1
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Zhen J, Huang Q, Shen K, Dong H, Zhang S, Lv K, Yang P, Zhang Y, Guo S, Qiu J, Liu G. Irreversible coherent matching bonding of van der Waals heterostructure lattice by pressure. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2403726121. [PMID: 38805293 PMCID: PMC11161798 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2403726121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The key of heterostructure is the combinations created by stacking various vdW materials, which can modify interlayer coupling and electronic properties, providing exciting opportunities for designer devices. However, this simple stacking does not create chemical bonds, making it difficult to fundamentally alter the electronic structure. Here, we demonstrate that interlayer interactions in heterostructures can be fundamentally controlled using hydrostatic pressure, providing a bonding method to modify electronic structures. By covering graphene with boron nitride and inducing an irreversible phase transition, the conditions for graphene lattice-matching bonding (IMB) were created. We demonstrate that the increased bandgap of graphene under pressure is well maintained in ambient due to the IMB in the interface. Comparison to theoretical modeling emphasizes the process of pressure-induced interfacial bonding, systematically generalizes, and predicts this model. Our results demonstrate that pressure can irreversibly control interlayer bonding, providing opportunities for high-pressure technology in ambient applications and IMB engineering in heterostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiapeng Zhen
- College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan410073, People’s Republic of China
- Science and Technology on Integrated Logistics Support Laboratory, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan410073, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiushi Huang
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing100093, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kai Shen
- College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan410073, People’s Republic of China
- Science and Technology on Integrated Logistics Support Laboratory, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan410073, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongliang Dong
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Shanghai201203, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shihui Zhang
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Shanghai201203, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Superhard Materials, Jilin University, Changchun130012, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kehong Lv
- College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan410073, People’s Republic of China
- Science and Technology on Integrated Logistics Support Laboratory, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan410073, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peng Yang
- College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan410073, People’s Republic of China
- Science and Technology on Integrated Logistics Support Laboratory, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan410073, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan410073, People’s Republic of China
- Science and Technology on Integrated Logistics Support Laboratory, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan410073, People’s Republic of China
| | - Silin Guo
- College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan410073, People’s Republic of China
- Science and Technology on Integrated Logistics Support Laboratory, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan410073, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Qiu
- College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan410073, People’s Republic of China
- Science and Technology on Integrated Logistics Support Laboratory, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan410073, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guanjun Liu
- College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan410073, People’s Republic of China
- Science and Technology on Integrated Logistics Support Laboratory, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan410073, People’s Republic of China
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2
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Yin J, Yan Y, Miao M, Tang J, Jiang J, Liu H, Chen Y, Chen Y, Lyu F, Mao Z, He Y, Wan L, Zhou B, Lu J. Diamond with Sp 2-Sp 3 composite phase for thermometry at Millikelvin temperatures. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3871. [PMID: 38719862 PMCID: PMC11079005 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48137-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Temperature is one of the seven fundamental physical quantities. The ability to measure temperatures approaching absolute zero has driven numerous advances in low-temperature physics and quantum physics. Currently, millikelvin temperatures and below are measured through the characterization of a certain thermal state of the system as there is no traditional thermometer capable of measuring temperatures at such low levels. In this study, we develop a kind of diamond with sp2-sp3 composite phase to tackle this problem. The synthesized composite phase diamond (CPD) exhibits a negative temperature coefficient, providing an excellent fit across a broad temperature range, and reaching a temperature measurement limit of 1 mK. Additionally, the CPD demonstrates low magnetic field sensitivity and excellent thermal stability, and can be fabricated into probes down to 1 micron in diameter, making it a promising candidate for the manufacture of next-generation cryogenic temperature sensors. This development is significant for the low-temperature physics researches, and can help facilitate the transition of quantum computing, quantum simulation, and other related technologies from research to practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Yin
- CityU-Shenzhen Futian Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518045, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Branch of National Precious Metals Material Engineering Research Centre, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yang Yan
- CityU-Shenzhen Futian Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518045, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Branch of National Precious Metals Material Engineering Research Centre, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mulin Miao
- Hong Kong Branch of National Precious Metals Material Engineering Research Centre, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jiayin Tang
- Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jiali Jiang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Branch of National Precious Metals Material Engineering Research Centre, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hui Liu
- CityU-Shenzhen Futian Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518045, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Branch of National Precious Metals Material Engineering Research Centre, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuhan Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Branch of National Precious Metals Material Engineering Research Centre, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yinxian Chen
- Hong Kong Branch of National Precious Metals Material Engineering Research Centre, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Fucong Lyu
- CityU-Shenzhen Futian Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518045, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Branch of National Precious Metals Material Engineering Research Centre, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhengyi Mao
- CityU-Shenzhen Futian Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518045, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Branch of National Precious Metals Material Engineering Research Centre, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yunhu He
- CityU-Shenzhen Futian Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518045, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Branch of National Precious Metals Material Engineering Research Centre, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lei Wan
- CityU-Shenzhen Futian Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518045, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Branch of National Precious Metals Material Engineering Research Centre, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- China Resources Research Institute of Science and Technology Co, Limited, Hong Kong, China
| | - Binbin Zhou
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Electronic Materials, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jian Lu
- CityU-Shenzhen Futian Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518045, China.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- Hong Kong Branch of National Precious Metals Material Engineering Research Centre, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- Centre for Advanced Structural Materials, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Greater Bay Joint Division, Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Shenzhen, China.
