1
|
Ruf L, Scheer E, Di Bernardo A. High-Performance Gate-Controlled Superconducting Switches: Large Output Voltage and Reproducibility. ACS NANO 2024. [PMID: 39056519 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c05910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Logic circuits consist of devices that can be controlled between two distinct states. The recent demonstration that a superconducting current flowing in a constriction can be controlled via a gate voltage (VG)─gate-controlled supercurrent (GCS)─can lead to superconducting logic with better performance than existing logics. However, before such logic is developed, high reproducibility in the functioning of GCS devices and optimization of their performance must be achieved. Here, we report an investigation of gated Nb devices showing GCS with very high reproducibility. Based on the investigation of a statistically significant number of devices, we demonstrate that the GCS is independent of the constriction width, in contrast with previous reports, and confirm a strong correlation between the GCS and the leakage current (Ileak) induced by VG. We also achieve a voltage output in our devices larger than the typical values reported to date by at least 1 order of magnitude, which is relevant for the future interconnection of devices, and show that Ileak can be used as a tool to modulate the operational VG of devices on a SiO2 substrates. These results altogether represent an important step forward toward the optimization of reproducibility and performance of GCS devices, and the future development of a GCS-based logic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leon Ruf
- Department of Physics, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Elke Scheer
- Department of Physics, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Angelo Di Bernardo
- Department of Physics, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yu S, Chen L, Pan Y, Wang Y, Zhang D, Wu G, Fan X, Liu X, Wu L, Zhang L, Peng W, Ren J, Wang Z. Gate-Tunable Critical Current of the Three-Dimensional Niobium Nanobridge Josephson Junction. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:8043-8049. [PMID: 37592211 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that the critical currents of several metallic superconducting nanowires and Dayem bridges can be locally tuned by using a gate voltage (Vg). Here, we report a gate-tunable Josephson junction structure constructed from a three-dimensional (3D) niobium nanobridge junction (NBJ) with a voltage gate on top. Measurements up to 6 K showed that the critical current of this structure can be tuned to zero by increasing Vg. The critical gate voltage was reduced to 16 V and may possibly be reduced further by reducing the thickness of the insulation layer between the gate and the NBJ. Furthermore, the flux modulation generated by Josephson interference of two parallel 3D NBJs can also be tuned by using Vg in a similar manner. Therefore, we believe that this gate-tunable Josephson junction structure is promising for superconducting circuit fabrication at high integration levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shujie Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology(SIMIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lei Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology(SIMIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yinping Pan
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology(SIMIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Yue Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology(SIMIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Denghui Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology(SIMIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guangting Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology(SIMIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xinxin Fan
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology(SIMIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology(SIMIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Ling Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology(SIMIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology(SIMIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Peng
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology(SIMIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jie Ren
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology(SIMIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology(SIMIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai 200031, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cook J, Mardanya S, Lu Q, Conner C, Snyder M, Zhang X, McMillen J, Watson G, Chang TR, Bian G. Observation of Gapped Topological Surface States and Isolated Surface Resonances in PdTe 2 Ultrathin Films. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:1752-1757. [PMID: 36825889 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c04511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The superconductor PdTe2 is known to host bulk Dirac bands and topological surface states. The coexistence of superconductivity and topological surface states makes PdTe2 a promising platform for exploring topological superconductivity and Majorana bound states. In this work, we report the spectroscopic characterization of ultrathin PdTe2 films with thickness down to three monolayers (ML). In the 3 ML PdTe2 film, we observed spin-polarized surface resonance states, which are isolated from the bulk bands due to the quantum size effects. In addition, the hybridization of surface states on opposite faces leads to a thickness-dependent gap in the topological surface Dirac bands. Our photoemission results show clearly that the size of the hybridization gap increases as the film thickness is reduced. The observation of isolated surface resonances and gapped topological surface states sheds light on the applications of PdTe2 quantum films in spintronics and topological quantum computation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Cook
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Sougata Mardanya
- Department of Physics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Qiangsheng Lu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Clayton Conner
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Matthew Snyder
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Xiaoqian Zhang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - James McMillen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Geoff Watson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Tay-Rong Chang
