NIR-II Responsive Molybdenum Dioxide Nanosystem Manipulating Cellular Immunogenicity for Enhanced Tumor Photoimmunotherapy

A dual-enzyme-like photosensitive nanozyme for remodeling the tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment to enhance immunotherapy

In "immune-cold" tumors, the upregulation of immunosuppressive cells and insufficient infiltration of lymphocytes contribute to the resistance against immune therapy. Herein, we have developed a dual-enzyme-like photosensitive nanozyme (PBAF) to remodel the tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment (TIME) and induce the tumor infiltration of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). Specifically, PBAF exhibits peroxidase (POD)-like activity and glutathione oxidase (GSHOx)-like activity and can be stimulated by 750 nm laser, promoting oxidative stress at the tumor site. Consequently, this process further leads to the reconstruction of TIME in animal experiments, inducing tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) toward the immunostimulatory M1 phenotype, eliminating myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and regulatory T cells (Tregs). Simultaneously, PBAF also promotes dendritic cells (DCs) maturation to enhance CTLs infiltration into the tumor. The remodeled TIME and enhanced immune responses by PBAF demonstrate significant post-administration inhibition of recurrence and metastasis in the treatment of malignant tumors.

MoO3-X nanodots coated suture for combating surgical site infection via antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties

Surgical site infection (SSI) significantly affects patient recovery time, health outcomes and quality of life which is closely associated with the use of implants or mesh. Sutures are the most frequently used implants that play a significant role in the development of SSI. Studies have demonstrated that the administration of effective bactericidal and anti-inflammatory treatments can significantly decrease the incidence of SSI. To address this concern, a versatile suture was engineered by coating MoO3-X nanodots in this study. The incorporation of MoO3-X nanodots endowed the suture with desirable antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties that were evaluated in in vitro and in vivo experiments. The results showed its remarkable ability to facilitate wound healing and prevent SSI through its dual action of combating bacterial infection and reducing inflammation. These findings highlight the promising potential of this multifunctional surgical suture as a versatile tool to promote better outcomes in surgical procedures.

Fe3O4 Nanoparticles That Modulate the Polarisation of Tumor-Associated Macrophages Synergize with Photothermal Therapy and Immunotherapy (PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitors) to Enhance Anti-Tumor Therapy

Introduction

Traditional surgical resection, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy have been the treatment options for patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) over the past few decades. Nevertheless, the five-year survival rate for patients has remained essentially unchanged, and research into treatments has been relatively stagnant. The combined application of photothermal therapy (PTT) and immunotherapy for treating HNSCC has considerable potential.

Methods

Live-dead cell staining and CCK-8 assays proved that Fe3O4 nanoparticles are biocompatible in vitro. In vitro, cellular experiments utilized flow cytometry and immunofluorescence staining to verify the effect of Fe3O4 nanoparticles on the polarisation of tumor-associated macrophages. In vivo, animal experiments were conducted to assess the inhibitory effect of Fe3O4 nanoparticles on tumor proliferation under the photothermal effect in conjunction with BMS-1. Tumour tissue sections were stained to observe the effects of apoptosis and the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. The histological damage to animal organs was analyzed by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining.

Results

The stable photothermal properties of Fe3O4 nanoparticles were validated by in vitro cellular and in vivo animal experiments. Fe3O4 photothermal action not only directly triggered immunogenic cell death (ICD) and enhanced the immunogenicity of the tumor microenvironment but also regulated the expression of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), up-regulating CD86 and down-regulating CD206 to inhibit tumor growth. The PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor promoted tumor suppression, and reduced tumor recurrence and metastasis. In vivo studies demonstrated that the photothermal action exhibited a synergistic effect when combined with immunotherapy, resulting in significant suppression of primary tumors and an extension of survival.

Conclusion

In this study, we applied Fe3O4 photothermolysis in a biomedical context, combining photothermolysis with immunotherapy, exploring a novel pathway for treating HNSCC and providing a new strategy for effectively treating HNSCC.