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3
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Zhu Y, Fang Z, Zhang Z, Wu H. Discontinuous phase diagram of amorphous carbons. Natl Sci Rev 2024; 11:nwae051. [PMID: 38504723 PMCID: PMC10950053 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwae051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The short-range order and medium-range order of amorphous carbons demonstrated in experiments allow us to rethink whether there exist intrinsic properties hidden by atomic disordering. Here we presented six representative phases of amorphous carbons (0.1-3.4 g/cm3), namely, disordered graphene network (DGN), high-density amorphous carbon (HDAC), amorphous diaphite (a-DG), amorphous diamond (a-D), paracrystalline diamond (p-D), and nano-polycrystalline diamond (NPD), respectively, classified by their topological features and microstructural characterizations that are comparable with experiments. To achieve a comprehensive physical landscape for amorphous carbons, a phase diagram was plotted in the sp3/sp2 versus density plane, in which the counterintuitive discontinuity originates from the inherent difference in topological microstructures, further guiding us to discover a variety of phase transitions among different amorphous carbons. Intriguingly, the power law, log(sp3/sp2) ∝ ρn, hints at intrinsic topology and hidden order in amorphous carbons, providing an insightful perspective to reacquaint atomic disorder in non-crystalline carbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- YinBo Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - ZhouYu Fang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - ZhongTing Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - HengAn Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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4
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Yang X, Zang J, Zhao X, Ren X, Ma S, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Li X, Cheng S, Li S, Liu B, Shan C. Centimeter-sized diamond composites with high electrical conductivity and hardness. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2316580121. [PMID: 38377204 PMCID: PMC10907318 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2316580121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Achieving high-performance materials with superior mechanical properties and electrical conductivity, especially in large-sized bulk forms, has always been the goal. However, it remains a grand challenge due to the inherent trade-off between these properties. Herein, by employing nanodiamonds as precursors, centimeter-sized diamond/graphene composites were synthesized under moderate pressure and temperature conditions (12 GPa and 1,300 to 1,500 °C), and the composites consisted of ultrafine diamond grains and few-layer graphene domains interconnected through covalently bonded interfaces. The composites exhibit a remarkable electrical conductivity of 2.0 × 104 S m-1 at room temperature, a Vickers hardness of up to ~55.8 GPa, and a toughness of 10.8 to 19.8 MPa m1/2. Theoretical calculations indicate that the transformation energy barrier for the graphitization of diamond surface is lower than that for diamond growth directly from conventional sp2 carbon materials, allowing the synthesis of such diamond composites under mild conditions. The above results pave the way for realizing large-sized diamond-based materials with ultrahigh electrical conductivity and superior mechanical properties simultaneously under moderate synthesis conditions, which will facilitate their large-scale applications in a variety of fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xigui Yang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Diamond Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou450001, China
- Institute of Quantum Materials and Physics, Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou450046, China
| | - Jinhao Zang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Diamond Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou450001, China
| | - Xingju Zhao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Diamond Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou450001, China
| | - Xiaoyan Ren
- Henan Key Laboratory of Diamond Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou450001, China
| | - Shuailing Ma
- Institute of High Pressure Physics, School of Physical Scientific and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo315211, China
| | - Zhuangfei Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Diamond Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou450001, China
| | - Yuewen Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Diamond Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou450001, China
| | - Xing Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Diamond Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou450001, China
| | - Shaobo Cheng
- Henan Key Laboratory of Diamond Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou450001, China
- Institute of Quantum Materials and Physics, Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou450046, China
| | - Shunfang Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Diamond Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou450001, China
| | - Bingbing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun130012, China
| | - Chongxin Shan
- Henan Key Laboratory of Diamond Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou450001, China
- Institute of Quantum Materials and Physics, Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou450046, China
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5
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Salter P, Villar MP, Lloret F, Reyes DF, Krueger M, Henderson CS, Araujo D, Jackman RB. Laser Engineering Nanocarbon Phases within Diamond for Science and Electronics. ACS NANO 2024; 18:2861-2871. [PMID: 38232330 PMCID: PMC10832029 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c07116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Diamond, as the densest allotrope of carbon, displays a range of exemplary material properties that are attractive from a device perspective. Despite diamond displaying high carbon-carbon bond strength, ultrashort (femtosecond) pulse laser radiation can provide sufficient energy for highly localized internal breakdown of the diamond lattice. The less-dense carbon structures generated on lattice breakdown are subject to significant pressure from the surrounding diamond matrix, leading to highly unusual formation conditions. By tailoring the laser dose delivered to the diamond, it is shown that it is possible to create continuously modified internal tracks with varying electrical conduction properties. In addition to the widely reported conducting tracks, conditions leading to semiconducting and insulating written tracks have been identified. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) is used to visualize the structural transformations taking place and provide insight into the different conduction regimes. The HRTEM reveals a highly diverse range of nanocarbon structures are generated by the laser irradiation, including many signatures for different so-called diaphite complexes, which have been seen in meteorite samples and seem to mediate the laser-induced breakdown of the diamond. This work offers insight into possible formation methods for the diamond and related nanocarbon phases found in meteorites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick
S. Salter
- Department
of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, U.K.
