontoONM5S 3G9Canada
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5
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Chen Z, Liu W, Wu Q, Li Z, Tan L, Ding H, Liu W, Shen X. Withdrawal time of danofloxacin and difloxacin and in vitro binding phenomenon to melanin in black-boned silky fowl. J Food Sci 2023; 88:4773-4783. [PMID: 37779380 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Fluoroquinolones are commonly used in poultry breeding. Few studies have evaluated the causes of serious drug residues in black-boned silky fowl until enrofloxacin has been banned in black-boned silky fowl breeding in the Chinese Veterinary Commission of Chinese Veterinary Pharmacopoeia (2020). However, similarly structured fluoroquinolones have not been studied in black-boned silky fowl. In this study, the elimination of tissue residues of danofloxacin (DAN) and difloxacin (DIF) was studied in four tissues of black-boned silky fowl. The specific administration methods were 100 mg/L of DIF aqueous solution for free drinking for 5 days and 50 mg/L of DAN aqueous solution for free drinking for 3 days. Based on the experiment, the withdrawal times of 44 days for muscle, 95 days for skin + fat, 3 days for liver, and 44 days for kidney of DAN were acquired, of 43 days for muscle, 61 days for skin + fat, 0 days for liver, and 38 days for kidney of DIF were acquired, which showed that DIF and DAN should be used with caution for application in black-boned silky fowl. In vitro experiments showed that black-boned silky fowl tissues had stronger adsorption capacity to DAN and DIF than yellow chicken tissues (especially in skin + fat), and melanin has a strong adsorption effect on DAN and DIF, which is an important reason for the high residual concentrations of fluoroquinolone in black-boned silky fowl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zimin Chen
- National, Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wanyi Liu
- National, Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Wu
- Guangdong Wenshi Dahuanong Biological Technology Co., Ltd, Yunfu, China
| | - Ziliang Li
- Guangdong Wenshi Dahuanong Biological Technology Co., Ltd, Yunfu, China
| | - Lei Tan
- Shenzhen Institute of Quality & Safety Inspection and Research, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huanzhong Ding
- National, Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenzi Liu
- National, Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangguang Shen
- National, Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou, China
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6
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Liu S, Liu X, Zhang X, Su Y, Chen X, Cai S, Liao D, Pan N, Su J, Chen X, Xiao M, Liu Z. Exploring the Potential of Water-Soluble Squid Ink Melanin: Stability, Free Radical Scavenging, and Cd 2+ Adsorption Abilities. Foods 2023; 12:3963. [PMID: 37959093 PMCID: PMC10648800 DOI: 10.3390/foods12213963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Squid ink melanin can be efficiently extracted from the byproduct ink sac generated during squid processing. As a natural food colorant, it possesses inherent antioxidant properties and the capability to adsorb heavy metals. This study aims to investigate the solubility of water-soluble squid ink melanin (WSSM) obtained from the ink sac, as well as its stability under various conditions including temperature, pH, salt, sugar, potassium sorbate, metal ions, sodium benzoate, sodium sulfite (reducing agent), and hydrogen peroxide (oxidizing agent). Moreover, it explores the scavenging effects of WSSM on free radicals and cadmium ions. The findings suggest that WSSM's stability is insignificantly affected by high temperature, sucrose, and salt. However, acidity, sodium benzoate, potassium sorbate, sodium sulfite (Na2SO3), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) significantly influence its stability. Most metal ions do not impact the stability of WSSM, except for Fe2+, Fe3+, Al3+, and Cu2+, which result in the precipitation of WSSM. Additionally, WSSM exhibits remarkable antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 0.91, 0.56, and 0.52 mg/mL for scavenging superoxide anion radicals (O2-·), hydroxyl radicals (·OH), and DPPH radicals, respectively. It also demonstrates the ability to adsorb the heavy metal Cd2+, with the adsorption rate gradually increasing with a higher temperature and larger amounts of WSSM added. Infrared spectroscopy analysis reveals the weakening of characteristic peaks (-COOH and -OH) during the process of Cd2+ adsorption by WSSM, while SEM confirms surface roughening and structural damage after Cd2+ adsorption. This study provides valuable insights for the utilization of squid melanin products as natural antioxidants and heavy metal adsorbents in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Liu
- Fisheries Research Institute of Fujian, National Research and Development Center for Marine Fish Processing (Xiamen), Key Laboratory of Cultivation and High-Value Utilization of Marine Organisms in Fujian Province, Xiamen 361013, China; (S.L.); (Y.S.); (S.C.); (D.L.); (N.P.); (J.S.); (X.C.)
