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Pathan S, Jayakannan M. Zwitterionic Strategy to Stabilize Self-Immolative Polymer Nanoarchitecture under Physiological pH for Drug Delivery In Vitro and In Vivo. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2304599. [PMID: 38574242 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202304599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
The major bottleneck in using polymer nanovectors for biomedical application, particularly those based on self-immolative poly(amino ester) (PAE), lies in their uncontrolled autodegradation at physiological pH before they can reach the intended target. Here, an elegant triblock-copolymer strategy is designed to stabilize the unstable PAE chains via zwitterionic interactions under physiological pH (pH 7.4) and precisely program their enzyme-responsive biodegradation specifically within the intracellular compartments, ensuring targeted delivery of the cargoes. To achieve this goal, biodegradable polycaprolactone (PCL) platform is chosen, and structure-engineered several di- and triblock architectures to arrive the precise macromolecular geometry. The hydrophobic-PCL core and hydrophilic anionic-PCL block at the periphery shield PAEs against autodegradation, thereby ensuring stability under physiological pH in PBS, FBS, cell culture medium and bloodstream. The clinical anticancer drug doxorubicin and deep-tissue penetrable near-infrared IR-780 biomarker is encapsulated to study their biological actions by in vitro live cancer cells and in vivo bioimaging in live animals. These zwitterions are biocompatible, nonhemolytic, and real-time in vitro live-cell confocal studies have confirmed their internalization and enzymatic biodegradation in the endo-lysosomal compartments to deliver the payload. In vivo bioimaging establishes their prolonged blood circulation for over 72 h, and the biodistribution analysis reveals the accumulation of nanoparticles predominantly in the excretory organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahidkhan Pathan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER Pune), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, Maharashtra, 411008, India
| | - Manickam Jayakannan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER Pune), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, Maharashtra, 411008, India
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2
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Tang Y, Liu B, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Huang Y, Fan W. Interactions between nanoparticles and lymphatic systems: Mechanisms and applications in drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2024; 209:115304. [PMID: 38599495 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2024.115304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
The lymphatic system has garnered significant attention in drug delivery research due to the advantages it offers, such as enhancing systemic exposure and enabling lymph node targeting for nanomedicines via the lymphatic delivery route. The journey of drug carriers involves transport from the administration site to the lymphatic vessels, traversing the lymph before entering the bloodstream or targeting specific lymph nodes. However, the anatomical and physiological barriers of the lymphatic system play a pivotal role in influencing the behavior and efficiency of carriers. To expedite research and subsequent clinical translation, this review begins by introducing the composition and classification of the lymphatic system. Subsequently, we explore the routes and mechanisms through which nanoparticles enter lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes. The review further delves into the interactions between nanomedicine and body fluids at the administration site or within lymphatic vessels. Finally, we provide a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in lymphatic delivery systems, addressing the challenges and opportunities inherent in current systems for delivering macromolecules and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yisi Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Comparative Medicine, National Center of Technology Innovation for Animal Model, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Bao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yuting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yuling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yongzhuo Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan 528437, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Excipients, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Wufa Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
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3
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Beck-Broichsitter M. Bioinspired zwitterionic triblock copolymers designed for colloidal drug delivery: 1 - Synthesis and characterization. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2024; 237:113856. [PMID: 38554627 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2024.113856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
This study describes the synthesis and characterization of triblock copolymers composed of poly[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl phosphorylcholine]-block-poly(propylene glycol)-block-poly[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl phosphorylcholine] (PMPC-b-PPG-b-PMPC) intended for, but not limited to, applications in colloidal drug delivery. Atom transfer radical polymerization led to a library of well-defined PMPC-b-PPG-b-PMPC triblock copolymers with varying overall molecular weight (ranging from ∼5 to ∼25 kDa) and composition (weight fraction of the hydrophobic PPG block ranged from ∼10 to ∼50 wt%). The properties of the synthesized triblock copolymers were linked to the PPG to bioinspired PMPC block(s) ratio, where the more hydrophilic species showed adequate aqueous solubility, surface activity and biocompatibility (non-toxicity) in in vitro cell culture. Their amphiphilic nature makes them adsorb efficiently onto polymer nanoparticles, what improves colloidal stability under stress conditions and, furthermore, depletes proteins from unwanted adsorption to the underlying surface. The current findings strengthen our insights into structure-function relationships of PMPC-based coatings leading to protecting shells on relevant polymer nanoparticle formulations. PMPC-b-PPG-b-PMPC triblock copolymers composed of a hydrophobic PPG block of 2-4 kDa flanked by two hydrophilic PMPC blocks each of 5-10 kDa seem to be most promising to enhance colloidal drug delivery vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Beck-Broichsitter
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmacy, Philipps-Universität, Marburg, Germany; Medical Clinic II, Department of Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Giessen, Germany.
