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Yee Mon KJ, Kim S, Dai Z, West JD, Zhu H, Jain R, Grimson A, Rudd BD, Singh A. Functionalized nanowires for miRNA-mediated therapeutic programming of naïve T cells. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024:10.1038/s41565-024-01649-7. [PMID: 38684809 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-024-01649-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Cellular programming of naïve T cells can improve the efficacy of adoptive T-cell therapy. However, the current ex vivo engineering of T cells requires the pre-activation of T cells, which causes them to lose their naïve state. In this study, cationic-polymer-functionalized nanowires were used to pre-program the fate of primary naïve CD8+ T cells to achieve a therapeutic response in vivo. This was done by delivering single or multiple microRNAs to primary naïve mouse and human CD8+ T cells without pre-activation. The use of nanowires further allowed for the delivery of large, whole lentiviral particles with potential for long-term integration. The combination of deletion and overexpression of miR-29 and miR-130 impacted the ex vivo T-cell differentiation fate from the naïve state. The programming of CD8+ T cells using nanowire-delivered co-delivery of microRNAs resulted in the modulation of T-cell fitness by altering the T-cell proliferation, phenotypic and transcriptional regulation, and secretion of effector molecules. Moreover, the in vivo adoptive transfer of murine CD8+ T cells programmed through the nanowire-mediated dual delivery of microRNAs provided enhanced immune protection against different types of intracellular pathogen (influenza and Listeria monocytogenes). In vivo analyses demonstrated that the simultaneous alteration of miR-29 and miR-130 levels in naïve CD8+ T cells reduces the persistence of canonical memory T cells whereas increases the population of short-lived effector T cells. Nanowires could potentially be used to modulate CD8+ T-cell differentiation and achieve a therapeutic response in vivo without the need for pre-activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristel J Yee Mon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Sungwoong Kim
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Zhonghao Dai
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jessica D West
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Hongya Zhu
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Ritika Jain
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Andrew Grimson
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Brian D Rudd
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - Ankur Singh
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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2
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Tzadka S, Ureña Martin C, Toledo E, Yassin AAK, Pandey A, Le Saux G, Porgador A, Schvartzman M. A Novel Approach for Colloidal Lithography: From Dry Particle Assembly to High-Throughput Nanofabrication. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:17846-17856. [PMID: 38549366 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c18554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
We introduce a novel approach for colloidal lithography based on the dry particle assembly into a dense monolayer on an elastomer, followed by mechanical transfer to a substrate of any material and curvature. This method can be implemented either manually or automatically and it produces large area patterns with the quality obtained by the state-of-the-art colloidal lithography at a very high throughput. We first demonstrated the fabrication of nanopatterns with a periodicity ranging between 200 nm and 2 μm. We then demonstrated two nanotechnological applications of this approach. The first one is antireflective structures, fabricated on silicon and sapphire, with different geometries including arrays of bumps and holes and adjusted for different spectral ranges. The second one is smart 3D nanostructures for mechanostimulation of T cells that are used for their effective proliferation, with potential application in cancer immunotherapy. This new approach unleashes the potential of bottom-up nanofabrication and paves the way for nanoscale devices and systems in numerous applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivan Tzadka
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Carlos Ureña Martin
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Esti Toledo
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Abed Al Kader Yassin
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Ashish Pandey
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Guillaume Le Saux
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Angel Porgador
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Mark Schvartzman
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
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3
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Zhao L, Zhao G, Feng J, Zhang Z, Zhang J, Guo H, Lin M. T Cell engineering for cancer immunotherapy by manipulating mechanosensitive force-bearing receptors. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1220074. [PMID: 37560540 PMCID: PMC10407658 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1220074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell immune responses are critical for in both physiological and pathological processes. While biochemical cues are important, mechanical cues arising from the microenvironment have also been found to act a significant role in regulating various T cell immune responses, including activation, cytokine production, metabolism, proliferation, and migration. The immune synapse contains force-sensitive receptors that convert these mechanical cues into biochemical signals. This phenomenon is accepted in the emerging research field of immunomechanobiology. In this review, we provide insights into immunomechanobiology, with a specific focus on how mechanosensitive receptors are bound and triggered, and ultimately resulting T cell immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingzhu Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Guoqing Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jinteng Feng