| | - Xianwei Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China; (X.L.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xueqin Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China; (X.L.); (X.Z.)
| | - Yongchang Su
- Fisheries Research Institute of Fujian, National Research and Development Center for Marine Fish Processing (Xiamen), Key Laboratory of Cultivation and High-Value Utilization of Marine Organisms in Fujian Province, Xiamen 361013, China; (S.L.); (Y.S.); (S.C.); (D.L.); (N.P.); (J.S.); (X.C.)
| | - Xiao’e Chen
- College of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Joint Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Zhoushan 316022, China;
| | - Shuilin Cai
- Fisheries Research Institute of Fujian, National Research and Development Center for Marine Fish Processing (Xiamen), Key Laboratory of Cultivation and High-Value Utilization of Marine Organisms in Fujian Province, Xiamen 361013, China; (S.L.); (Y.S.); (S.C.); (D.L.); (N.P.); (J.S.); (X.C.)
| | - Dengyuan Liao
- Fisheries Research Institute of Fujian, National Research and Development Center for Marine Fish Processing (Xiamen), Key Laboratory of Cultivation and High-Value Utilization of Marine Organisms in Fujian Province, Xiamen 361013, China; (S.L.); (Y.S.); (S.C.); (D.L.); (N.P.); (J.S.); (X.C.)
| | - Nan Pan
- Fisheries Research Institute of Fujian, National Research and Development Center for Marine Fish Processing (Xiamen), Key Laboratory of Cultivation and High-Value Utilization of Marine Organisms in Fujian Province, Xiamen 361013, China; (S.L.); (Y.S.); (S.C.); (D.L.); (N.P.); (J.S.); (X.C.)
| | - Jie Su
- Fisheries Research Institute of Fujian, National Research and Development Center for Marine Fish Processing (Xiamen), Key Laboratory of Cultivation and High-Value Utilization of Marine Organisms in Fujian Province, Xiamen 361013, China; (S.L.); (Y.S.); (S.C.); (D.L.); (N.P.); (J.S.); (X.C.)
| | - Xiaoting Chen
- Fisheries Research Institute of Fujian, National Research and Development Center for Marine Fish Processing (Xiamen), Key Laboratory of Cultivation and High-Value Utilization of Marine Organisms in Fujian Province, Xiamen 361013, China; (S.L.); (Y.S.); (S.C.); (D.L.); (N.P.); (J.S.); (X.C.)
| | - Meitian Xiao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China; (X.L.); (X.Z.)
| | - Zhiyu Liu
- Fisheries Research Institute of Fujian, National Research and Development Center for Marine Fish Processing (Xiamen), Key Laboratory of Cultivation and High-Value Utilization of Marine Organisms in Fujian Province, Xiamen 361013, China; (S.L.); (Y.S.); (S.C.); (D.L.); (N.P.); (J.S.); (X.C.)
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Qi Q, Wei Y, Zhang X, Guan J, Mao S. Challenges and strategies for ocular posterior diseases therapy via non-invasive advanced drug delivery. J Control Release 2023; 361:191-211. [PMID: 37532148 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Posterior segment diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic retinopathy (DR) are vital factor that seriously threatens human vision health and quality of life, the treatment of which poses a great challenge to ophthalmologists and ophthalmic scientists. In particular, ocular posterior drug delivery in a non-invasive manner is highly desired but still faces many difficulties such as rapid drug clearance, limited permeability and low drug accumulation at the target site. At present, many novel non-invasive topical ocular drug delivery systems are under development aiming to improve drug delivery efficiency and biocompatibility for better therapy of posterior segment oculopathy. The purpose of this review is to present the challenges in the noninvasive treatment of posterior segment diseases, and to propose strategies to tackle these bottlenecks. First of all, barriers to ocular administration were introduced based on ocular physiological structure and behavior, including analysis and discussion on the influence of ocular structures on noninvasive posterior segment delivery. Thereafter, various routes of posterior drug delivery, both invasive and noninvasive, were illustrated, along with the respective anatomical obstacles that need to be overcome. The widespread and risky application of invasive drug delivery, and the need to develop non-invasive local drug delivery with alternative to injectable therapy were described. Absorption routes through topical administration and strategies to enhance ocular posterior drug delivery were then discussed. As a follow-up, an up-to-date research advances in non-invasive delivery systems for the therapy of ocular fundus lesions were presented, including different nanocarriers, contact lenses, and several other carriers. In conclusion, it seems feasible and promising to treat posterior oculopathy via non-invasive local preparations or in combination with appropriate devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Qi
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yidan Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jian Guan
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Shirui Mao
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
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8