| | - M. Pilar Villar
- Department
of the Science of Materials, University
of Cadiz, 11510, Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Fernando Lloret
- Department
of the Science of Materials, University
of Cadiz, 11510, Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Daniel F. Reyes
- Department
of the Science of Materials, University
of Cadiz, 11510, Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Marta Krueger
- Department
of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, U.K.
| | - Calum S. Henderson
- London
Centre for Nanotechnology and Department of Electronic and Electrical
Engineering, UCL (University College London), 17−19 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AH, U.K.
| | - Daniel Araujo
- Department
of the Science of Materials, University
of Cadiz, 11510, Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Richard B. Jackman
- London
Centre for Nanotechnology and Department of Electronic and Electrical
Engineering, UCL (University College London), 17−19 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AH, U.K.
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6
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Zhang C, Jiang J, Guan Z, Zhang Y, Li Y, Song B, Shao W, Zhen L. Unveiling the sp 2 ─sp 3 C─C Polar Bond Induced Electromagnetic Responding Behaviors by a 2D N-doped Carbon Nanosheet Absorber. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2306159. [PMID: 38044305 PMCID: PMC10939080 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
The infertile electromagnetic (EM) attenuating behavior of carbon material makes the improvement of its performance remain a significant challenge. Herein, a facile and low-cost strategy radically distinct from the prevalent approaches by constructing polar covalent bonds between sp2 -hybridized and sp3 -hybridized carbon atoms to introduce strong dipolar polarization is proposed. Through customizing and selectively engineering the N moieties conjugated with carbon rings, the microstructure of the as-synthesized 2D nanosheet is gradually converted with the partial transition from sp3 carbons to sp2 carbons, where the electric dipoles between them are also tuned. Supported by the DFT calculations, a progressively enhanced sp2 ─sp3 C─C dipolar polarization is caused by this controllable structure evolution, which is demonstrated to contribute dominantly to the total dielectric loss. By virtue of this unduplicated loss behavior, a remarkable effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) beyond -10 dB of 8.28 GHz (2.33 mm) and an ultrawide EAB beyond -5 dB of 13.72 GHz (4.93 mm) are delivered, which upgrade the EM performance of carbon material to a higher level. This study not only demonstrates the huge perspective of sp2 ─sp3 -hybridized carbon in EM elimination but also gives pioneering insights into the carbon-carbon polarization mechanism for guiding the development of advanced EM absorption materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Zhang
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringHarbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin150001P. R. China
| | - Jian‐Tang Jiang
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringHarbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin150001P. R. China
- National Key Laboratory of Precision Hot Processing of MetalsHarbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin150001P. R. China
| | - Zhenjie Guan
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringHarbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin150001P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringHarbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin150001P. R. China
| | - Yining Li
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringHarbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin150001P. R. China
| | - Bo Song
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special EnvironmentsHarbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin150080P. R. China
| | - Wenzhu Shao
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringHarbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin150001P. R. China
| | - Liang Zhen
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringHarbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin150001P. R. China
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart MaterialsSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringHarbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen)Shenzhen518055P. R. China
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7
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Németh P, Garvie LAJ, Salzmann CG. Canyon Diablo lonsdaleite is a nanocomposite containing c/h stacking disordered diamond and diaphite. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2023; 381:20220344. [PMID: 37691464 PMCID: PMC10493553 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2022.0344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
In 1967, a diamond polymorph was reported from hard, diamond-like grains of the Canyon Diablo iron meteorite and named lonsdaleite. This mineral was defined and identified by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) features that were indexed with a hexagonal unit cell. Since 1967, several natural and synthetic diamond-like materials with XRD data matching lonsdaleite have been reported and the name lonsdaleite was used interchangeably with hexagonal diamond. Its hexagonal structure was speculated to lead to physical properties superior to cubic diamond, and as such has stimulated attempts to synthesize lonsdaleite. Despite numerous reports, several recent studies have provided alternative explanations for the XRD, transmission electron microscopy and Raman data used to identify lonsdaleite. Here, we show that lonsdaleite from the Canyon Diablo diamond-like grains are a nanocomposite material dominated by subnanometre-scale cubic/hexagonal stacking disordered diamond and diaphite domains. These nanostructured elements are intimately intergrown, giving rise to structural features erroneously associated with h diamond. Our data suggest that the diffuse scattering in XRD and the hexagonal features in transmission electron microscopy images reported from various natural and laboratory-prepared samples that were previously used for lonsdaleite identification, in fact arise from cubic/hexagonal stacking disordered diamond and diaphite domains. This article is part of the theme issue 'Exploring the length scales, timescales and chemistry of challenging materials (Part 2)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Németh