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jiayu Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Hui Guo
- Department of Medical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Min Lin
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
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4
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Hyun J, Kim SJ, Cho SD, Kim HW. Mechano-modulation of T cells for cancer immunotherapy. Biomaterials 2023; 297:122101. [PMID: 37023528 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy, despite its promise for future anti-cancer approach, faces significant challenges, such as off-tumor side effects, innate or acquired resistance, and limited infiltration of immune cells into stiffened extracellular matrix (ECM). Recent studies have highlighted the importance of mechano-modulation/-activation of immune cells (mainly T cells) for effective caner immunotherapy. Immune cells are highly sensitive to the applied physical forces and matrix mechanics, and reciprocally shape the tumor microenvironment. Engineering T cells with tuned properties of materials (e.g., chemistry, topography, and stiffness) can improve their expansion and activation ex vivo, and their ability to mechano-sensing the tumor specific ECM in vivo where they perform cytotoxic effects. T cells can also be exploited to secrete enzymes that soften ECM, thus increasing tumor infiltration and cellular therapies. Furthermore, T cells, such as chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells, genomic engineered to be spatiotemporally controllable by physical stimuli (e.g., ultrasound, heat, or light), can mitigate adverse off-tumor effects. In this review, we communicate these recent cutting-edge endeavors devoted to mechano-modulating/-activating T cells for effective cancer immunotherapy, and discuss future prospects and challenges in this field.
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Wheatley BA, Rey-Suarez I, Hourwitz MJ, Kerr S, Shroff H, Fourkas JT, Upadhyaya A. Nanotopography modulates cytoskeletal organization and dynamics during T cell activation. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 33:ar88. [PMID: 35830602 PMCID: PMC9582624 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-12-0601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to MHC-antigen complexes on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) activates T cells, inducing the formation of the immune synapse (IS). Antigen detection at the APC surface is thus a critical step in the adaptive immune response. The physical properties of antigen-presenting surfaces encountered by T cells in vivo are believed to modulate T cell activation and proliferation. Although stiffness and ligand mobility influence IS formation, the effect of the complex topography of the APC surface on this process is not well understood. Here we investigate how nanotopography modulates cytoskeletal dynamics and signaling during the early stages of T cell activation using high-resolution fluorescence microscopy on nanofabricated surfaces with parallel nanoridges of different spacings. We find that although nanoridges reduce the maximum spread area as compared with cells on flat surfaces, the ridges enhance the accumulation of actin and the signaling kinase ZAP-70 at the IS. Actin polymerization is more dynamic in the presence of ridges, which influence the directionality of both actin flows and microtubule (MT) growth. Our results demonstrate that the topography of the activating surface exerts both global effects on T cell morphology and local changes in actin and MT dynamics, collectively influencing T cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany A Wheatley
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology and.,Skaggs Graduate School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458
| | - Ivan Rey-Suarez
- Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Matt J Hourwitz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Sarah Kerr
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80302
| | - Hari Shroff
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - John T Fourkas
- Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742.,Maryland Quantum Materials Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Arpita Upadhyaya
- Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742.,Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
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Oh J, Xia X, Wong WKR, Wong SHD, Yuan W, Wang H, Lai CHN, Tian Y, Ho YP, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Li G, Lin Y, Bian L. The Effect of the Nanoparticle Shape on T Cell Activation. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2107373. [PMID: 35297179 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202107373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of extracellular ligand nano-geometry in ex vivo T cell activation for immunotherapy remains elusive. Herein, the authors demonstrate large aspect ratio (AR) of gold nanorods (AuNRs) conjugated on cell culture substrate enhancing both murine and human T cell activation through the nanoscale anisotropic presentation of stimulatory ligands (anti-CD3(αCD3) and anti-CD28(αCD28) antibodies). AuNRs with large AR bearing αCD3 and αCD28 antibodies significantly promote T cell expansion and key cytokine secretion including interleukin-2 (IL-2), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). High membrane tension observed in large AR AuNRs regulates actin filament and focal adhesion assembly and develops maturation-related morphological features in T cells such as membrane ruffle formation, cell spreading, and large T cell receptor (TCR) cluster formation. Anisotropic stimulatory ligand presentation promotes differentiation of naïve CD8+ T cells toward the effector phenotype inducing CD137 expression upon co-culture with human cervical carcinoma. The findings suggest the importance of manipulating extracellular ligand nano-geometry in optimizing T cell behaviors to enhance therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon Oh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Xingyu Xia