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Beeson W, Gabriel K, Cornelison C. Fungi as a source of eumelanin: current understanding and prospects. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 50:kuad014. [PMID: 37336591 PMCID: PMC10569377 DOI: 10.1093/jimb/kuad014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Melanins represent a diverse collection of pigments with a variety of structures and functions. One class of melanin, eumelanin, is recognizable to most as the source of the dark black color found in cephalopod ink. Sepia officinalis is the most well-known and sought-after source of non-synthetic eumelanin, but its harvest is limited by the availability of cuttlefish, and its extraction from an animal source brings rise to ethical concerns. In recent years, these limitations have become more pressing as more applications for eumelanin are developed-particularly in medicine and electronics. This surge in interest in the applications of eumelanin has also fueled a rise in the interest of alternative, bio-catalyzed production methods. Many culinarily-utilized fungi are ideal candidates in this production scheme, as examples exist which have been shown to produce eumelanin, their growth at large scales is well understood, and they can be cultivated on recaptured waste streams. However, much of the current research on the fungal production of eumelanin focuses on pathogenic fungi and eumelanin's role in virulence. In this paper, we will review the potential for culinary fungi to produce eumelanin and provide suggestions for new research areas that would be most impactful in the search for improved fungal eumelanin producers.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Beeson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kennesaw State
University, 1000 Chastain Road NW, Kennesaw, GA
30144, USA
| | - Kyle Gabriel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kennesaw State
University, 1000 Chastain Road NW, Kennesaw, GA
30144, USA
| | - Christopher Cornelison
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kennesaw State
University, 1000 Chastain Road NW, Kennesaw, GA
30144, USA
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9
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El Ghoubary NM, Fadel M, Fadeel DAA. Self-assembled surfactant-based nanoparticles as a platform for solubilization and enhancement of the photothermal activity of sepia melanin. BENI-SUEF UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2023. [DOI: 10.1186/s43088-023-00353-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Sepia melanin (SM) is a natural photothermal biopolymer. Its biomedical applications are limited due to its poor solubility and bioavailability. This study aims to prepare a soluble formulation of sepia melanin to enhance its solubility, in turn, its bioavailability, and its use in photothermal therapy of cancer. SM was extracted from a sepia ink sac and prepared as insoluble powdered (SM) which is identified by FTIR, 1H-NMR, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscope. SM was self-assembled using tween 80 into dispersed nanoparticles (SM-NP-Tw). The prepared SM-NP-Tw were fully characterized. The photothermal performance of SM-NP-Tw was assessed. Dark and photocytotoxicity of SM-NP-Tw was studied on HepG2 cells using two wavelengths (660 nm and 820 nm).
Results
The insoluble powdered (SM) exhibited a spherical nanoparticle-like shape as revealed by scanning electron microscope and was soluble only in an alkaline aqueous solution. TGA of SM showed high resistance to thermal degradation indicating good thermal stability. The prepared SM-NP-Tw exhibited a spherical shape with mean sizes of 308 ± 86 nm and a zeta potential of − 25 mv. The cell viability decreased significantly upon increasing the concentration and upon radiation at 820 nm. The results of UV–Vis spectroscopy and the photothermal performance revealed that melanin can absorb light in a wide range of wavelengths including near the IR region; thus, it can emit sufficient heat to kill cells through the photoheat conversion effects.
Conclusion
Sepia melanin nanoparticles self-assembled into tween-based nanostructures could be a promising natural platform for photothermal cancer therapy.
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Structural Investigation of DHICA Eumelanin Using Density Functional Theory and Classical Molecular Dynamics Simulations. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238417. [PMID: 36500509 PMCID: PMC9738096 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Eumelanin is an important pigment, for example, in skin, hair, eyes, and the inner ear. It is a highly heterogeneous polymer with 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid (DHICA) and 5,6-dihydroxyindole (DHI) building blocks, of which DHICA is reported as the more abundant in natural eumelanin. The DHICA-eumelanin protomolecule consists of three building blocks, indole-2-carboxylic acid-5,6-quinone (ICAQ), DHICA and pyrrole-2,3,5-tricarboxylic acid (PTCA). Here, we focus on the self-assembly of DHICA-eumelanin using multi-microsecond molecular dynamics (MD) simulations at various concentrations in aqueous solutions. The molecule was first parameterized using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Three types of systems were studied: (1) uncharged DHICA-eumelanin, (2) charged DHICA-eumelanin corresponding to physiological pH, and (3) a binary mixture of both of the above protomolecules. In the case of uncharged DHICA-eumelanin, spontaneous aggregation occurred and water molecules were present inside the aggregates. In the systems corresponding to physiological pH, all the carboxyl groups are negatively charged and the DHICA-eumelanin model has a net charge of -4. The effect of K+ ions as counterions was investigated. The results show high probability of binding to the deprotonated oxygens of the carboxylate anions in the PTCA moiety. Furthermore, the K+ counterions increased the solubility of DHICA-eumelanin in its charged form. A possible explanation is that the charged protomolecules favor binding to the K+ ions rather than aggregating and binding to other protomolecules. The binary mixtures show aggregation of uncharged DHICA-eumelanins; unlike the charged systems with no aggregation, a few charged DHICA-eumelanins are present on the surface of the uncharged aggregation, binding to the K+ ions.