- Institute for Geological and Geochemical Research, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budaörsi út 45, Budapest 1112, Hungary
- University of Pannonia, Research Institute of Biomolecular and Chemical Engineering, Egyetem út 10, Veszprém 8200, Hungary
| | - Laurence A. J. Garvie
- Buseck Center for Meteorite Studies, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-6004, USA
| | - Christoph G. Salzmann
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK
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8
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Alsulami IK, Abdullahi S, Alshahrie A, Salah N. Thermoelectric and power generation of 2D structured pieces of graphene-nanodiamonds nanocomposite. RSC Adv 2023; 13:26169-26178. [PMID: 37664212 PMCID: PMC10472211 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra03748g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, the ultrafine 2D structured nanocomposite of graphene (Gr)-nanodiamonds (NDs) produced by a microwave-assisted chemical route was found to have attractive structural properties. This new 2D structured nanocomposite may be employed for a wide spectrum of applications including thermoelectricity (TE) applications. It is well established that TE materials should be highly effective to be used for designing operative devices for powering or cooling small devices. To fulfill such an objective, the functional TE material should possess a high-power factor and low thermal conductivity. In this study, NDs were successfully integrated into Gr with a magnificent structural alteration to the Gr layers/sheets. This structural modification was found to impact the TE final outcome above and below room temperature (RT). The obtained results showed that at 215 K the power factor value was increased from 4 μW m-1 K-2 for the pure Gr to ∼20 μW m-1 K-2 for the Gr-NDs nanocomposite. At higher T, e.g. 365 K, these values slightly decreased, but with clear superiority for the Gr-NDs nanocomposite. The thermal conductivity of the Gr-NDs nanocomposite was significantly reduced to ∼12% of that of the pure Gr, which could reflect a significant enhancement in the value of the figure of merit by >45 times. Furthermore, the output power generated by a single small leg module made of the Gr-NDs nanocomposite was measured and found to be measurable. The obtained values are still relatively low for practical application, but this newly produced material has great potential to be further developed for TE applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim K Alsulami
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia
- K. A. CARE Energy Research and Innovation Center, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia
- Centre of Nanotechnology, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia
- Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz Military Academy Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Shittu Abdullahi
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Gombe State University P.M.B. 127 Gombe Nigeria
| | - Ahmed Alshahrie
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia
- Centre of Nanotechnology, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Numan Salah
- K. A. CARE Energy Research and Innovation Center, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia
- Centre of Nanotechnology, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia
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9
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He ZH, Huang YY, Ji GF, Chen J, Wu Q. The Structure Properties of Carbon Materials Formed in 2,4,6-Triamino-1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene Detonation: A Theoretical Insight for Nucleation of Diamond-like Carbon. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12568. [PMID: 37628750 PMCID: PMC10454052 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The structure and properties of nano-carbon materials formed in explosives detonation are always a challenge, not only for the designing and manufacturing of these materials but also for clearly understanding the detonation performance of explosives. Herein, we study the dynamic evolution process of condensed-phase carbon involved in 2,4,6-Triamino-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (TATB) detonation using the quantum-based molecular dynamics method. Various carbon structures such as, graphene-like, diamond-like, and "diaphite", are obtained under different pressures. The transition from a C sp2- to a sp3-hybrid, driven by the conversion of a hexatomic to a non-hexatomic ring, is detected under high pressure. A tightly bound nucleation mechanism for diamond-like carbon dominated by a graphene-like carbon layer is uncovered. The graphene-like layer is readily constructed at the early stage, which would connect with surrounding carbon atoms or fragments to form the tetrahedral structure, with a high fraction of sp3-hybridized carbon. After that, the deformed carbon layers further coalesce with each other by bonding between carbon atoms within the five-member ring, to form the diamond-like nucleus. The complex "diaphite" configuration is detected during the diamond-like carbon nucleation, which illustrates that the nucleation and growth of detonation nano-diamond would accompany the intergrowth of graphene-like layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Hua He
- National Key Laboratory of Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China; (Z.-H.H.)
| | - Yao-Yao Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China; (Z.-H.H.)
| | - Guang-Fu Ji
- National Key Laboratory of Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China; (Z.-H.H.)
| | - Jun Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Computational Physics, Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Qiang Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China; (Z.-H.H.)