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4
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Ouyang X, Liu Y, Zheng K, Pang Z, Peng S. Recent advances in zwitterionic nanoscale drug delivery systems to overcome biological barriers. Asian J Pharm Sci 2024; 19:100883. [PMID: 38357524 PMCID: PMC10861844 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2023.100883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Nanoscale drug delivery systems (nDDS) have been employed widely in enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of drugs against diseases with reduced side effects. Although several nDDS have been successfully approved for clinical use up to now, biological barriers between the administration site and the target site hinder the wider clinical adoption of nDDS in disease treatment. Polyethylene glycol (PEG)-modification (or PEGylation) has been regarded as the gold standard for stabilising nDDS in complex biological environment. However, the accelerated blood clearance (ABC) of PEGylated nDDS after repeated injections becomes great challenges for their clinical applications. Zwitterionic polymer, a novel family of anti-fouling materials, have evolved as an alternative to PEG due to their super-hydrophilicity and biocompatibility. Zwitterionic nDDS could avoid the generation of ABC phenomenon and exhibit longer blood circulation time than the PEGylated analogues. More impressively, zwitterionic nDDS have recently been shown to overcome multiple biological barriers such as nonspecific organ distribution, pressure gradients, impermeable cell membranes and lysosomal degradation without the need of any complex chemical modifications. The realization of overcoming multiple biological barriers by zwitterionic nDDS may simplify the current overly complex design of nDDS, which could facilitate their better clinical translation. Herein, we summarise the recent progress of zwitterionic nDDS at overcoming various biological barriers and analyse their underlying mechanisms. Finally, prospects and challenges are introduced to guide the rational design of zwitterionic nDDS for disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xumei Ouyang
- Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Ke Zheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Zhiqing Pang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shaojun Peng
- Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai 519000, China
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5
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Xia X, Yuan X, Zhang G, Su Z. Antifouling Surfaces Based on Polyzwitterion Loop Brushes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:47520-47530. [PMID: 37773963 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c10267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Antifouling surfaces have attracted increasing interest in recent years due to their potential application in various fields. In this work, we report a loop polyzwitterionic coating that exhibits excellent resistance to protein adsorption. Triblock and diblock copolymers of 2-[(2-hydroxyethyl)disulfanyl]ethyl methacrylate) (HSEMA) and 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (DMAEMA) were synthesized by atom-transferred radical polymerization, followed by betainization of the DMAEMA block with 1,3-propane sultone and reduction of the disulfide bond in HSEMA to yield a triblock copolymer comprising a zwitterionic poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate) (PSBMA) midblock and poly(2-sulfanylethyl methacrylate) (PSEMA) terminal blocks as well as its diblock analogue that was of the same composition as the former and half the chain length. Both copolymers adsorbed to the gold substrate via the thiol groups in the terminal PSEMA block(s), creating loop and linear PSBMA brush coatings of comparable thickness, as revealed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and ellipsometry. Adsorption of bovine serum albumin and fibrinogen as model proteins from solution to these surfaces was investigated by a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), and platelet and bacterial adhesions were assessed by scanning electron microscopy and CLSM. The results demonstrate that both linear and loop polyzwitterion brushes are excellent in resisting the adsorption of the foulants, and the loop brushes are superior to the linear analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xiaodie Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
| | - Guangyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
| | - Zhaohui Su
