Chiral Photomelting of DNA-Nanocrystal Assemblies Utilizing Plasmonic Photoheating

Preparation of DNA nanoflower-modified capillary silica monoliths for chiral separation

Innovative chiral capillary silica monoliths (CSMs) were developed based on DNA nanoflowers (DNFs). Baseline separation of enantiomers such as atenolol, tyrosine, histidine, and nefopam was achieved by using DNF-modified CSMs, and the obtained resolution value was higher than 1.78. To further explore the effect of DNFs on enantioseparation, different types of chiral columns including DNA strand containing the complementary sequence of the template (DCT)-modified CSMs, DNF2-modified CSMs, and DNF3-modified CSMs were prepared as well. It was observed that DNF-modified CSMs displayed better chiral separation ability compared with DCT-based columns. The intra-day and inter-day repeatability of model analytes' retention time and resolution kept desirable relative standard deviation values of less than 8.28%. DNF2/DNF3-modified CSMs were able to achieve baseline separation of atenolol, propranolol, 2'-deoxyadenosine, and nefopam enantiomers. Molecular docking simulations were performed to investigate enantioselectivity mechanisms of DNA sequences for enantiomers. To indicate the successful construction of DNFs and DNF-modified CSMs, various charaterization approaches including scanning electron microscopy, agarose gel electrophoresis, dynamic light scattering analysis, electroosmotic flow, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy were utilized. Moreover, the enantioseparation performance of DNF-modified CSMs was characterized in terms of sample volume, applied voltage, and buffer concentration. This work paves the way to applying DNF-based capillary electrochromatography microsystems for chiral separation.

Plasmonic-Driven Regulation of Biomolecular Activity In Situ

Selective and remote manipulation of activity for biomolecules, including protein, DNA, and lipids, is crucial to elucidate their molecular function and to develop biomedical applications. While advances in tool development, such as optogenetics, have significantly impacted these directions, the requirement for genetic modification significantly limits their therapeutic applications. Plasmonic nanoparticle heating has brought new opportunities to the field, as hot nanoparticles are unique point heat sources at the nanoscale. In this review, we summarize fundamental engineering problems such as plasmonic heating and the resulting biomolecular responses. We highlight the biological responses and applications of manipulating biomolecules and provide perspectives for future directions in the field.

Localized Plasmonic Heating for Single-Molecule DNA Rupture Measurements in Optical Tweezers

To date, studies on the thermodynamic and kinetic processes that underlie biological function and nanomachine actuation in biological- and biology-inspired molecular constructs have primarily focused on photothermal heating of ensemble systems, highlighting the need for probes that are localized within the molecular construct and capable of resolving single-molecule response. Here we present an experimental demonstration of wavelength-selective, localized heating at the single-molecule level using the surface plasmon resonance of a 15 nm gold nanoparticle (AuNP). Our approach is compatible with force-spectroscopy measurements and can be applied to studies of the single-molecule thermodynamic properties of DNA origami nanomachines as well as biomolecular complexes. We further demonstrate wavelength selectivity and establish the temperature dependence of the reaction coordinate for base-pair disruption in the shear-rupture geometry, demonstrating the utility and flexibility of this approach for both fundamental studies of local (nanometer-scale) temperature gradients and rapid and multiplexed nanomachine actuation.

Key Role of Asymmetric Photothermal Effect in Selectively Chiral Switching of Plasmonic Dimer Driven by Circularly Polarized Light

Strong interaction between circularly polarized light and chiral plasmonic nanostructures can enable controllable asymmetric photophysical processes, such as selective chiral switching of a plasmonic nanorod-dimer. Here, we uncover the underlying physics that governs this chiral switching by theoretically investigating the interplay between asymmetric photothermal and optomechanical effects. We find that the photothermally induced local temperature rises could play a key role in activating the dynamic chiral configurations of a plasmonic dimer due to the temperature-sensitive molecular linkages located at the gap region. Importantly, different temperature rises caused by the opposite handedness of light could facilitate selective chiral switching of the plasmonic dimer driven by asymmetric optical torques. Our analyses on the wavelength-dependent selectively chiral switching behaviors are in good agreement with the experimental observations. This work contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the physical mechanism involved in the experimentally designed photoresponsive plasmonic nanosystems for practical applications.