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10
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Zhang P, Gao D, Tang X, Yang X, Zheng H, Wang Y, Wang X, Xu J, Wang Z, Liu J, Wang X, Ju J, Tang M, Dong X, Li K, Mao HK. Ordered Van der Waals Hetero-nanoribbon from Pressure-Induced Topochemical Polymerization of Azobenzene. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:6845-6852. [PMID: 36926877 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c13753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Pressure-induced topochemical polymerization of molecular crystals with various stackings is a promising way to synthesize materials with different co-existing sub-structures. Here, by compressing the azobenzene crystal containing two kinds of intermolecular stacking, we synthesized an ordered van der Waals carbon nanoribbon (CNR) heterostructure in one step. Azobenzene polymerizes via a [4 + 2] hetero-Diels-Alder (HDA) reaction of phenylazo-phenyl in layer A and a para-polymerization reaction of phenyl in layer B at 18 GPa, as evidenced by in situ Raman and IR spectroscopies, X-ray diffraction, as well as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and the solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance of the recovered products. The theoretical calculation shows that the obtained CNR heterostructure has a type II (staggered) band gap alignment. Our work highlights a high-pressure strategy to synthesize bulk CNR heterostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peijie Zhang
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Dexiang Gao
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingyu Tang
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Yang
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Zheng
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yida Wang
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingqin Xu
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Zijia Wang
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Liu
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoge Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Ju
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingxue Tang
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Dong
- Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Kuo Li
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Ho-Kwang Mao
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
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11
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Tahir NA, Bagnoud V, Neumayer P, Piriz AR, Piriz SA. Production of diamond using intense heavy ion beams at the FAIR facility and application to planetary physics. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1459. [PMID: 36702850 PMCID: PMC9879936 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28709-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Diamonds are supposedly abundantly present in different objects in the Universe including meteorites, carbon-rich stars as well as carbon-rich extrasolar planets. Moreover, the prediction that in deep layers of Uranus and Neptune, methane may undergo a process of phase separation into diamond and hydrogen, has been experimentally verified. In particular, high power lasers have been used to study this problem. It is therefore important from the point of view of astrophysics and planetary physics, to further study the production processes of diamond in the laboratory. In the present paper, we present numerical simulations of implosion of a solid carbon sample using an intense uranium beam that is to be delivered by the heavy ion synchrotron, SIS100, that is under construction at the Facility for Antiprotons and Ion Research (FAIR), at Darmstadt. These calculations show that using our proposed experimental scheme, one can generate the extreme pressure and temperature conditions, necessary to produce diamonds of mm3 dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naeem Ahmad Tahir
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Planckstraße 1, 64291, Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Vincent Bagnoud
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Planckstraße 1, 64291, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Paul Neumayer
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Planckstraße 1, 64291, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Sofia Ayelen Piriz
- E.T.S.I. Industriales, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
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12
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Li Z, Wang Y, Ma M, Ma H, Hu W, Zhang X, Zhuge Z, Zhang S, Luo K, Gao Y, Sun L, Soldatov AV, Wu Y, Liu B, Li B, Ying P, Zhang Y, Xu B, He J, Yu D, Liu Z, Zhao Z, Yue Y, Tian Y, Li X. Ultrastrong conductive in situ composite composed of nanodiamond incoherently embedded in disordered multilayer graphene. NATURE MATERIALS 2023; 22:42-49. [PMID: 36522415 PMCID: PMC9812777 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-022-01425-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Traditional ceramics or metals cannot simultaneously achieve ultrahigh strength and high electrical conductivity. The elemental carbon can form a variety of allotropes with entirely different physical properties, providing versatility for tuning mechanical and electrical properties in a wide range. Here, by precisely controlling the extent of transformation of amorphous carbon into diamond within a narrow temperature-pressure range, we synthesize an in situ composite consisting of ultrafine nanodiamond homogeneously dispersed in disordered multilayer graphene with incoherent interfaces, which demonstrates a Knoop hardness of up to ~53 GPa, a compressive strength of up to ~54 GPa and an electrical conductivity of 670-1,240 S m-1 at room temperature. With atomically resolving interface structures and molecular dynamics simulations, we reveal that amorphous carbon transforms into diamond through a nucleation process via a local rearrangement of carbon atoms and diffusion-driven growth, different from the transformation of graphite into diamond. The complex bonding between the diamond-like and graphite-like components greatly improves the mechanical properties of the composite. This superhard, ultrastrong, conductive elemental carbon composite has comprehensive properties that are superior to those of the known conductive ceramics and C/C composites. The intermediate hybridization state at the interfaces also provides insights into the amorphous-to-crystalline phase transition of carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihe Li
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
- Center for Advanced Mechanics and Materials, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yujia Wang
- Center for Advanced Mechanics and Materials, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Mengdong Ma
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Huachun Ma
- Center for Advanced Mechanics and Materials, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wentao Hu
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Zewen Zhuge
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Shuangshuang Zhang
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Kun Luo
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
- Key Laboratory of Microstructural Material Physics of Hebei Province, School of Science, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Yufei Gao
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Lei Sun
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Alexander V Soldatov
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Yingju Wu
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
- Key Laboratory of Microstructural Material Physics of Hebei Province, School of Science, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Bing Liu
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Baozhong Li
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Pan Ying
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
- Key Laboratory of Microstructural Material Physics of Hebei Province, School of Science, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
- Key Laboratory of Microstructural Material Physics of Hebei Province, School of Science, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Bo Xu
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Julong He
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Dongli Yu
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Zhongyuan Liu
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Zhisheng Zhao
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China.