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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Zhang S, Sun Y, Zhang L, Zhang F, Gao W. Thermoresponsive Polypeptide Fused L-Asparaginase with Mitigated Immunogenicity and Enhanced Efficacy in Treating Hematologic Malignancies. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2300469. [PMID: 37271878 PMCID: PMC10427413 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202300469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
L-Asparaginase (ASP) is well-known for its excellent efficacy in treating hematological malignancies. Unfortunately, the intrinsic shortcomings of ASP, namely high immunogenicity, severe toxicity, short half-life, and poor stability, restrict its clinical usage. Poly(ethylene glycol) conjugation (PEGylation) of ASP is an effective strategy to address these issues, but it is not ideal in clinical applications due to complex chemical synthesis procedures, reduced ASP activity after conjugation, and pre-existing anti-PEG antibodies in humans. Herein, the authors genetically engineered an elastin-like polypeptide (ELP)-fused ASP (ASP-ELP), a core-shell structured tetramer predicted by AlphaFold2, to overcome the limitations of ASP and PEG-ASP. Notably, the unique thermosensitivity of ASP-ELP enables the in situ formation of a sustained-release depot post-injection with zero-order release kinetics over a long time. The in vitro and in vivo studies reveal that ASP-ELP possesses increased activity retention, improved stability, extended half-life, mitigated immunogenicity, reduced toxicity, and enhanced efficacy compared to ASP and PEG-ASP. Indeed, ASP-ELP treatment in leukemia or lymphoma mouse models of cell line-derived xenograft (CDX) shows potent anti-cancer effects with significantly prolonged survival. The findings also indicate that artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted genetic engineering is instructive in designing protein-polypeptide conjugates and may pave the way to develop next-generation biologics to enhance cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanke Zhang
- Institute of Medical TechnologyPeking University Health Science CenterPeking University School and Hospital of StomatologyBiomedical Engineering DepartmentPeking UniversityPeking University International Cancer InstitutePeking University‐Yunnan Baiyao International Medical Research CenterBeijing100191China
| | - Yuanzi Sun
- Institute of Medical TechnologyPeking University Health Science CenterPeking University School and Hospital of StomatologyBiomedical Engineering DepartmentPeking UniversityPeking University International Cancer InstitutePeking University‐Yunnan Baiyao International Medical Research CenterBeijing100191China
| | - Longshuai Zhang
- Institute of Medical TechnologyPeking University Health Science CenterPeking University School and Hospital of StomatologyBiomedical Engineering DepartmentPeking UniversityPeking University International Cancer InstitutePeking University‐Yunnan Baiyao International Medical Research CenterBeijing100191China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Institute of Medical TechnologyPeking University Health Science CenterPeking University School and Hospital of StomatologyBiomedical Engineering DepartmentPeking UniversityPeking University International Cancer InstitutePeking University‐Yunnan Baiyao International Medical Research CenterBeijing100191China
| | - Weiping Gao
- Institute of Medical TechnologyPeking University Health Science CenterPeking University School and Hospital of StomatologyBiomedical Engineering DepartmentPeking UniversityPeking University International Cancer InstitutePeking University‐Yunnan Baiyao International Medical Research CenterBeijing100191China
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7
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Zwitterionic polymers: addressing the barriers for drug delivery. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2023.108177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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8
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Li Q, Wen C, Yang J, Zhou X, Zhu Y, Zheng J, Cheng G, Bai J, Xu T, Ji J, Jiang S, Zhang L, Zhang P. Zwitterionic Biomaterials. Chem Rev 2022; 122:17073-17154. [PMID: 36201481 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The term "zwitterionic polymers" refers to polymers that bear a pair of oppositely charged groups in their repeating units. When these oppositely charged groups are equally distributed at the molecular level, the molecules exhibit an overall neutral charge with a strong hydration effect via ionic solvation. The strong hydration effect constitutes the foundation of a series of exceptional properties of zwitterionic materials, including resistance to protein adsorption, lubrication at interfaces, promotion of protein stabilities, antifreezing in solutions, etc. As a result, zwitterionic materials have drawn great attention in biomedical and engineering applications in recent years. In this review, we give a comprehensive and panoramic overview of zwitterionic materials, covering the fundamentals of hydration and nonfouling behaviors, different types of zwitterionic surfaces and polymers, and their biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingsi Li