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11
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Bahrpeyma S, Reinisalo M, Hellinen L, Auriola S, Del Amo EM, Urtti A. Mechanisms of cellular retention of melanin bound drugs: Experiments and computational modeling. J Control Release 2022; 348:760-770. [PMID: 35738465 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Melanin binding of drugs is known to increase drug concentrations and retention in pigmented eye tissues. Even though the correlation between melanin binding in vitro and exposure to pigmented eye in vivo has been shown, there is a discrepancy between rapid drug release from melanin particles in vitro and the long in vivo retention in the pigmented tissues. We investigated mechanisms and kinetics of pigment-related drug retention experimentally using isolated melanin particles from porcine retinal pigment epithelium and choroid, isolated porcine eye melanosomes, and re-pigmented ARPE-19 cells in a dynamic flow system. The experimental studies were supplemented with kinetic simulations. Affinity and capacity of levofloxacin, terazosin, papaverine, and timolol binding to melanin revealed Kd values of ≈ 50-150 μM and Bmax ≈ 40-112 nmol.mg-1. The drugs were released from melanin in <1 h (timolol) or in 6-12 h (other drugs). The drugs were released slower from the melanosomes than from melanin; the experimental differences ranged from 1.2-fold (papaverine) to 7.4-fold (timolol). Kinetic simulations supported the role of the melanosomal membrane in slowing down the release of melanin binders. In release studies from the pigmented ARPE-19 cells, drugs were released from the cellular melanin to the extracellular space in ≈ 1 day (timolol) and ≈ 11 days (levofloxacin), i.e., much slower than the release from melanin or melanosomes. Simulations of drug release from pigmented cells in the flow system matched the experimental data and enabled further sensitivity analyses. The simulations demonstrated a significant prolongation of drug retention in the cells as a function of decreasing drug permeability in the melanosomal membranes and increasing melanin content in the cells. Overall, we report the impact of cellular factors in prolonging drug retention and release from melanin-containing cells. These data and simulations will facilitate the design of melanin binding drugs with prolonged ocular actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Bahrpeyma
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00014, University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Mika Reinisalo
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Laura Hellinen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Seppo Auriola
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Eva M Del Amo
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Arto Urtti
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00014, University of Helsinki, Finland; Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Petergoff, Russian Federation.
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12
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Andoh V, Chen L, Zhu F, Ge Q, Ma L, Wang Q, Chen K. The Evaluation of the Biological Effects of Melanin by Using Silkworm as a Model Animal. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:421. [PMID: 35878159 PMCID: PMC9317675 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14070421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanin has been reported to have potential applications in industries such as cosmetics and food due to its anti-UV and antioxidative qualities. However, the corresponding data on its safety evaluation or biological consequences are fairly limited; such data are critical given its widespread use. The effect of different concentrations (1, 2, 3, and 4%) of melanin on growth status (larvae length and weight, cocoon weight, and morphology), the microstructure of the various tissues (fat body, silk gland, and midgut), and silk properties was studied by using the silkworm (bombyx mori) as the model organism. The weight and length of silkworm larvae fed with melanin were lower than the control, indicating that melanin appears to have a negative effect on the growth status of silkworms; however, the histophysiology analysis indicates that the cell morphologies are not changed, the XRD and FTIR spectra indicate that the secondary and crystalline structures of silks are also well preserved, and the thermogravimetric analysis and tensile test indicate that the thermal stability and mechanical properties are well maintained and even improved to some extent. Generally, it indicates that melanin has a certain inhibitory effect on the growth of silkworm larva but causes no harm to the cell microstructures or silk properties; this demonstrates that the safety of melanin as a food addictive should be considered seriously. The increase of thermal stability and mechanical properties shows that melanin may be a good chemical modifier in textile industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Andoh
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China;
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (L.C.); (F.Z.); (Q.G.)
| | - Liang Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (L.C.); (F.Z.); (Q.G.)
| | - Feifei Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (L.C.); (F.Z.); (Q.G.)
| | - Qi Ge
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (L.C.); (F.Z.); (Q.G.)