| | - Yuanzheng Yue
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
| | - Yongjun Tian
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Center for Advanced Mechanics and Materials, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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13
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Cai J, Chen H, Li Y, Akbarzadeh A. Lessons from Nature for Carbon‐Based Nanoarchitected Metamaterials. SMALL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/smsc.202200039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Cai
- Department of Bioresource Engineering McGill University Montreal QC H9X 3V9 Canada
| | - Haoyu Chen
- Department of Bioresource Engineering McGill University Montreal QC H9X 3V9 Canada
| | - Youjian Li
- Department of Bioresource Engineering McGill University Montreal QC H9X 3V9 Canada
| | - Abdolhamid Akbarzadeh
- Department of Bioresource Engineering McGill University Montreal QC H9X 3V9 Canada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering McGill University Montreal QC H3A 0C3 Canada
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14
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Shock-formed carbon materials with intergrown sp 3- and sp 2-bonded nanostructured units. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2203672119. [PMID: 35867827 PMCID: PMC9335297 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2203672119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies of dense carbon materials formed by bolide impacts or produced by laboratory compression provide key information on the high-pressure behavior of carbon and for identifying and designing unique structures for technological applications. However, a major obstacle to studying and designing these materials is an incomplete understanding of their fundamental structures. Here, we report the remarkable structural diversity of cubic/hexagonally (c/h) stacked diamond and their association with diamond-graphite nanocomposites containing sp3-/sp2-bonding patterns, i.e., diaphites, from hard carbon materials formed by shock impact of graphite in the Canyon Diablo iron meteorite. We show evidence for a range of intergrowth types and nanostructures containing unusually short (0.31 nm) graphene spacings and demonstrate that previously neglected or misinterpreted Raman bands can be associated with diaphite structures. Our study provides a structural understanding of the material known as lonsdaleite, previously described as hexagonal diamond, and extends this understanding to other natural and synthetic ultrahard carbon phases. The unique three-dimensional carbon architectures encountered in shock-formed samples can place constraints on the pressure-temperature conditions experienced during an impact and provide exceptional opportunities to engineer the properties of carbon nanocomposite materials and phase assemblages.
