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Yao J, Wang C, Zhang C, Ma S, Zhou L, Wang T, Wang Q, Xu H, Ding T. Optoelectronic tuning of plasmon resonances via optically modulated hot electrons. Natl Sci Rev 2024; 11:nwad280. [PMID: 38577663 PMCID: PMC10989291 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwad280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Fast optical modulation of nanoplasmonics is fundamental for on-chip integration of all-optical devices. Although various strategies have been proposed for dynamic modulation of surface plasmons, critical issues of device compatibility and extremely low efficiency in the visible spectrum hamper the application of optoplasmonic nanochips. Here we establish an optoplasmonic system based on Au@Cu2-xS hybrid core-shell nanoparticles. The optical excitation of hot electrons and their charge transfer to the semiconductor coating (Cu2-xS) lead to lowered electron density of Au, which results in the red shift of the localized surface plasmon resonance. The hot electrons can also transport through the Cu2-xS layer to the metal substrate, which increases the conductance of the nanogap. As such, the coupled gap plasmon blue-shifts with a magnitude of up to ∼15 nm, depending on the excitation power and the thickness of the coatings, which agrees with numerical simulations. All of this optoelectronic tuning process is highly reversible, controllable and fast with a modulated laser beam, which is highly compatible and sufficiently useful for on-chip integration of nanophotonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiacheng Yao
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Song Ma
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Ti Wang
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Ququan Wang
- Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Hongxing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Tao Ding
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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Xia C, Lu Z, Zhang Y, Tan J. Broadband High Optical Transparent Intelligent Metasurface for Adaptive Electromagnetic Wave Manipulation. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2024; 7:0334. [PMID: 38476476 PMCID: PMC10927547 DOI: 10.34133/research.0334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Intelligent metasurfaces have garnered widespread attention owing to their properties of sensing electromagnetic (EM) environments and multifunctional adaptive EM wave manipulation. However, intelligent metasurfaces with broadband high optical transparency have not been studied to date, and most of the previous intelligent metasurfaces lack an integrated design for their actuators and sensors, resulting in lower integration levels. This study proposes a novel intelligent metasurface with adaptive EM wave manipulation ability and high optical transparency from visible to infrared bands. This metasurface consists of a transparent and current-controlled reconfigurable metasurface as an actuator by integrating patterned vanadium dioxide (VO2) into metal-meshed resonant units, transparent broadband microstrip antenna as a sensor, recognition-and-feedback module, and actuator- and sensor-integrated design on the same substrate. The EM-regulating capability of the designed transparent intelligent metasurface is theoretically analyzed using the coupled mode theory, and a prototype metasurface device is fabricated for experimental verification. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate that the metasurface exhibits over 80% normalized transmittance from 380 to 5,000 nm and adaptive EM wave manipulation (reflective strong shielding function with a shielding efficiency of over 24 dB, high transmittance function with a transmission loss of 1.24 dB, and strong absorption function with an absorption of 97%) according to the EM wave power parameters without manual intervention. This study provides an avenue for transparent intelligent metasurfaces with extensive application prospects in areas such as intelligent optical windows, radar enclosures, and communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Xia
- Ultra-Precision Optical & Electronic Instrument Engineering Center,
Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- Key Lab of Ultra-precision Intelligent Instrumentation (Harbin Institute of Technology), Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Zhengang Lu
- Ultra-Precision Optical & Electronic Instrument Engineering Center,
Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- Key Lab of Ultra-precision Intelligent Instrumentation (Harbin Institute of Technology), Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yilei Zhang
- Ultra-Precision Optical & Electronic Instrument Engineering Center,
Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- Key Lab of Ultra-precision Intelligent Instrumentation (Harbin Institute of Technology), Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Jiubin Tan
- Ultra-Precision Optical & Electronic Instrument Engineering Center,
Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- Key Lab of Ultra-precision Intelligent Instrumentation (Harbin Institute of Technology), Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin 150001, China
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Wei H, Gu J, Zhao T, Yan Z, Xu HX, Dou S, Qiu CW, Li Y. Tunable VO 2 cavity enables multispectral manipulation from visible to microwave frequencies. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2024; 13:54. [PMID: 38378739 PMCID: PMC10879493 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-024-01400-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Optical materials capable of dynamically manipulating electromagnetic waves are an emerging field in memories, optical modulators, and thermal management. Recently, their multispectral design preliminarily attracts much attention, aiming to enhance their efficiency and integration of functionalities. However, the multispectral manipulation based on these materials is challenging due to their ubiquitous wavelength dependence restricting their capacity to narrow wavelengths. In this article, we cascade multiple tunable optical cavities with selective-transparent layers, enabling a universal approach to overcoming wavelength dependence and establishing a multispectral platform with highly integrated functions. Based on it, we demonstrate the multispectral (ranging from 400 nm to 3 cm), fast response speed (0.9 s), and reversible manipulation based on a typical phase change material, vanadium dioxide. Our platform involves tandem VO2-based Fabry-Pérot (F-P) cavities enabling the customization of optical responses at target bands independently. It can achieve broadband color-changing capacity in the visible region (a shift of ~60 nm in resonant wavelength) and is capable of freely switching between three typical optical models (transmittance, reflectance, and absorptance) in the infrared to microwave regions with drastic amplitude tunability exceeding 0.7. This work represents a state-of-art advance in multispectral optics and material science, providing a critical approach for expanding the multispectral manipulation ability of optical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Wei
- Center for Composite Materials and Structure, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
- National University of Singapore, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Jinxin Gu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
- Suzhou Laboratory, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Tao Zhao
- Center for Composite Materials and Structure, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Zhiyuan Yan
- National University of Singapore, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - He-Xiu Xu
- National University of Singapore, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Shuliang Dou
- Center for Composite Materials and Structure, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China.