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Chiyu Wen
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Xianchi Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Yingnan Zhu
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department of Chemical, Biomolecular, and Corrosion Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Gang Cheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Jie Bai
- College of Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010051, China
| | - Tong Xu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010051, China
| | - Jian Ji
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Shaoyi Jiang
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
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9
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Zwitterionic liquid hydrogel sustained-release strategy for high-performance nanofiltration membrane. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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10
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Zhang C, Zhang Y, Liang M, Shi X, Jun Y, Fan L, Yang K, Wang F, Li W, Zhu R. Near-infrared upconversion multimodal nanoparticles for targeted radionuclide therapy of breast cancer lymphatic metastases. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1063678. [PMID: 36532036 PMCID: PMC9751193 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1063678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The theranostics of lymph node metastasis has always been one of the major obstacles to defeating breast cancer and an important decisive factor in the prognosis of patients. Herein, we design NaGdF4:Yb,Tm@NaLuF4 upconversion nanoparticles with PEG and anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody (trastuzumab, Herceptin) (NP-mAb), the delivery of NP-mAb through the lymphatic system allows for effective targeting and accumulation in lymphatic metastasis. Combination of radionuclides 68Ga and 177Lu could be chelated by the bisphosphate groups of NP-mAb. The obtained nanoprobe (NP-mAb) and nanonuclear drug (68Ga-NP-mAb or 177Lu-NP-mAb) exhibited excellent stability and show high accumulation and prolong retention in the lymph node metastasis after intratumoral injection into the foot pad by near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. Utilizing the β-rays released by 177Lu, 177Lu-NP-mAb could not only decrease the incidence of lymph node metastasis, but also significantly decrease the volumes of lymph node metastasis. Additionally, 177Lu-NP-mAb induce no obvious toxicity to treated mice through blood routine, liver and kidney function assay. Therefore, nanoprobe and nanonuclear drug we designed could be acted as excellent theranostics agents for lymph node metastasis, providing potential alternatives diagnose and treatment option for lymph node metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yujuan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Experimental Center of Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Maolin Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiumin Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Jun
- The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Longfei Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China,*Correspondence: Ran Zhu, ; Wei Li,
| | - Ran Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China,*Correspondence: Ran Zhu, ; Wei Li,