Injectable Nanocomposite Immune Hydrogel Dressings: Prevention of Tumor Recurrence and Anti-Infection after Melanoma Resection

Complex wound repair due to tumor recurrence and infection following tumor resection presents significant clinical challenges. In this study, a bifunctional nanocomposite immune hydrogel dressing, SerMA-LJC, is developed to address the issues associated with repairing infected damaged tissues and preventing tumor recurrence. Specifically, the immune dressing is composed of methacrylic anhydride-modified sericin (SerMA) and self-assembled nanoparticles (LJC) containing lonidamine (Lon), JQ1, and chlorine e6 (Ce6). In vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrate that the nanocomposite hydrogel dressing can trigger immunogenic cell death (ICD) and has a potent anti-tumor effect. Moreover, this dressing can mitigate the acidic microenvironment of tumor cells and suppress the overexpression of PD-L1 on the tumor cell surface, thereby altering the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and augmenting the anti-tumor immune response. Further, the RNA sequencing analysis revealed that the hydrogel dressing significantly impacts pathways associated with positive regulation of immune response, apoptotic process, and other relevant pathways, thus triggering a potent anti-tumor immune response. More importantly, the dressing generates a substantial amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can effectively kill Staphylococcus aureus and promote infectious wound healing. In conclusion, this dual-function nanocomposite immune hydrogel dressing exhibits promise in preventing tumor recurrence and promoting infectious wound healing.

Immunological nanomaterials to combat cancer metastasis

Metastasis causes greater than 90% of cancer-associated deaths, presenting huge challenges for detection and efficient treatment of cancer due to its high heterogeneity and widespread dissemination to various organs. Therefore, it is imperative to combat cancer metastasis, which is the key to achieving complete cancer eradication. Immunotherapy as a systemic approach has shown promising potential to combat metastasis. However, current clinical immunotherapies are not effective for all patients or all types of cancer metastases owing to insufficient immune responses. In recent years, immunological nanomaterials with intrinsic immunogenicity or immunomodulatory agents with efficient loading have been shown to enhance immune responses to eliminate metastasis. In this review, we would like to summarize various types of immunological nanomaterials against metastasis. Moreover, this review will summarize a series of immunological nanomaterial-mediated immunotherapy strategies to combat metastasis, including immunogenic cell death, regulation of chemokines and cytokines, improving the immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment, activation of the STING pathway, enhancing cytotoxic natural killer cell activity, enhancing antigen presentation of dendritic cells, and enhancing chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy. Furthermore, the synergistic anti-metastasis strategies based on the combinational use of immunotherapy and other therapeutic modalities will also be introduced. In addition, the nanomaterial-mediated imaging techniques (e.g., optical imaging, magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, photoacoustic imaging, surface-enhanced Raman scattering, radionuclide imaging, etc.) for detecting metastasis and monitoring anti-metastasis efficacy are also summarized. Finally, the current challenges and future prospects of immunological nanomaterial-based anti-metastasis are also elucidated with the intention to accelerate its clinical translation.

NIR-II light in clinical oncology: opportunities and challenges

Novel strategies utilizing light in the second near-infrared region (NIR-II; 900-1,880 nm wavelengths) offer the potential to visualize and treat solid tumours with enhanced precision. Over the past few decades, numerous techniques leveraging NIR-II light have been developed with the aim of precisely eliminating tumours while maximally preserving organ function. During cancer surgery, NIR-II optical imaging enables the visualization of clinically occult lesions and surrounding vital structures with increased sensitivity and resolution, thereby enhancing surgical quality and improving patient prognosis. Furthermore, the use of NIR-II light promises to improve cancer phototherapy by enabling the selective delivery of increased therapeutic energy to tissues at greater depths. Initial clinical studies of NIR-II-based imaging and phototherapy have indicated impressive potential to decrease cancer recurrence, reduce complications and prolong survival. Despite the encouraging results achieved, clinical translation of innovative NIR-II techniques remains challenging and inefficient; multidisciplinary cooperation is necessary to bridge the gap between preclinical research and clinical practice, and thus accelerate the translation of technical advances into clinical benefits. In this Review, we summarize the available clinical data on NIR-II-based imaging and phototherapy, demonstrating the feasibility and utility of integrating these technologies into the treatment of cancer. We also introduce emerging NIR-II-based approaches with substantial potential to further enhance patient outcomes, while also highlighting the challenges associated with imminent clinical studies of these modalities.