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- National University of Singapore, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Singapore, 117583, Singapore.
| | - Yao Li
- Center for Composite Materials and Structure, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China.
- Suzhou Laboratory, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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Ma Y, Zhou H, Huang Y, Guo J, Zhu Y, Wu Z, Gu Q, Miao Z, Yan C, Wang S, Deng G, Zhou S. Electrically controllable optical switch metasurface based on vanadium dioxide. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:3885-3888. [PMID: 37527074 DOI: 10.1364/ol.492350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
We report a voltage-tunable reflective gold wire grid metasurface on vanadium dioxide thin film, which consists of a metal-insulator-metal (MIM) structure. We excite surface plasmon polariton (SPP) modes on the gold surface by fabricating a one-dimensional structured gold wire grid. Joule heating of laser-induced graphene (LIG) can be controlled by the voltage at the bottom, allowing vanadium dioxide in the structure to complete the transition from the insulating state to the metallic state. The phase transition of vanadium dioxide strongly disrupts the plasmon modes excited by the gold wire grid above, thereby realizing a huge change in the reflection spectrum. This acts as a tunable metasurface optical switch with a maximum modulation depth (MD) of over 20 dB. We provide a more effective and simple method for creating tunable metasurfaces in the near-infrared band, which can allow metasurfaces to have wider applications in optical signal processing, optical storage, and holography.
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Zhang Y, Chen D, Ma W, You S, Zhang J, Fan M, Zhou C. Active optical modulation of quasi-BICs in Si-VO 2 hybrid metasurfaces. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:5517-5520. [PMID: 37219258 DOI: 10.1364/ol.472927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Active optical modulation breaks the limitation of a passive device, providing a new, to the best of our knowledge, alternative to achieve high-performance optical devices. The phase-change material vanadium dioxide (VO2) plays an important role in the active device due to its unique reversible phase transition. In this work, we numerically investigate the optical modulation in resonant Si-VO2 hybrid metasurfaces. The optical bound states in the continuum (BICs) in an Si dimer nanobar metasurface are studied. The quasi-BICs resonator with high quality factor (Q-factor) can be excited by rotating one of the dimer nanobars. The multipole response and near-field distribution confirm that magnetic dipoles dominate this resonance. Moreover, a dynamically tunable optical resonance is achieved by integrating a VO2 thin film to this quasi-BICs Si nanostructure. With the increase of temperature, VO2 gradually changes from the dielectric state to metal state, and the optical response exhibits a significant change. Then, the modulation of the transmission spectrum is calculated. Situations where VO2 is located in different positions are also discussed. A relative transmission modulation of 180% is achieved. These results fully confirm that the VO2 film shows an excellent ability to modulate the quasi-BICs resonator. Our work provides a route for the active modulation of resonant optical devices.
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Abdelraouf OAM, Wang Z, Liu H, Dong Z, Wang Q, Ye M, Wang XR, Wang QJ, Liu H. Recent Advances in Tunable Metasurfaces: Materials, Design, and Applications. ACS NANO 2022; 16:13339-13369. [PMID: 35976219 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c04628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Metasurfaces, a two-dimensional (2D) form of metamaterials constituted by planar meta-atoms, exhibit exotic abilities to tailor electromagnetic (EM) waves freely. Over the past decade, tremendous efforts have been made to develop various active materials and incorporate them into functional devices for practical applications, pushing the research of tunable metasurfaces to the forefront of nanophotonics. Those active materials include phase change materials (PCMs), semiconductors, transparent conducting oxides (TCOs), ferroelectrics, liquid crystals (LCs), atomically thin material, etc., and enable intriguing performances such as fast switching speed, large modulation depth, ultracompactness, and significant contrast of optical properties under external stimuli. Integration of such materials offers substantial tunability to the conventional passive nanophotonic platforms. Tunable metasurfaces with multifunctionalities triggered by various external stimuli bring in rich degrees of freedom in terms of material choices and device designs to dynamically manipulate and control EM waves on demand. This field has recently flourished with the burgeoning development of physics and design methodologies, particularly those assisted by the emerging machine learning (ML) algorithms. This review outlines recent advances in tunable metasurfaces in terms of the active materials and tuning mechanisms, design methodologies, and practical applications. We conclude this review paper by providing future perspectives in this vibrant and fast-growing research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar A M Abdelraouf
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Ziyu Wang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Hailong Liu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Zhaogang Dong
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Qian Wang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Ming Ye
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Xiao Renshaw Wang
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Qi Jie Wang
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Hong Liu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore 138634, Singapore
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