- Department of Physics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Center for Quantum Frontiers of Research and Technology (QFort), Tainan 70101, Taiwan
- Physics Division, National Center for Theoretical Sciences, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Guang Bian
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Critical current enhancement in a superconducting nanolayer proximitized to a weak-ferromagnetic film. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-022-02614-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
|
5
|
Paolucci F, Crisá F, De Simoni G, Bours L, Puglia C, Strambini E, Roddaro S, Giazotto F. Electrostatic Field-Driven Supercurrent Suppression in Ionic-Gated Metallic Superconducting Nanotransistors. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:10309-10314. [PMID: 34851117 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c03481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Recent experiments have shown the possibility of tuning the transport properties of metallic nanosized superconductors through a gate voltage. These results renewed the longstanding debate on the interaction between electrostatic fields and superconductivity. Indeed, different works suggested competing mechanisms as the cause of the effect: an unconventional electric field-effect or quasiparticle injection. Here, we provide conclusive evidence for the electrostatic-field-driven control of the supercurrent in metallic nanosized superconductors, by realizing ionic-gated superconducting field-effect nanotransistors (ISFETs) where electron injection is impossible. Our Nb ISFETs show giant suppression of the superconducting critical current of up to ∼45%. Moreover, the bipolar supercurrent suppression observed in different ISFETs, together with invariant critical temperature and normal-state resistance, also excludes conventional charge accumulation/depletion. Therefore, the microscopic explanation of this effect calls upon a novel theory able to describe the nontrivial interaction of static electric fields with conventional superconductivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federico Paolucci
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Crisá
- Department of Physics "E. Fermi", Universitá di Pisa, Largo Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giorgio De Simoni
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Lennart Bours
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudio Puglia
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Elia Strambini
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Roddaro
- Department of Physics "E. Fermi", Universitá di Pisa, Largo Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Giazotto
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
On the Thermal Dynamics of Metallic and Superconducting Wires. Bifurcations, Quench, the Destruction of Bistability and Temperature Blowup. J 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/j4040055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, a numerical bifurcation analysis is carried out in order to investigate the multiplicity and the thermal runaway features of metallic and superconducting wires in a unified framework. The analysis reveals that the electrical resistance, combined with the boiling curve, are the dominant factors shaping the conditions of bistability—which result in a quenching process—and the conditions of multistability—which may lead to a temperature blowup in the wire. An interesting finding of the theoretical analysis is that, for the case of multistability, there are two ways that a thermal runaway may be triggered. One is associated with a high current value (“normal” runaway) whereas the other one is associated with a lower current value (“premature” runaway), as has been experimentally observed with certain types of superconducting magnets. Moreover, the results of the bifurcation analysis suggest that a static criterion of a warm or a cold thermal wave propagation may be established based on the limit points obtained.
Collapse
|
7
|
De Simoni G, Battisti S, Ligato N, Mercaldo MT, Cuoco M, Giazotto F. Gate Control of the Current-Flux Relation of a Josephson Quantum Interferometer Based on Proximitized Metallic Nanojuntions. ACS APPLIED ELECTRONIC MATERIALS 2021; 3:3927-3935. [PMID: 36247495 PMCID: PMC9555709 DOI: 10.1021/acsaelm.1c00508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate an Al superconducting quantum interference device in which the Josephson junctions are implemented through gate-controlled proximity Cu mesoscopic weak links. This specific kind of metallic weak links behaves analogously to genuine superconducting metals in terms of the response to electrostatic gating and provides a good performance in terms of current-modulation visibility. We show that through the application of a static gate voltage we can modify the interferometer current-flux relation in a fashion that seems compatible with the introduction of π-channels within the gated weak link. Our results suggest that the microscopic mechanism at the origin of the suppression of the switching current in the interferometer is apparently phase coherent, resulting in an overall damping of the superconducting phase rigidity. We finally tackle the performance of the interferometer in terms of responsivity to magnetic flux variations in the dissipative regime and discuss the practical relevance of gated proximity-based all-metallic SQUIDs for magnetometry at the nanoscale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio De Simoni
- NEST,
Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Battisti
- NEST,
Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
- Department
of Physics “E. Fermi”, Universitá
di Pisa, Largo Pontecorvo
3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Nadia Ligato
- NEST,
Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Mercaldo
- Dipartimento
di Fisica “E. R. Caianiello”, Universitá di Salerno, Fisciano, Salerno IT-84084, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Giazotto
- NEST,
Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Orús P, Fomin VM, De Teresa JM, Córdoba R. Critical current modulation induced by an electric field in superconducting tungsten-carbon nanowires. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17698. [PMID: 34489493 PMCID: PMC8421514 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97075-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The critical current of a superconducting nanostructure can be suppressed by applying an electric field in its vicinity. This phenomenon is investigated throughout the fabrication and electrical characterization of superconducting tungsten-carbon (W-C) nanostructures grown by Ga[Formula: see text] focused ion beam induced deposition (FIBID). In a 45 nm-wide, 2.7 [Formula: see text]m-long W-C nanowire, an increasing side-gate voltage is found to progressively reduce the critical current of the device, down to a full suppression of the superconducting state below its critical temperature. This modulation is accounted for by the squeezing of the superconducting current by the electric field within a theoretical model based on the Ginzburg-Landau theory, in agreement with experimental data. Compared to electron beam lithography or sputtering, the single-step FIBID approach provides with enhanced patterning flexibility and yields nanodevices with figures of merit comparable to those retrieved in other superconducting materials, including Ti, Nb, and Al. Exhibiting a higher critical temperature than most of other superconductors, in which this phenomenon has been observed, as well as a reduced critical value of the gate voltage required to fully suppress superconductivity, W-C deposits are strong candidates for the fabrication of nanodevices based on the electric field-induced superconductivity modulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Orús
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Vladimir M Fomin
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences (IIN), Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Material Research (IFW) Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Laboratory of Physics and Engineering of Nanomaterials, Department of Theoretical Physics, Moldova State University, Strada A. Mateevici 60, 2009, Chişinău, Republic of Moldova
- Institute of Engineering Physics for Biomedicine, National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Kashirskoe shosse 31, Moscow, 115409, Russia
| | - José María De Teresa
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain.
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain.
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA), University of Zaragoza, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Rosa Córdoba
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universitat de València, 46980, Paterna, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Abstract
Ionic gating is a very popular tool to investigate and control the electric charge transport and electronic ground state in a wide variety of different materials. This is due to its capability to induce large modulations of the surface charge density by means of the electric-double-layer field-effect transistor (EDL-FET) architecture, and has been proven to be capable of tuning even the properties of metallic systems. In this short review, I summarize the main results which have been achieved so far in controlling the superconducting (SC) properties of thin films of conventional metallic superconductors by means of the ionic gating technique. I discuss how the gate-induced charge doping, despite being confined to a thin surface layer by electrostatic screening, results in a long-range ‘bulk’ modulation of the SC properties by the coherent nature of the SC condensate, as evidenced by the observation of suppressions in the critical temperature of films much thicker than the electrostatic screening length, and by the pronounced thickness-dependence of their magnitude. I review how this behavior can be modelled in terms of proximity effect between the charge-doped surface layer and the unperturbed bulk with different degrees of approximation, and how first-principles calculations have been employed to determine the origin of an anomalous increase in the electrostatic screening length at ultrahigh electric fields, thus fully confirming the validity of the proximity effect model. Finally, I discuss a general framework—based on the combination of ab-initio Density Functional Theory and the Migdal-Eliashberg theory of superconductivity—by which the properties of any gated thin film of a conventional metallic superconductor can be determined purely from first principles.
Collapse
|
10
|
Puglia C, De Simoni G, Giazotto F. Gate Control of Superconductivity in Mesoscopic All-Metallic Devices. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:1243. [PMID: 33807981 PMCID: PMC7961734 DOI: 10.3390/ma14051243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The possibility to tune, through the application of a control gate voltage, the superconducting properties of mesoscopic devices based on Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer metals was recently demonstrated. Despite the extensive experimental evidence obtained on different materials and geometries, a description of the microscopic mechanism at the basis of such an unconventional effect has not been provided yet. This work discusses the technological potential of gate control of superconductivity in metallic superconductors and revises the experimental results, which provide information regarding a possible thermal origin of the effect: first, we review experiments performed on high-critical-temperature elemental superconductors (niobium and vanadium) and show how devices based on these materials can be exploited to realize basic electronic tools, such as a half-wave rectifier. Second, we discuss the origin of the gating effect by showing gate-driven suppression of the supercurrent in a suspended titanium wire and by providing a comparison between thermal and electric switching current probability distributions. Furthermore, we discuss the cold field-emission of electrons from the gate employing finite element simulations and compare the results with experimental data. In our view, the presented data provide a strong indication regarding the unlikelihood of the thermal origin of the gating effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Puglia
- Department of Physics, University of Pisa, Largo Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
- NEST, Instituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, I-56127 Pisa, Italy; (G.D.S.); (F.G.)
| | - Giorgio De Simoni
- NEST, Instituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, I-56127 Pisa, Italy; (G.D.S.); (F.G.)
| | - Francesco Giazotto
- NEST, Instituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, I-56127 Pisa, Italy; (G.D.S.); (F.G.)
| |
Collapse
|