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Lin Ma
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (L.C.); (F.Z.); (Q.G.)
| | - Keping Chen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China;
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (L.C.); (F.Z.); (Q.G.)
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13
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Soltani S, Sowlati-Hashjin S, Tetsassi Feugmo CG, Karttunen M. Free Energy and Stacking of Eumelanin Nanoaggregates. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:1805-1818. [PMID: 35175060 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c07884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Eumelanin, a member of the melanin family, is a black-brown insoluble pigment. It possesses a broad range of properties such as antioxidation, free radical scavenging, photoprotection, and charge carrier transportation. Surprisingly, the exact molecular structure of eumelanin remains undefined. It is, however, generally considered to consist of two main building blocks, 5,6-dihydroxyindole (DHI) and 5,6- dihydroxyindole carboxylic acid (DHICA). We focus on DHI and report, for the first time, a computational investigation of the structural properties of DHI-eumelanin aggregates in aqueous solutions. First, multimicrosecond molecular dynamics (MD) simulations at different concentrations were performed to investigate the aggregation and ordering of tetrameric DHI-eumelanin protomolecules. This was followed by umbrella sampling (US) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations to study the physical mechanisms of stacking. Aggregation occurs through formation of nanoscale stacks and was observed in all systems. Further analyses showed that aggregation and coarsening of the domains is due to a decrease in hydrogen bonds between the eumelanins and water; while domains exist, there is no long-range order. The results show noncovalent stacks with the interlayer distance between eumelanin protomolecules being less than 3.5 Å. This is in good agreement with transmission electron microscopy data. Both free energy calculations and DFT revealed strong stacking interactions. The electrostatic potential map provides an explanation and a rationale for the slightly sheared relative orientations and, consequently, for the curved shapes of the nanoscale domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Soltani
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada.,The Centre of Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Shahin Sowlati-Hashjin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Conrard Giresse Tetsassi Feugmo
- National Research Council Canada, Energy Mining and Environment, Mississauga, Ontario L5K 1B1, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Mikko Karttunen
- The Centre of Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
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14
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Mollica F, Lucernati R, Amorati R. Expanding the spectrum of polydopamine antioxidant activity by nitroxide conjugation. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:9980-9988. [PMID: 34873604 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb02154k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Polydopamine (PDA) materials are important due to their unique physicochemical properties and their potential as chemopreventive agents for diseases connected with oxidative stress. Although PDA has been suggested to display antioxidant activity, its efficacy is controversial and its mechanism of action is still unclear. Herein, we report that accurately purified PDA nanoparticles in water at pH 7.4 are unable to quench alkylperoxyls (ROO˙), which are the radicals responsible for the propagation of lipid peroxidation, despite PDA reacting with the model DPPH˙ and ABTS˙+ radicals. PDA nanoparticles prepared by copolymerization of dopamine with the dialkyl nitroxide 4-NH2TEMPO show instead good antioxidant activity, thanks to the ROO˙ trapping ability of the nitroxide. Theoretical calculations performed on a quinone-catechol dimer, reproducing the structural motive of PDA, indicate a reactivity with ROO˙ similar to catechol. These results suggest that PDA nanoparticles have an "onion-like" structure, with a catechol-rich core, which can be reached only by DPPH˙ and ABTS˙+, and a surface mainly represented by quinones. The importance of assessing the antioxidant activity by inhibited autoxidation studies is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Mollica
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via S. Giacomo 11, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Rosa Lucernati
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via S. Giacomo 11, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Riccardo Amorati
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via S. Giacomo 11, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
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15
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Huang WC, Cheng F, Chen CC, Kuo PH, Wang YJ, Yin SC, Tu CM, Wu MH, Wang WY, Chen SE. A Novel Eye Drop Formulation for Potential Treatment of Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2021; 10:23. [PMID: 34932116 PMCID: PMC8711013 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.10.14.