Novel small molecule-based organic nanoparticles for second near-infrared photothermal tumor ablation

Second near-infrared (NIR-II,1000 ∼ 1700 nm) therapeutic window presents an increased tissue penetration and elevated maximal permissible exposure in the application of photothermal therapy (PTT). However, the lack of NIR-II photothermal conversion agents (PCAs) limit their further development. In this work, we rationally designed and successfully developed three novel indolium-like heptamethine cyanine dyes (NFs) by installing N,N-diethylamino on the terminal ends of a conjugated polyene backbone and replacing the middle chlorine atom with o-mercapto benzoic acid and p-mercapto benzoic acid. Notably, NF2 with stronger rotating group encapsulated in organic nanoparticles (NF2 NPs) exhibited high photothermal conversion efficiency (PCE), which could come up to (61.3 %). Then we conducted serial experiments to further investigate PTT capability of NF2 NPs 4 T1 cell line and nude mice bearing 4 T1 tumor. As expected, the resulting NF2 NPs presented the excellent photothermal conversion ability and superb PTT effect both in vivo and in vitro. This study will inspire more work for future design and clinical applications of NIR-II therapeutic agents.

A Defect-Engineered Nanozyme for Targeted NIR-II Photothermal Immunotherapy of Cancer

Multienzyme-mimicking redox nanozymes, curated by defect engineering, in synergy with immunotherapy offer promising prospects for safe and efficient cancer therapy. However, the spatiotemporally precise immune response often gets challenged by off-target adverse effects and insufficient therapeutic response. Herein, a tumor cell membrane coated redox nanozyme (CMO-R@4T1) is reported for combinational second near-infrared window (NIR-II) photothermal immunotherapy. CMO-R@4T1 consists of a Cu-doped MoOx (CMO) nanozyme as the core, which is cloaked with tumor-cell-derived fused membranes with immunostimulants immobilized in the membrane shell. In addition to the enhanced tumor accumulation, the nanozyme can cause oxidative damage to tumor cells by the production of reactive oxygen species and attenuation of the antioxidant mechanism. CMO-R@4T1 also mediates a photothermal effect under NIR-II photoirradiation to trigger tumor eradication and immunogenic cell death, where the liberated agonist elicits the immune activation. Such a controlled therapeutic paradigm potentiates systemic primary tumor ablation, inhibits cancer metastasis to distant tumor, and procures long-term immunological memory. Thereby, this study takes advantage of defect engineering to illustrate a generic strategy to prepare cell-membrane-camouflaged nanozymes for targeted photo-immunotherapy of cancer.

Amplifying "eat me signal" by immunogenic cell death for potentiating cancer immunotherapy

Immunogenic cell death (ICD) is a unique mode of cell death, which can release immunogenic damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and tumor-associated antigens to trigger long-term protective antitumor immune responses. Thus, amplifying "eat me signal" during tumor ICD cascade is critical for cancer immunotherapy. Some therapies (radiotherapy, photodynamic therapy (PDT), photothermal therapy (PTT), etc.) and inducers (chemotherapeutic agents, etc.) have enabled to initiate and/or facilitate ICD and activate antitumor immune responses. Recently, nanostructure-based drug delivery systems have been synthesized for inducing ICD through combining treatment of chemotherapeutic agents, photosensitizers for PDT, photothermal transformation agents for PTT, radiosensitizers for radiotherapy, etc., which can release loaded agents at an appropriate dosage in the designated place at the appropriate time, contributing to higher efficiency and lower toxicity. Also, immunotherapeutic agents in combination with nanostructure-based drug delivery systems can produce synergetic antitumor effects, thus potentiating immunotherapy. Overall, our review outlines the emerging ICD inducers, and nanostructure drug delivery systems loading diverse agents to evoke ICD through chemoradiotherapy, PDT, and PTT or combining immunotherapeutic agents. Moreover, we discuss the prospects and challenges of harnessing ICD induction-based immunotherapy, and highlight the significance of multidisciplinary and interprofessional collaboration to promote the optimal translation of this treatment strategy.