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Pang Z, Yan W, Yang J, Li Q, Guo Y, Zhou D, Jiang X. Multifunctional Gold Nanoclusters for Effective Targeting, Near-Infrared Fluorescence Imaging, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Cancer Lymphatic Metastasis. ACS NANO 2022; 16:16019-16037. [PMID: 36130729 PMCID: PMC9620408 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c03752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Developing effective lymph-node (LN) targeting and imaging probes is crucial for the early detection and diagnosis of tumor metastasis to improve patient survival. Most current clinical LN imaging probes are based on small organic dyes (e.g., indocyanine green) or radioactive 99mTc-complexes, which often suffer from limitations, such as rapid photobleaching, poor signal contrast, and potential biosafety issues. Moreover, these probes cannot easily incorporate therapeutic functions to realize beneficial theranostics without affecting their LN-targeting ability. Herein, we have developed dual-ligand-/multiligand-capped gold nanoclusters (GNCs) for specific targeting, near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging, diagnosis, and treatment of LN cancer metastasis in in vivo mouse models. By optimizing the surface ligand coating, we have prepared Au25(SR1)n(SR2)18-n (where SR1 and SR2 are different functional thiol ligands)-type GNCs, which display highly effective LN targeting, excellent stability and biocompatibility, and optimal body-retention time. Moreover, they can provide continuous NIR fluorescence imaging of LNs for >3 h from a single dose, making them well-suited for fluorescence-guided surgery. Importantly, we have further incorporated methotrexate, a chemotherapeutic drug, into the GNCs without affecting their LN-targeting ability. Consequently, they can significantly improve the efficiency of methotrexate delivery to target LNs, achieving excellent therapeutic efficacy with up to 4-fold lower hepatotoxicity. Thus, the GNCs are highly effective and safe theranostic nanomedicines against cancer lymphatic metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyang Pang
- Guangdong
Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials and Shenzhen Key
Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Southern University of Science
and Technology, No 1088, Xueyuan Rd, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
- School
of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Weixiao Yan
- Guangdong
Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials and Shenzhen Key
Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Southern University of Science
and Technology, No 1088, Xueyuan Rd, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
| | - Jie Yang
- Guangdong
Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials and Shenzhen Key
Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Southern University of Science
and Technology, No 1088, Xueyuan Rd, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
| | - Qizhen Li
- Guangdong
Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials and Shenzhen Key
Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Southern University of Science
and Technology, No 1088, Xueyuan Rd, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Guo
- School
of Food Science and Nutrition and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular
Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Dejian Zhou
- School
of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Xingyu Jiang
- Guangdong
Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials and Shenzhen Key
Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Southern University of Science
and Technology, No 1088, Xueyuan Rd, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
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12
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Javan Nikkhah S, Vandichel M. Modeling Polyzwitterion-Based Drug Delivery Platforms: A Perspective of the Current State-of-the-Art and Beyond. ACS ENGINEERING AU 2022; 2:274-294. [PMID: 35996394 PMCID: PMC9389590 DOI: 10.1021/acsengineeringau.2c00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Drug delivery platforms
are anticipated to have biocompatible and
bioinert surfaces. PEGylation of drug carriers is the most approved
method since it improves water solubility and colloid stability and
decreases the drug vehicles’ interactions with blood components.
Although this approach extends their biocompatibility, biorecognition
mechanisms prevent them from biodistribution and thus efficient drug
transfer. Recent studies have shown (poly)zwitterions to be alternatives
for PEG with superior biocompatibility. (Poly)zwitterions are super
hydrophilic, mainly stimuli-responsive, easy to functionalize and
they display an extremely low protein adsorption and long biodistribution
time. These unique characteristics make them already promising candidates
as drug delivery carriers. Furthermore, since they have highly dense
charged groups with opposite signs, (poly)zwitterions are intensely
hydrated under physiological conditions. This exceptional hydration
potential makes them ideal for the design of therapeutic vehicles
with antifouling capability, i.e., preventing undesired
sorption of biologics from the human body in the drug delivery vehicle.