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Drug delivery to posterior ocular tissues via topical eye drop administration is arduous due to the unique anatomy and physiology of the eye. Therefore, treatments for posterior eye disease have to be administered via intravitreal injection or systemic route, both of which have their drawbacks. Herein, the objective of this work was to demonstrate that a specially designed eye drop formulation could effectively deliver small-molecule vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitor to posterior ocular tissues for antiangiogenic therapy. Methods The unique eye drop formulation, termed ITRI AXN eye drops, was obtained from self-assembly of (2-hydroxypropyl)-β-cyclodextrin with a VEGF tyrosine kinase inhibitor, a hydrophilic polymer, hypromellose, and a complex stabilizer, caffeine. In vivo ocular pharmacokinetics studies were performed with New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits and Non Human Primates (NHP). The antiangiogenesis effect was evaluated on the Long-Evans rat with laser-induced choroidal neovascularization and pigmented Dutch-Belted rabbits with VEGF-induced retinal neovascularization. Results The successful drug transport from ocular surface to posterior ocular cavity was indicated by a drug biodistribution pattern in pharmacokinetic studies. Excellent drug exposure in the choroid and retina with the concentrations of 900- and 750-fold greater than drug IC50 0.5 hours post the eye drop administration (drug level: 0.8%) was observed on the NHP study. The obtained formulation also demonstrated a comparable antiangiogenic outcome with the intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF antibody on rat and rabbit disease models. Conclusions Our eye drop formulation has demonstrated great promise in antiangiogenic therapy against retinal and choroidal neovascularization in animal models. The results suggest that the aim of this work can be successfully achieved by the novel eye drop formulation. Translational Relevance The preclinical results provide evidence that ITRI AXN eye drops could effectively deliver therapeutics to the choroid and retina for antiangiogenic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chia Huang
- Department of Drug Delivery Technology, Target Drug and Delivery Technology Division, Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, 300 Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Felice Cheng
- Department of Drug Delivery Technology, Target Drug and Delivery Technology Division, Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, 300 Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chia-Ching Chen
- Department of Drug Delivery Technology, Target Drug and Delivery Technology Division, Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, 300 Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Po-Hsien Kuo
- Department of Drug Delivery Technology, Target Drug and Delivery Technology Division, Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, 300 Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yen-Jen Wang
- Department of Drug Delivery Technology, Target Drug and Delivery Technology Division, Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, 300 Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shao-Chan Yin
- Department of Drug Delivery Technology, Target Drug and Delivery Technology Division, Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, 300 Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chia-Mu Tu
- Department of Preclinical Drug Discovery Technology, Target Drug and Delivery Technology Division, Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, 300 Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ming-Hsi Wu
- Department of Preclinical Drug Discovery Technology, Target Drug and Delivery Technology Division, Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, 300 Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Wen-Yu Wang
- Department of Preclinical Drug Discovery Technology, Target Drug and Delivery Technology Division, Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, 300 Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Sung-En Chen
- Department of Preclinical Drug Discovery Technology, Target Drug and Delivery Technology Division, Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, 300 Taiwan, Republic of China
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16
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Pinzaru I, Chioibas R, Marcovici I, Coricovac D, Susan R, Predut D, Georgescu D, Dehelean C. Rutin Exerts Cytotoxic and Senescence-Inducing Properties in Human Melanoma Cells. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9090226. [PMID: 34564377 PMCID: PMC8472636 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9090226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Malignant melanoma represents the deadliest type of skin cancer with narrow treatment options in advanced stages. Herbal constituents possessing anticancer properties occupy a particular spot in melanoma research as potential chemotherapeutics. Rutin (RUT) is a natural compound exerting antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, UV-filtering, and SPF-enhancing activities that are beneficial to the skin; however, its effect as an anti-melanoma agent is less investigated. The current study is focused on assessing the cytotoxic potential of RUT against two different human melanoma cell lines: RPMI-7951 and SK-MEL-28 by evaluating its impact in terms of cell viability, cells’ morphology, and nuclear aspect assessment, and senescence-inducing properties. The results indicate a dose-dependent decrease in the viability of both cell lines, with calculated IC50 values of 64.49 ± 13.27 µM for RPMI-7951 cells and 47.44 ± 2.41 µM for SK-MEL-28, respectively, accompanied by a visible reduction in the cell confluency and apoptotic features within the cell nuclei. RUT exerted a senescence-inducing property highlighted by the elevated expression of senescent-associated beta-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) in SK-MEL-28 cells. Despite the in vitro anti-melanoma effect revealed by our results, further studies are required to elucidate the mechanisms of RUT-induced cytotoxicity and senescence in melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iulia Pinzaru
- Research Center for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluations, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (I.P.); (I.M.); (C.D.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Raul Chioibas
- Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (R.C.); (D.G.)
| | - Iasmina Marcovici
- Research Center for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluations, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (I.P.); (I.M.); (C.D.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Dorina Coricovac
- Research Center for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluations, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (I.P.); (I.M.); (C.D.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Correspondence: (D.C.); (R.S.); Tel.: +40-743-092-959 (D.C.); +40-744-337-091 (R.S.)
| | - Razvan Susan
- Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (R.C.); (D.G.)