A Mild Hyperthermia Hollow Carbon Nanozyme as Pyroptosis Inducer for Boosted Antitumor Immunity

The immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) antibody immunotherapy has demonstrated clinical benefits for multiple cancers. However, the efficacy of immunotherapy in tumors is suppressed by deficient tumor immunogenicity and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments. Pyroptosis, a form of programmed cell death, can release tumor antigens, activate effective tumor immunogenicity, and improve the efficiency of ICB, but efficient pyroptosis for tumor treatment is currently limited. Herein, we show a mild hyperthermia-enhanced pyroptosis-mediated immunotherapy based on hollow carbon nanozyme, which can specifically amplify oxidative stress-triggered pyroptosis and synchronously magnify pyroptosis-mediated anticancer responses in the tumor microenvironment. The hollow carbon sphere modified with iron and copper atoms (HCS-FeCu) with multiple enzyme-mimicking activities has been engineered to induce cell pyroptosis via the radical oxygen species (ROS)-Tom20-Bax-Caspase 3-gasdermin E (GSDME) signaling pathway under light activation. Both in vitro and in vivo antineoplastic results confirm the superiority of HCS-FeCu nanozyme-induced pyroptosis. Moreover, the mild photothermal-activated pyroptosis combining anti-PD-1 can enhance antitumor immunotherapy. Theoretical calculations further indicate that the mild photothermal stimulation generates high-energy electrons and enhances the interaction between the HCS-FeCu surface and adsorbed oxygen, facilitating molecular oxygen activation, which improves the ROS production efficiency. This work presents an approach that effectively transforms immunologically "cold" tumors into "hot" ones, with significant implications for clinical immunotherapy.

Peptide-Appended Nanosonosensitizers Targeting Tumor Glycolysis for Synergistic Sonodynamic-Immunometabolic Therapy of Spinal-Metastasized Tumors

Despite recent advancements in cancer immunotherapy, challenges have yet to be surmounted to achieve two major goals of magnifying antitumor immunity and remodeling the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Here, a nanosystem (ODM-R) that integrates oxygen-deficient molybdenum oxide (ODM) nanosonosensitizers and R7 peptides with tumor metabolism regulation effects is designed and fabricated for synergistic sonodynamic-immunometabolic therapy of spinal-metastasized tumors. The ODM generates reactive oxygen species upon ultrasound irradiation to implement sonodynamic therapy (SDT), inducing cancer cell apoptosis and immunogenic cell death. The R7 attached on ODM markedly inhibits the uptake of glucose and excretion of lactic acid in cancer cells by perturbing the glycolysis process. The combination of SDT and tumor glycolysis obstruction by ODM-R guarantees satisfactory efficacy in synergizing with PD-L1 antibody to eradicate spinal-metastasized tumors, achieving concurrent sonodynamic-triggered immune activation and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment remodeling. This work provides a proof-of-concept of nanosonosensitizers for boosting cancer immunotherapy by SDT and tumor metabolic regulation.

Three Strategies in Engineering Nanomedicines for Tumor Microenvironment-Enabled Phototherapy

Canonical phototherapeutics have several limitations, including a lack of tumor selectivity, nondiscriminatory phototoxicity, and tumor hypoxia aggravation. The tumor microenvironment (TME) is characterized by hypoxia, acidic pH, and high levels of H2 O2 , GSH, and proteases. To overcome the shortcomings of canonical phototherapy and achieve optimal theranostic effects with minimal side effects, unique TME characteristics are employed in the development of phototherapeutic nanomedicines. In this review, the effectiveness of three strategies for developing advanced phototherapeutics based on various TME characteristics is examined. The first strategy involves targeted delivery of phototherapeutics to tumors with the assistance of TME-induced nanoparticle disassembly or surface modification. The second strategy involves near-infrared absorption increase-induced phototherapy activation triggered by TME factors. The third strategy involves enhancing therapeutic efficacy by ameliorating TME. The functionalities, working principles, and significance of the three strategies for various applications are highlighted. Finally, possible challenges and future perspectives for further development are discussed.

NIR-II responsive PEGylated MoO2 nanocrystals with LSPR for efficient photothermal and photodynamic performance enhancement

Phototherapy, including photothermal and photodynamic therapy, has gained extensive attention in the tumor treatment field recently, while synergistic therapy can significantly improve curative effects. However, a complicated photo-responsive nanosystem, different excitation wavelengths, and low tissue depth hindered its actual application. Herein, single near-infrared responsive PEGylated defective MoO2 nanocrystals were fabricated by a green hydrothermal method. The photothermal and photodynamic performances of the samples were presented in detail under a safe power of 1064 nm (NIR-II, 1.0 W cm-2). Interestingly, the photodynamic properties were prompted by the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) photothermal effect obviously, and the collaborative enhancement mechanism was explored in depth. Subsequently, the in vitro cytotoxicity was evaluated on the 4T1 cancer cells under NIR-II irradiation. This work may provide guidance for the facile fabrication of TMOs for NIR-II responsive and enhanced dual-modal phototherapy.