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15
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Chahal S, Bandyopadhyay A, Dash SP, Kumar P. Microwave Synthesized 2D Gold and Its 2D-2D Hybrids. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:6487-6495. [PMID: 35819242 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c01540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Xenes, i.e., monoelemental two-dimensional atomic sheets, are promising for sensitive and ultrafast sensor applications owing to exceptional carrier mobility; however, most of them oxidize below 500 °C and therefore cannot be employed for high-temperature applications. 2D gold, an oxidation-resistant plasmonic Xene, is extremely promising. 2D gold was experimentally realized by both atomic layer deposition and chemical synthesis using sodium citrate. However, it is imperative to develop a new facile single-step method to synthesize 2D gold. Here, liquid-phase synthesis of 2D gold is demonstrated by microwave exposure to auric chloride dispersed in dimethylformamide. Microscopies (AFM and high-resolution TEM), spectroscopies (Raman, UV-vis, and X-ray photoelectron), and X-ray diffraction establish the formation of a hexagonal crystallographic phase for 2D gold. 2D-2D hybrids of 2D gold have also been synthesized and investigated for electronic/optoelectronic behaviors and SERS-based molecular sensing. DFT band structure calculation for 2D gold and its hybrids corroborates the experimental findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Chahal
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihta Campus, Patna-801106, India
| | - Arkamita Bandyopadhyay
- The Bremen Center for Computational Materials Science (BCCMS), Universität Bremen, Am Fallturm 1, TAB Building, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Saroj P Dash
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience, Quantum Device Physics Laboratory, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Prashant Kumar
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihta Campus, Patna-801106, India
- Global Innovative Center for Advanced Nanomaterials, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
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16
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Luo K, Liu B, Hu W, Dong X, Wang Y, Huang Q, Gao Y, Sun L, Zhao Z, Wu Y, Zhang Y, Ma M, Zhou XF, He J, Yu D, Liu Z, Xu B, Tian Y. Coherent interfaces govern direct transformation from graphite to diamond. Nature 2022; 607:486-491. [PMID: 35794481 PMCID: PMC9300464 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04863-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the direct transformation from graphite to diamond has been a long-standing challenge with great scientific and practical importance. Previously proposed transformation mechanisms1–3, based on traditional experimental observations that lacked atomistic resolution, cannot account for the complex nanostructures occurring at graphite−diamond interfaces during the transformation4,5. Here we report the identification of coherent graphite−diamond interfaces, which consist of four basic structural motifs, in partially transformed graphite samples recovered from static compression, using high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy. These observations provide insight into possible pathways of the transformation. Theoretical calculations confirm that transformation through these coherent interfaces is energetically favoured compared with those through other paths previously proposed1–3. The graphite-to-diamond transformation is governed by the formation of nanoscale coherent interfaces (diamond nucleation), which, under static compression, advance to consume the remaining graphite (diamond growth). These results may also shed light on transformation mechanisms of other carbon materials and boron nitride under different synthetic conditions. The discovery of graphite–diamond hybrid carbon, Gradia, which consists of graphite and diamond nanodomains interlocked through coherent interfaces, clarifies the long-standing mystery of how graphite turns into diamond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Luo
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China.,Key Laboratory for Microstructural Material Physics of Hebei Province, School of Science, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Bing Liu
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Wentao Hu
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Xiao Dong
- School of Physics and MOE Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanbin Wang
- Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Quan Huang
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yufei Gao
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Lei Sun
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Zhisheng Zhao
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China.
| | - Yingju Wu
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China.,Key Laboratory for Microstructural Material Physics of Hebei Province, School of Science, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China.,Key Laboratory for Microstructural Material Physics of Hebei Province, School of Science, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Mengdong Ma
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Xiang-Feng Zhou
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Julong He
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Dongli Yu
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Zhongyuan Liu
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Bo Xu
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Yongjun Tian
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
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17
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Zhang S, Li Z, Luo K, He J, Gao Y, Soldatov AV, Benavides V, Shi K, Nie A, Zhang B, Hu W, Ma M, Liu Y, Wen B, Gao G, Liu B, Zhang Y, Shu Y, Yu D, Zhou XF, Zhao Z, Xu B, Su L, Yang G, Chernogorova OP, Tian Y. Discovery of carbon-based strongest and hardest amorphous material. Natl Sci Rev 2022; 9:nwab140. [PMID: 35070330 PMCID: PMC8776544 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwab140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon is one of the most fascinating elements due to its structurally diverse allotropic forms stemming from its bonding varieties (sp, sp 2 and sp 3). Exploring new forms of carbon has been the eternal theme of scientific research. Herein, we report on amorphous (AM) carbon materials with a high fraction of sp 3 bonding recovered from compression of fullerene C60 under high pressure and high temperature, previously unexplored. Analysis of photoluminescence and absorption spectra demonstrates that they are semiconducting with a bandgap range of 1.5-2.2 eV, comparable to that of widely used AM silicon. Comprehensive mechanical tests demonstrate that synthesized AM-III carbon is the hardest and strongest AM material known to date, and can scratch diamond crystal and approach its strength. The produced AM carbon materials combine outstanding mechanical and electronic properties, and may potentially be used in photovoltaic applications that require ultrahigh strength and wear resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangshuang Zhang
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Zihe Li
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Kun Luo
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Julong He
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Yufei Gao
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Alexander V Soldatov
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Vicente Benavides
- Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå SE-97187, Sweden
| | - Kaiyuan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Anmin Nie
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Wentao Hu
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Mengdong Ma
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Key Laboratory for Microstructural Material Physics of Hebei Province, School of Science, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Bin Wen
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Guoying Gao
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Bing Liu
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Yu Shu
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Dongli Yu
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Xiang-Feng Zhou
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Zhisheng Zhao
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Bo Xu
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Lei Su
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Guoqiang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Olga P Chernogorova
- Baikov Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Yongjun Tian
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
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18
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Extreme mechanical anisotropy in diamond with preferentially oriented nanotwin bundles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2108340118. [PMID: 34782460 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2108340118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical properties of covalent materials can be greatly enhanced with strategy of nanostructuring. For example, the nanotwinned diamond with an isotropic microstructure of interweaved nanotwins and interlocked nanograins shows unprecedented isotropic mechanical properties. How the anisotropic microstructure would impact on the mechanical properties of diamond has not been fully investigated. Here, we report the synthesis of diamond from superaligned multiwalled carbon nanotube films under high pressure and high temperature. Structural characterization reveals preferentially oriented diamond nanotwin bundles with an average twin thickness of ca. 2.9 nm, inherited from the directional nanotubes. This diamond exhibits extreme mechanical anisotropy correlated with its microstructure (e.g., the average Knoop hardness values measured with the major axis of the indenter perpendicular and parallel to nanotwin bundles are 233 ± 8 and 129 ± 9 GPa, respectively). Molecular dynamics simulation reveals that, in the direction perpendicular to the nanotwin bundles, the dense twin boundaries significantly hinder the motion of dislocations under indentation, while such a resistance is much weaker in the direction along the nanotwin bundles. Current work verifies the hardening effect in diamond via nanostructuring. In addition, the mechanical properties can be further tuned (anisotropy) with microstructure design and modification.