- Correspondence: (D.C.); (R.S.); Tel.: +40-743-092-959 (D.C.); +40-744-337-091 (R.S.)
| | - Denisa Predut
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Doina Georgescu
- Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (R.C.); (D.G.)
| | - Cristina Dehelean
- Research Center for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluations, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (I.P.); (I.M.); (C.D.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
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17
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Ma Y, Xia R, Ma X, Judson-Torres RL, Zeng H. Mucosal Melanoma: Pathological Evolution, Pathway Dependency and Targeted Therapy. Front Oncol 2021; 11:702287. [PMID: 34350118 PMCID: PMC8327265 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.702287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal melanoma (MM) is a rare melanoma subtype that originates from melanocytes within sun-protected mucous membranes. Compared with cutaneous melanoma (CM), MM has worse prognosis and lacks effective treatment options. Moreover, the endogenous or exogenous risk factors that influence mucosal melanocyte transformation, as well as the identity of MM precursor lesions, are ambiguous. Consequently, there remains a lack of molecular markers that can be used for early diagnosis, and therefore better management, of MM. In this review, we first summarize the main functions of mucosal melanocytes. Then, using oral mucosal melanoma (OMM) as a model, we discuss the distinct pathologic stages from benign mucosal melanocytes to metastatic MM, mapping the possible evolutionary trajectories that correspond to MM initiation and progression. We highlight key areas of ambiguity during the genetic evolution of MM from its benign lesions, and the resolution of which could aid in the discovery of new biomarkers for MM detection and diagnosis. We outline the key pathways that are altered in MM, including the MAPK pathway, the PI3K/AKT pathway, cell cycle regulation, telomere maintenance, and the RNA maturation process, and discuss targeted therapy strategies for MM currently in use or under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanni Ma
- Department of Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Precision Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ronghui Xia
- Department of Oral Pathology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuhui Ma
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial - Head and Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Robert L Judson-Torres
- Department of Dermatology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.,Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Hanlin Zeng
- Department of Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Precision Medicine, Shanghai, China
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18
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Mostert AB. Melanin, the What, the Why and the How: An Introductory Review for Materials Scientists Interested in Flexible and Versatile Polymers. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1670. [PMID: 34065580 PMCID: PMC8161012 DOI: 10.3390/polym13101670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Today, western society is facing challenges to create new medical technologies to service an aging population as well as the ever-increasing e-waste of electronic devices and sensors. A key solution to these challenges will be the use of biomaterials and biomimetic systems. One material that has been receiving serious attention for its biomedical and device applications is eumelanin. Eumelanin, or commonly known as melanin, is nature's brown-black pigment and is a poly-indolequinone biopolymer, which possess unique physical and chemical properties for material applications. Presented here is a review, aimed at polymer and other materials scientists, to introduce eumelanin as a potential material for research. Covered here are the chemical and physical structures of melanin, an overview of its unique physical and chemical properties, as well as a wide array of applications, but with an emphasis on device and sensing applications. The review is then finished by introducing interested readers to novel synthetic protocols and post synthesis fabrication techniques to enable a starting point for polymer research in this intriguing and complex material.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bernardus Mostert
- Department of Chemistry, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Wales SA2 8PP, UK
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19
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Collins M, Awwad S, Ibeanu N, Khaw PT, Guiliano D, Brocchini S, Khalili H. Dual-acting therapeutic proteins for intraocular use. Drug Discov Today 2020; 26:44-55. [PMID: 33137484 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Intravitreally injected antibody-based medicines have revolutionised the treatment of retinal disease. Bispecific and dual-functional antibodies and therapeutic proteins have the potential to further increase the efficacy of intraocular medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Collins
- School of Health, Sport and Bioscience, University of East London, London, E15 4LZ, UK; School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Sahar Awwad
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, WC1N 1AX, UK; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Nkiru Ibeanu
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, WC1N 1AX, UK; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Peng T Khaw
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - David Guiliano
- School of Health, Sport and Bioscience, University of East London, London, E15 4LZ, UK
| | - Steve Brocchini
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Hanieh Khalili
- School of Health, Sport and Bioscience, University of East London, London, E15 4LZ, UK; School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, WC1N 1AX, UK.