Multifunctional Nanoparticles Precisely Reprogram the Tumor Microenvironment and Potentiate Antitumor Immunotherapy after Near-Infrared-II Light-Mediated Photothermal Therapy

Mild-temperature photothermal therapy (mild PTT) is a safe and efficient antitumor therapy. However, mild PTT alone usually fails to activate the immune response and prevent tumor metastasis. Herein, a photothermal agent, copper sulfide@ovalbumin (CuS@OVA), with an effective PTT effect in the second near-infrared (NIR-II) window, is developed. CuS@OVA can optimize the tumor microenvironment (TME) and evoke an adaptive immune response. Copper ions are released in the acidic TME to promote the M1 polarization of tumor-associated macrophages. The model antigen OVA not only acts as a scaffold for nanoparticle growth but also promotes the maturation of dendritic cells, which primes naive T cells to stimulate adaptive immunity. CuS@OVA augments the antitumor efficiency of the immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) in vivo, which suppresses tumor growth and metastasis in a mouse melanoma model. The proposed therapeutic platform, CuS@OVA nanoparticles, may be a potential adjuvant for optimizing the TME and improving the efficiency of ICB as well as other antitumor immunotherapies. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Mild-temperature photothermal therapy (mild PTT) is a safe and efficient antitumor therapy, but usually fails to activate the immune response and prevent tumor metastasis. Herein, we develop a photothermal agent, copper sulfide@ovalbumin (CuS@OVA), with an excellent PTT effect in the second near-infrared (NIR-II) window. CuS@OVA can optimize the tumor microenvironment (TME) and evoke an adaptive immune response by promoting the M1 polarization of tumor-associated macrophages and the maturation of dendritic cells. CuS@OVA augments the antitumor efficiency of the immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) in vivo, suppressing tumor growth and metastasis. The platform may be a potential adjuvant for optimizing the TME and improving the efficiency of ICB as well as other antitumor immunotherapies.

Hybrid nanoarchitectonics of molybdenum dioxide (MoO2) and doxorubicin (DOX) for synergistic chemo-photothermal-based breast carcinoma therapy

Cancer has emerged as one of the severe ailments due to the uncontrolled proliferation rate of cells, accounting for millions of deaths annually. Despite the availability of various treatment strategies, including surgical interventions, radiation, and chemotherapy, tremendous advancements in the past two decades of research have evidenced the generation of different nanotherapeutic designs toward providing synergistic therapy. In this study, we demonstrate the assembly of a versatile nanoplatform based on the hyaluronic acid (HA)-coated molybdenum dioxide (MoO₂) assemblies to act against breast carcinoma. The hydrothermal approach-assisted MoO₂ constructs are immobilized with doxorubicin (DOX) molecules on the surface. Further, these MoO₂-DOX hybrids are encapsulated with the HA polymeric framework. Furthermore, the versatile nanocomposites of HA-coated MoO₂-DOX hybrids are systematically characterized using various characterization techniques, and explored biocompatibility in the mouse fibroblasts (L929 cell line), as well as synergistic photothermal (808-nm laser irradiation for 10 min, 1 W/cm²) and chemotherapeutic properties against breast carcinoma (4T1 cells). Finally, the mechanistic views concerning the apoptosis rate are explored using the JC-1 assay to measure the intracellular mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) levels. In conclusion, these findings indicated excellent photothermal and chemotherapeutic efficacies, exploring the enormous potential of MoO₂ composites against breast cancer.

Nanomaterials for photothermal cancer therapy

Cancer has emerged as a pressing global public health issue, and improving the effectiveness of cancer treatment remains one of the foremost challenges of modern medicine. The primary clinical methods of treating cancer, including surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, inevitably result in some adverse effects on the body. However, the advent of photothermal therapy offers an alternative route for cancer treatment. Photothermal therapy relies on photothermal agents with photothermal conversion capability to eliminate tumors at high temperatures, which offers advantages of high precision and low toxicity. As nanomaterials increasingly play a pivotal role in tumor prevention and treatment, nanomaterial-based photothermal therapy has gained significant attention owing to its superior photothermal properties and tumor-killing abilities. In this review, we briefly summarize and introduce the applications of common organic photothermal conversion materials (e.g., cyanine-based nanomaterials, porphyrin-based nanomaterials, polymer-based nanomaterials, etc.) and inorganic photothermal conversion materials (e.g., noble metal nanomaterials, carbon-based nanomaterials, etc.) in tumor photothermal therapy in recent years. Finally, the problems of photothermal nanomaterials in antitumour therapy applications are discussed. It is believed that nanomaterial-based photothermal therapy will have good application prospects in tumor treatment in the future.