Nanoscale Hotspot-Induced Emitters in DNA Origami-Assisted Nanoantennas

We report the observation of hotspot-induced emitters and photoluminescence enhancement of up to 42-fold from DNA origami-assisted plasmonic dimer nanoantennas upon excess polarized laser illumination. The presence of DNA and laser polarization alignment along the dimer axis are critical for the generation of bright emitters responsible for the observed PL increase. The emission spectrum reveals characteristic Raman peaks of amorphous carbon, suggesting the formation of carbon-based emitters in the nanoantenna due to the plasmonic hotspots at the longitudinal antenna resonance.

DNA-Based Gold Nanoparticle Assemblies: From Structure Constructions to Sensing Applications

Gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) have become one of the building blocks for superior assembly and device fabrication due to the intrinsic, tunable physical properties of nanoparticles. With the development of DNA nanotechnology, gold nanoparticles are organized in a highly precise and controllable way under the mediation of DNA, achieving programmability and specificity unmatched by other ligands. The successful construction of abundant gold nanoparticle assembly structures has also given rise to the fabrication of a wide range of sensors, which has greatly contributed to the development of the sensing field. In this review, we focus on the progress in the DNA-mediated assembly of Au NPs and their application in sensing in the past five years. Firstly, we highlight the strategies used for the orderly organization of Au NPs with DNA. Then, we describe the DNA-based assembly of Au NPs for sensing applications and representative research therein. Finally, we summarize the advantages of DNA nanotechnology in assembling complex Au NPs and outline the challenges and limitations in constructing complex gold nanoparticle assembly structures with tailored functionalities.

A cooperation tale of biomolecules and nanomaterials in nanoscale chiral sensing and separation

The cooperative relationship between biomolecules and nanomaterials makes up a beautiful tale about nanoscale chiral sensing and separation. Biomolecules are considered a fabulous chirality 'donor' to develop chiral sensors and separation systems. Nature has endowed biomolecules with mysterious chirality. Various nanomaterials with specific physicochemical attributes can realize the transmission and amplification of this chirality. We focus on highlighting the advantages of combining biomolecules and nanomaterials in nanoscale chirality. To enhance the sensors' detection sensitivity, novel cooperation approaches between nanomaterials and biomolecules have attracted tremendous attention. Moreover, innovative biomolecule-based nanocomposites possess great importance in developing chiral separation systems with improved assay performance. This review describes the formation of a network based on nanomaterials and biomolecules mainly including DNA, proteins, peptides, amino acids, and polysaccharides. We hope this tale will record the perpetual relation between biomolecules and nanomaterials in nanoscale chirality.

Construction of chiral capillary electrochromatography microsystems based on Aspergillus sp. CM96

Novel chiral capillary electrochromatography (CEC) microsystems were constructed based on Aspergillus sp. CM96. As a newly discovered intrinsic characteristic of the cell, cell chirality occupies an essential position in life evolution. Aspergillus sp. CM96 spore (CM96s) was chosen as a proof of concept to develop chiral capillary columns. Interestingly, various types of amino acid (AA) enantiomers were baseline separated under the optimized conditions. Furthermore, the time-dependent chiral interactions between AAs and CM96s were explored in a wider space. Pectinases generated from Aspergillus sp. CM96 fermentation were immobilized onto graphene oxide-functionalized capillary silica monoliths for separating AA enantiomers. Molecular docking simulations were performed to explore chiral separation mechanisms of pectinase for AA enantiomers. These results indicated that Aspergillus sp. CM96-based CEC microsystems have a significant advantage for chiral separation.

Broadband and Spectrally Selective Photothermal Conversion through Nanocluster Assembly of Disordered Plasmonic Metasurfaces

Plasmonic metasurfaces have been realized for efficient light absorption, thereby leading to photothermal conversion through nonradiative decay of plasmonic modes. However, current plasmonic metasurfaces suffer from inaccessible spectral ranges, costly and time-consuming nanolithographic top-down techniques for fabrication, and difficulty of scale-up. Here, we demonstrate a new type of disordered metasurface created by densely packing plasmonic nanoclusters of ultrasmall size on a planar optical cavity. The system either operates as a broadband absorber or offers a reconfigurable absorption band right across the visible region, resulting in continuous wavelength-tunable photothermal conversion. We further present a method to measure the temperature of plasmonic metasurfaces via surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), by incorporating single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) as an SERS probe within the metasurfaces. Our disordered plasmonic system, generated by a bottom-up process, offers excellent performance and compatibility with efficient photothermal conversion. Moreover, it also provides a novel platform for various hot-electron and energy-harvesting functionalities.