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20
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Microscale Thermophoresis as a Screening Tool to Predict Melanin Binding of Drugs. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12060554. [PMID: 32560065 PMCID: PMC7355663 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12060554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between drugs and melanin pigment may have major impacts on pharmacokinetics. Therefore, melanin binding can modify the efficacy and toxicity of medications in ophthalmic and other disease of pigmented tissues, such as melanoma. As melanin is present in many pigmented tissues in the human body, investigation of pigment binding is relevant in drug discovery and development. Conventionally, melanin binding assays have been performed using an equilibrium binding study followed by chemical analytics, such as LC/MS. This approach is laborious, relatively slow, and limited to facilities with high performance quantitation instrumentation. We present here a screening of melanin binding with label-free microscale thermophoresis (MST) that utilizes the natural autofluorescence of melanin. We determined equilibrium dissociation constants (Kd) of 11 model compounds with melanin nanoparticles. MST categorized the compounds into extreme (chloroquine, penicillin G), high (papaverine, levofloxacin, terazosin), intermediate (timolol, nadolol, quinidine, propranolol), and low melanin binders (atropine, methotrexate, diclofenac) and displayed good correlation with binding parameter values obtained with the conventional binding study and LC/MS analytics. Further, correlation was seen between predicted melanin binding in human retinal pigment epithelium and choroid (RPE-choroid) and Kd values obtained with MST. This method represents a useful and fast approach for classification of compounds regarding melanin binding. Thus, the method can be utilized in various fields, including drug discovery, pharmacokinetics, and toxicology.
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21
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Al Khatib M, Costa J, Baratto MC, Basosi R, Pogni R. Paramagnetism and Relaxation Dynamics in Melanin Biomaterials. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:2110-2115. [PMID: 32105072 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b11785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Spectroscopical characterization of melanins is a prior requirement for the efficient tailoring of their radical scavenging, ultraviolet-visible radiation absorption, metal chelation, and natural pigment properties. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), exploiting the common persistent paramagnetism of melanins, represents the elective standard for the structural and dynamical characterization of their constituting radical species. Although melanins are mainly investigated using X-band (9.5 GHz) continuous wave (CW)-EPR, an integration with the application of Q-band (34 GHz) in CW and pulse EPR for the discrimination of melanin pigments of different compositions is presented here. The longitudinal relaxation times measured highlight faster relaxation rates for cysteinyldopa melanin, compared to those of the most common dopa melanin pigment, suggesting pulse EPR spin-lattice relaxation time measurements as a complementary tool for characterization of pigments of interest for biomimetic materials engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maher Al Khatib
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Jessica Costa
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Maria Camilla Baratto
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Riccardo Basosi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Rebecca Pogni
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
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22
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Jakubiak P, Cantrill C, Urtti A, Alvarez-Sánchez R. Establishment of an In Vitro-In Vivo Correlation for Melanin Binding and the Extension of the Ocular Half-Life of Small-Molecule Drugs. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:4890-4901. [PMID: 31670965 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A large variety of drugs bind effectively to melanin, and this binding influences their ocular pharmacokinetic and distribution profiles. We aimed to establish a correlation between in vitro melanin binding and in vivo ocular pharmacokinetics (PK). The extent of melanin binding in vitro was determined for a set of model drugs; binding kinetics and binding isotherms were generated and fitted to a mechanistic model to derive the drug-melanin binding parameters (Bmax, KD, kon, and koff). In addition, in vitro ADME properties such as cellular permeability, P-glycoprotein-mediated efflux, plasma protein binding, and octanol partition coefficients were determined. Moreover, cellular uptake was measured in the nonpigmented ARPE-19 cells and in lightly pigmented human epidermal melanocytes. Finally, in vivo ocular PK studies were performed in albino and pigmented rats using intravenous injections. Substantial drug enrichment accompanied by a very long residence time was observed in pigmented ocular tissues, which could be linked to the melanin binding determined in vitro and to the intracellular drug uptake into the pigmented cells. The resulting ocular PK profile is shown to be a consequence of the interplay of melanin binding with concurrent processes such as systemic clearance, plasma protein binding, cellular permeation, P-glycoprotein efflux, pH partitioning, and tissue binding. Understanding this interplay at a mechanistic level could help in the rational design and development of new small-molecule drug candidates with the desired PK/pharmacodynamic profile to target the back of the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Jakubiak
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland.,School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Carina Cantrill
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Arto Urtti
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.,Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rubén Alvarez-Sánchez
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
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