Interrelation between Programmed Cell Death and Immunogenic Cell Death: Take Antitumor Nanodrug as an Example

Programmed cell death (PCD, mainly including apoptosis, necrosis, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, and autophagy) and immunogenic cell death (ICD), as important cell death mechanisms, are widely reported in cancer therapy, and understanding the relationship between the two is significant for clinical tumor treatments. Considering that vast nanodrugs are developed to induce tumor PCD and ICD simultaneously, in this review, the interrelationship between PCD and ICD is described using nanomedicines as examples. First, an overview of PCD patterns and focus on the morphological differences and interconnections among them are provided. Then the interrelationship between apoptosis and ICD in terms of endoplasmic reticulum stress is described by introducing various cancer treatments and the recent developments of nanomedicines with inducible immunogenicity. Next, the crosstalk between non-apoptotic (including necrosis, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, and autophagy) signaling pathways and ICD is introduced and their relationship through various nanomedicines as examples is further illustrated. Finally, the relationship between PCD and ICD and its application prospects in the development of new ICD nanomaterials are summarized. This review is believed to deepen the understanding of the relationship between PCD and ICD, extend the biomedical applications of various nanodrugs, and promote the progress of clinical tumor therapy.

Multifunctional Nano-Biomaterials for Cancer Therapy via Inducing Enhanced Immunogenic Cell Death

Immunotherapy is considered to be one of the most promising methods to overcome cancer. Immunogenic cell death (ICD), as a special form of cell death that can trigger an antitumor immune response, has attracted increasing attention for cancer immunotherapy. Presently, ICD-mediating immunotherapy needs to overcome many hurdles including a lack of targeted delivery systems for ICD inducers, insufficient antitumor immunity, and the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Recent research has demonstrated that nano-biomaterials exhibit unique biochemphysical properties at the nanoscale, providing a prospective approach to overcoming these obstacles. In this review, the authors first survey the occurrence, processes, and detection methods of ICD. Subsequently, the recent advances of nano-biomaterials applied to enhance ICD according to the key steps in the process of ICD, particularly with a focus on the mechanisms and lifting schemes are investigated. Finally, based on the achievement in the representative studies, the prospects and challenges of nanotechnology in ICD for cancer therapy are discussed to enable clinical translation.

Heterostructural Nanoadjuvant CuSe/CoSe2 for Potentiating Ferroptosis and Photoimmunotherapy through Intratumoral Blocked Lactate Efflux

The desirable curative effect in clinical immunotherapy has been challenging due to the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) with high lactic acid (LA) metabolism in solid tumors. Although targeting metabolic reprogramming of tumor cells can restore the survival and function of immune cells in the TME, it is also plagued by insufficient immunogenicity. Herein, an activatable immunomodulatory nanoadjuvant CuSe/CoSe₂@syrosingopine (CSC@Syro) is constructed for simultaneously relieving immunosuppressive TME and boosting tumor immune response. Specifically, CuSe/CoSe₂ (CSC) exhibits TME-activated glutathione (GSH) depletion and hydroxyl radical (^•OH) generation for potential ferroptosis. Meanwhile, the remarkable photothermal conversion efficiency and elevated photocatalytic ROS level both promote CSC heterostructures to induce robust immunogenic cell death (ICD). Besides, the loaded syrosingopine inhibitor achieves LA metabolism blockade in cancer cells by downregulating the expression of monocarboxylate transporter 4 (MCT4), which could sensitize ferroptosis by intracellular milieu acidification and neutralize the acidic TME to alleviate immunosuppression. Hence, advanced metabolic modulation confers the potentiated immune infiltration of ICD-stimulated T lymphocytes and further reinforces antitumor therapy. In brief, CSC@Syro-mediated synergistic therapy could elicit potent immunogenicity and suppress tumor proliferation and metastasis effectually by integrating the tumor metabolic regulation and ferroptosis with immunotherapy.