Therefore, (poly)zwitterionic materials have been broadly applied
in stimuli-responsive “intelligent” drug delivery systems
as well as tumor-targeting carriers because of their excellent biocompatibility,
low cytotoxicity, insignificant immunogenicity, high stability, and
long circulation time. To tailor (poly)zwitterionic drug vehicles,
an interpretation of the structural and stimuli-responsive behavior
of this type of polymer is essential. To this end, a direct study
of molecular-level interactions, orientations, configurations, and
physicochemical properties of (poly)zwitterions is required, which
can be achieved via molecular modeling, which has become an influential
tool for discovering new materials and understanding diverse material
phenomena. As the essential bridge between science and engineering,
molecular simulations enable the fundamental understanding of the
encapsulation and release behavior of intelligent drug-loaded (poly)zwitterion
nanoparticles and can help us to systematically design their next
generations. When combined with experiments, modeling can make quantitative
predictions. This perspective article aims to illustrate key recent
developments in (poly)zwitterion-based drug delivery systems. We summarize
how to use predictive multiscale molecular modeling techniques to
successfully boost the development of intelligent multifunctional
(poly)zwitterions-based systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sousa Javan Nikkhah
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Republic of Ireland
| | - Matthias Vandichel
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Republic of Ireland
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13
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Qian H, Wang K, Lv M, Zhao C, Wang H, Wen S, Huang D, Chen W, Zhong Y. Recent advances on next generation of polyzwitterion-based nano-vectors for targeted drug delivery. J Control Release 2022; 343:492-505. [PMID: 35149143 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG)-based nanomedicines are perplexed by the challenges of oxidation damage, immune responses after repeated injections, and limited excretion from the body. As an alternative to PEG, bioinspired zwitterions bearing an identical number of positive and negative ions, exhibit exceptional hydrophilicity, excellent biomimetic nature and chemical malleability, endowing zwitterionic nano-vectors with biocompatibility, non-fouling feature, extended blood circulation and multifunctionality. In this review, we innovatively classify zwitterionic nano-vectors into linear, hyperbranched, crosslinked, and hybrid nanoparticles according to different chemical architectures in rational design of zwitterionic nano-vectors for enhanced drug delivery with an emphasis on zwitterionic engineering innovations as alternatives of PEG-based nanomedicines. Through combination with other nanostratagies, the intelligent zwitterionic nano-vectors can orchestrate stealth and other biological functionalities together to improve the efficacy in the whole journey of drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Qian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Mengtong Lv
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Changshun Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Suchen Wen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Dechun Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Engineering Research Center for Smart Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Technologies, Ministry of Education, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Engineering Research Center for Smart Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Technologies, Ministry of Education, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Yinan Zhong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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14
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Hosseinnejad A, Ludwig N, Wienkamp AK, Rimal R, Bleilevens C, Rossaint R, Rossaint J, Singh S. DNase I functional microgels for neutrophil extracellular trap disruption. Biomater Sci 2021; 10:85-99. [PMID: 34812809 DOI: 10.1039/d1bm01591e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are web-like chromatin structures produced and liberated by neutrophils under inflammatory conditions which also promote the activation of the coagulation cascade and thrombus formation. The formation of NETs is quite prominent when blood comes in contact with artificial surfaces like extracorporeal circuits, oxygenator membranes, or intravascular grafts. DNase I as a factor of the host defense system, digests the DNA backbone of NETs, which points out its treatment potential for NET-mediated thrombosis. However, the low serum stability of DNase I restricts its clinical/therapeutic applications. To improve the bioavailability of the enzyme, DNase I was conjugated to the microgels (DNase I MG) synthesized from highly hydrophilic N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide (HPMA) and zwitterionic carboxybetaine methacrylamide (CBMAA). The enzyme was successfully conjugated to the microgels without any alternation to its secondary structure. The Km value representing the enzymatic activity of the conjugated DNase I was calculated to be 0.063 μM demonstrating a high enzyme-substrate affinity. The DNase I MGs were protein repellant and were able to digest NETs more efficiently compared to free DNase in a biological media, remarkably even after long-term exposure to the stimulated neutrophils continuously releasing NETs. Overall, the conjugation of DNase I to a non-fouling microgel provides a novel biohybrid platform that can be exploited as non-thrombogenic active microgel-based coatings for blood-contacting surfaces to reduce the NET-mediated inflammation and microthrombi formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisa Hosseinnejad
- DWI-Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Nadine Ludwig