Direct Observation of Spin-Orbit Interaction of Light via Chiroptical Responses

The spin-orbit interaction of light is a fundamental manifestation of controlling its angular momenta with numerous applications in photonic spin Hall effects and chiral quantum optics. However, observation of an optical spin Hall effect, which is normally very weak with subwavelength displacements, needs quantum weak measurements or sophisticated metasurfaces. Here, we theoretically and experimentally demonstrate the spin-orbit interaction of light in the form of strong chiroptical responses by breaking the in-plane inversion symmetry of a dielectric substrate. The chiroptical signal is observed at the boundary of a microdisk illuminated by circularly polarized vortex beams at normal incidence. The generated chiroptical spectra are tunable for different photonic orbital angular momenta and microdisk diameters. Our findings, correlating photonic spin-orbit interaction with chiroptical responses, may provide a route for exploiting optical information processing, enantioselective sensing, and chiral metrology.

Chiral Biomaterials for Nanomedicines: From Molecules to Supraparticles

Chirality, the property whereby an object or a system cannot be superimposed on its mirror image, prevails amongst nature over various scales. Especially in biology, numerous chiral building blocks and chiral-specific interactions are involved in many essential biological activities. Despite the prevalence of chirality in nature, it has been no longer than 70 years since the mechanisms of chiral-specific interactions drew scientific attention and began to be studied. Owing to the advent of chiral-sensitive equipment such as circular dichroism spectrometers or chiral liquid columns for chromatography, it has recently been possible to achieve a deeper understanding of the chiral-specific interactions and consequential impacts on the functionality and efficiency of nanomedicine. From this point of view, it is worthwhile to examine previously reported chiral biomaterials with their compositions and possible applications to achieve new paradigms of biomaterials. This review discusses chiral materials on various scales and their biological applications.

Chirality Inversion in Self-Assembled Nanocomposites Directed by Curvature-Mediated Interactions

Nanoscale curvature-dependent interactions are of paramount importance in biological systems. Here, we report that nanoscale curvature plays an important role in regulating the chirality of self-assembled nanocomposites from chiral organic molecules and achiral nanoparticles. Specifically, we show that the supramolecular chirality of the nanocomposites markedly depends on the nanoparticle curvature, where small-sized nanoparticles of high curvature and large-sized nanoparticles of low curvature lead to nanocomposites with opposite chirality. Quantitative kinetic experiments and molecular dynamics simulations reveal that nanoparticle curvature plays a key role in promoting the pre-nucleation oligomerization of chiral molecules, which consequently regulates the supramolecular chirality of the nanocomposites. We anticipate that this study will aid in rational design of an artificial cooperative system giving rise to emergent assembling phenomena that can be surprisingly rich and often cannot be understood by studying the conventional noncooperative systems.

Local Growth Mediated by Plasmonic Hot Carriers: Chirality from Achiral Nanocrystals Using Circularly Polarized Light

Plasmonic nanocrystals and their assemblies are excellent tools to create functional systems, including systems with strong chiral optical responses. Here we study the possibility of growing chiral plasmonic nanocrystals from strictly nonchiral seeds of different types by using circularly polarized light as the chirality-inducing mechanism. We present a novel theoretical methodology that simulates realistic nonlinear and inhomogeneous photogrowth processes in plasmonic nanocrystals, mediated by the excitation of hot carriers that can drive surface chemistry. We show the strongly anisotropic and chiral growth of oriented nanocrystals with lowered symmetry, with the striking feature that such chiral growth can appear even for nanocrystals with subwavelength sizes. Furthermore, we show that the chiral growth of nanocrystals in solution is fundamentally challenging. This work explores new ways of growing monolithic chiral plasmonic nanostructures and can be useful for the development of plasmonic photocatalysis and fabrication technologies.