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Wai Ki Ricky Wong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Siu Hong Dexter Wong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Weihao Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- Department of Orthopedic and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital Shatin, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Haixing Wang
- Department of Orthopedic and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital Shatin, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Chun Him Nathanael Lai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Yi-Ping Ho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Honglu Zhang
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 511442, P.R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 511442, P.R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Orthopedic and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital Shatin, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Yuan Lin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- Advanced Biomedical Instrumentation Centre, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, New territories, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- HKU-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), Shenzhen, Guang Dong, 518000, China
| | - Liming Bian
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 511442, P.R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
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7
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Zeng Y, Ramani PD, Gao W, Zhao W. Revealing the heterogeneity in neuroblastoma cells via nanopillar-guided subnuclear deformation. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:2617-2627. [PMID: 35133394 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr04996h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is a hard-to-treat childhood cancer that is well known for the heterogeneity of its clinical phenotypes. Although the risk levels of neuroblastoma have been defined from a complex matrix of clinical and tumor biological factors to guide treatment, the accuracy in predicting cancer relapse and related fatality is still poor in many cases, where heterogeneity with subpopulations in highly malignant or drug-resistant tumors is believed to be underestimated by the current analysis methods. Therefore, new technologies to probe neuroblastoma heterogeneity are needed for the improvement of risk stratification. In this study, we introduce the nanopillar-guided subnuclear morphology as an effective indicator for heterogeneity evaluation among individual neuroblastoma cells. Nuclear polymorphisms, especially the generation of subnuclear irregularities, are well-known markers of high cancer metastasis risk and poor prognosis. By quantitatively evaluating the orientation of nanopillar-guided nuclear envelope features in neuroblastoma cells, we identified two subpopulations with differential motilities and EMT marker levels. Moreover, with endogenous expression, cells with high levels of the nuclear structure protein lamin A exhibit anisotropic deformation on nanopillars and migrate faster than low-lamin A cells, indicating a greater potential for metastasis. Overexpression of lamin A, however, reduces both the coherency and migration speed, suggesting that subpopulations with similar lamin A levels may have different metastatic potentials. We further verified that nanopillar-generated nuclear deformation patterns can quantitatively reveal individual cells' responses to anti-cancer drug treatment. Overall, we envision that the nanopillar-based assessment of subnuclear irregularities brings new additions to our toolkits for both precise risk stratification in neuroblastoma and the evaluation of related anti-cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongpeng Zeng
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637457, Singapore.
| | - Priya Dharshana Ramani
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637457, Singapore.
| | - Weibo Gao
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 639798 Singapore, Singapore
- The Photonics Institute and Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, Nanyang Technological University, 639798 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wenting Zhao
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637457, Singapore.
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Tello-Lafoz M, de Jesus MM, Huse M. Harder, better, faster, stronger: biochemistry and biophysics in the immunosurveillance concert. Trends Immunol 2022; 43:96-105. [PMID: 34973924 PMCID: PMC8810625 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Antitumor immunosurveillance is triggered by immune cell recognition of characteristic biochemical signals on the surfaces of cancer cells. Recent data suggest that the mechanical properties of cancer cells influence the strength of these signals, with physically harder target cells (more rigid) eliciting better, faster, and stronger cytotoxic responses against metastasis. Using analogies to a certain electronic music duo, we argue that the biophysical properties of cancer cells and their environment can adjust the volume and tone of the antitumor immune response. We also consider the potential influence of biomechanics-based immunosurveillance in disease progression and posit that targeting the biophysical properties of cancer cells in concert with their biochemical features could increase the efficacy of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Tello-Lafoz
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Miguel M de Jesus
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Morgan Huse
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA,Correspondence: (M.H.)
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