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Bldg. A1, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ann-Katrin Wienkamp
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Bldg. A1, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Rahul Rimal
- DWI-Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian Bleilevens
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Rolf Rossaint
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Jan Rossaint
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Bldg. A1, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Smriti Singh
- DWI-Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany.,Max-Planck-Institut für medizinische Forschung, Jahnstraße 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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15
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Harijan M, Singh M. Zwitterionic polymers in drug delivery: A review. J Mol Recognit 2021; 35:e2944. [PMID: 34738272 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Developments of novel drug delivery vehicles are sought-after to augment the therapeutic effectiveness of standard drugs. An urgency to design novel drug delivery vehicles that are sustainable, biocompatible, have minimized cytotoxicity, no immunogenicity, high stability, long circulation time, and are capable of averting recognition by the immune system is perceived. In this pursuit for an ideal candidate for drug delivery vehicles, zwitterionic materials have come up as fulfilling almost all these expectations. This comprehensive review is presenting the progress made by zwitterionic polymeric architectures as prospective sustainable drug delivery vehicles. Zwitterionic polymers with varied architecture such as appending protein conjugates, nanoparticles, surface coatings, liposomes, hydrogels, etc, used to fabricate drug delivery vehicles are reviewed here. A brief introduction of zwitterionic polymers and their application as reliable drug delivery vehicles, such as zwitterionic polymer-protein conjugates, zwitterionic polymer-based drug nanocarriers, and stimulus-responsive zwitterionic polymers are discussed in this discourse. The prospects shown by zwitterionic architecture suggest the tremendous potential for them in this domain. This critical review will encourage the researchers working in this area and boost the development and commercialization of such devices to benefit the healthcare fraternity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjeet Harijan
- Department of Chemistry, MMV, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Meenakshi Singh
- Department of Chemistry, MMV, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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16
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Pandya P, Giram P, Bhole RP, Chang HI, Raut SY. Nanocarriers based oral lymphatic drug targeting: Strategic bioavailability enhancement approaches. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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17
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Lemos TS, de Souza JF, Fajardo AR. Magnetic microspheres based on pectin coated by chitosan towards smart drug release. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 265:118013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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18
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Qi H, Wang Y, Yuan X, Li P, Yang L. Selective extracellular arginine deprivation by a single injection of cellular non-uptake arginine deiminase nanocapsules for sustained tumor inhibition. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:24030-24043. [PMID: 33291128 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr06823c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic enzyme-based arginine deprivation represents a tremendous opportunity to treat argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS1)-deficient tumors. Arginine deiminase (ADI), a typical representative, has aroused great interest. To date, the functional modification of ADI, such as PEGylation, has been applied to improve its weakness significantly, reducing its immunogenicity and extending its blood circulation time. However, the advantages of ADI, such as the cellular non-uptake property, are often deprived by current modification methods. The cellular non-uptake property of ADI only renders extracellular arginine degradation that negligibly influences normal cells. However, current-functionalized ADIs can be readily phagocytized by cells, causing the imbalance of intracellular amino acids and the consequent damage to normal cells. Therefore, it is necessary to exploit a new method that can simultaneously improve the weakness of ADI and maintain its advantage of cellular non-uptake. Here, we utilized a kind of phosphorylcholine (PC)-rich nanocapsule to load ADI. These nanocapsules possessed extremely weak cellular interaction and could avoid uptake by endothelial cells (HUVEC), immune cells (RAW 264.7), and tumor cells (H22), selectively depriving extracellular arginine. Besides, these nanocapsules increased the blood half-life time of ADI from the initial 2 h to 90 h and efficiently avoided its immune or inflammatory responses. After a single injection of ADI nanocapsules into H22 tumor-bearing mice, tumors were stably suppressed for 25 d without any detectable side effects. This new strategy first realizes the selective extracellular arginine deprivation for the treatment of ASS1-deficient tumors, potentially promoting the clinical translation of metabolic enzyme-based amino acid deprivation therapy. Furthermore, the research reminds us that the functionalization of drugs can not only improve its weakness but also maintain its advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhao Qi
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China.