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Bilal M, Cheng H, González-González RB, Parra-Saldívar R, Iqbal HM. Bio-applications and biotechnological applications of nanodiamonds. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2021.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Zhu Y, Wang Y, Wu B, He Z, Xia J, Wu H. Micromechanical Landscape of Three-Dimensional Disordered Graphene Networks. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:8401-8408. [PMID: 34591476 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c02985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Disordered carbons can be considered under the modeling framework of disordered graphene networks (DGNs) due to the continuous three-dimensional connectivity and high graphitization. Correlating microstructures and mechanical behaviors of DGNs to their topology is pivotal to revealing more intrinsic features hidden by disorder. Herein, starting from basic deformations and topology, we investigate DGNs with various densities to explore their micromechanical landscape. Both the tension and shear of DGNs exhibit prolonged plastic platforms through local tearing of microstructures. However, compression displays special plastic damages of forming kinklike puckers and sp3-bonded carbon, resulting in a tension-compression asymmetry of DGNs. Out-of-plane topological defects contribute to the main negative-curvature topology in deformed DGNs. Moreover, there are novel scaling laws where both the Young's modulus and strength (logarithms) follow an inversely proportional scaling with respect to average angular defects. Ashby charts demonstrate that the mechanical properties of DGNs can reach the theoretical limit region, surpassing those of most conventional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- YinBo Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, CAS Center for Excellence in Complex System Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, People's Republic of China
| | - YongChao Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, CAS Center for Excellence in Complex System Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, People's Republic of China
| | - Bao Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, CAS Center for Excellence in Complex System Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, People's Republic of China
| | - ZeZhou He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, CAS Center for Excellence in Complex System Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Xia
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, CAS Center for Excellence in Complex System Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, People's Republic of China
| | - HengAn Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, CAS Center for Excellence in Complex System Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, People's Republic of China
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Vejpravová J. Mixed sp 2-sp 3 Nanocarbon Materials: A Status Quo Review. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:2469. [PMID: 34684910 PMCID: PMC8539693 DOI: 10.3390/nano11102469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Carbon nanomaterials with a different character of the chemical bond-graphene (sp2) and nanodiamond (sp3)-are the building bricks for a new class of all-carbon hybrid nanomaterials, where the two different carbon networks with sp3 and sp2 hybridization coexist, interacting and even transforming into one another. The extraordinary physiochemical properties defined by the unique electronic band structure of the two border nanoallotropes ensure the immense application potential and versatility of these all-carbon nanomaterials. The review summarizes the status quo of sp2 - sp3 nanomaterials, including graphene/graphene-oxide-nanodiamond composites and hybrids, graphene/graphene-oxide-diamond heterojunctions, and other sp2-sp3 nanocarbon hybrids for sensing, electronic, and other emergent applications. Novel sp2-sp3 transitional nanocarbon phases and architectures are also discussed. Furthermore, the two-way sp2 (graphene) to sp3 (diamond surface and nanodiamond) transformations at the nanoscale, essential for innovative fabrication, and stability and chemical reactivity assessment are discussed based on extensive theoretical, computational and experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Vejpravová
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 5, 121 16 Prague, Czech Republic
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Németh P, McColl K, Garvie LAJ, Salzmann CG, Murri M, McMillan PF. Complex nanostructures in diamond. NATURE MATERIALS 2020; 19:1126-1131. [PMID: 32778814 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-020-0759-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Péter Németh
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pannonia, Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Kit McColl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | | | | | - Mara Murri
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Paul F McMillan
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, UK.
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