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19
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Víšová I, Smolková B, Uzhytchak M, Vrabcová M, Chafai DE, Houska M, Pastucha M, Skládal P, Farka Z, Dejneka A, Vaisocherová-Lísalová H. Functionalizable Antifouling Coatings as Tunable Platforms for the Stress-Driven Manipulation of Living Cell Machinery. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10081146. [PMID: 32764330 PMCID: PMC7464033 DOI: 10.3390/biom10081146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells are continuously sensing their microenvironment and subsequently respond to different physicochemical cues by the activation or inhibition of different signaling pathways. To study a very complex cellular response, it is necessary to diminish background environmental influences and highlight the particular event. However, surface-driven nonspecific interactions of the abundant biomolecules from the environment influence the targeted cell response significantly. Yes-associated protein (YAP) translocation may serve as a marker of human hepatocellular carcinoma (Huh7) cell responses to the extracellular matrix and surface-mediated stresses. Here, we propose a platform of tunable functionable antifouling poly(carboxybetain) (pCB)-based brushes to achieve a molecularly clean background for studying arginine, glycine, and aspartic acid (RGD)-induced YAP-connected mechanotransduction. Using two different sets of RGD-functionalized zwitterionic antifouling coatings with varying compositions of the antifouling layer, a clear correlation of YAP distribution with RGD functionalization concentrations was observed. On the other hand, commonly used surface passivation by the oligo(ethylene glycol)-based self-assembled monolayer (SAM) shows no potential to induce dependency of the YAP distribution on RGD concentrations. The results indicate that the antifouling background is a crucial component of surface-based cellular response studies, and pCB-based zwitterionic antifouling brush architectures may serve as a potential next-generation easily functionable surface platform for the monitoring and quantification of cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Víšová
- Institute of Physics CAS, Na Slovance 1999/2, 182 21 Prague, Czech Republic; (I.V.); (B.S.); (M.U.); (M.V.); (D.E.C.); (M.H.); (A.D.)
| | - Barbora Smolková
- Institute of Physics CAS, Na Slovance 1999/2, 182 21 Prague, Czech Republic; (I.V.); (B.S.); (M.U.); (M.V.); (D.E.C.); (M.H.); (A.D.)
| | - Mariia Uzhytchak
- Institute of Physics CAS, Na Slovance 1999/2, 182 21 Prague, Czech Republic; (I.V.); (B.S.); (M.U.); (M.V.); (D.E.C.); (M.H.); (A.D.)
| | - Markéta Vrabcová
- Institute of Physics CAS, Na Slovance 1999/2, 182 21 Prague, Czech Republic; (I.V.); (B.S.); (M.U.); (M.V.); (D.E.C.); (M.H.); (A.D.)
| | - Djamel Eddine Chafai
- Institute of Physics CAS, Na Slovance 1999/2, 182 21 Prague, Czech Republic; (I.V.); (B.S.); (M.U.); (M.V.); (D.E.C.); (M.H.); (A.D.)
| | - Milan Houska
- Institute of Physics CAS, Na Slovance 1999/2, 182 21 Prague, Czech Republic; (I.V.); (B.S.); (M.U.); (M.V.); (D.E.C.); (M.H.); (A.D.)
| | - Matěj Pastucha
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.P.); (P.S.)
| | - Petr Skládal
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.P.); (P.S.)
| | - Zdeněk Farka
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.P.); (P.S.)
- Correspondence: (Z.F.); (H.V.-L.); Tel.: +420-549497674 (Z.F.); +420-266052993 (H.V.-L.)
| | - Alexandr Dejneka
- Institute of Physics CAS, Na Slovance 1999/2, 182 21 Prague, Czech Republic; (I.V.); (B.S.); (M.U.); (M.V.); (D.E.C.); (M.H.); (A.D.)
| | - Hana Vaisocherová-Lísalová
- Institute of Physics CAS, Na Slovance 1999/2, 182 21 Prague, Czech Republic; (I.V.); (B.S.); (M.U.); (M.V.); (D.E.C.); (M.H.); (A.D.)
- Correspondence: (Z.F.); (H.V.-L.); Tel.: +420-549497674 (Z.F.); +420-266052993 (H.V.-L.)
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