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Liu Q, Pan W, Zhang J, Yang M, Chen Q, Liu F, Li J, Wei S, Zhu G. Porphyrin-based porous organic polymers synthesized using the Alder-Longo method: the most traditional synthetic strategy with exceptional capacity. RSC Adv 2024; 14:20837-20855. [PMID: 38952933 PMCID: PMC11216041 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra02277g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Porphyrin is a typical tetrapyrrole chromophore-based pigment with a special electronic structure and functionalities, which is frequently introduced into various porous organic polymers (POPs). Porphyrin-based POPs are widely used in various fields ranging from environmental and energy to biomedicine-related fields. Currently, most porphyrin-based POPs are prepared via the copolymerization of specific-group-functionalized porphyrins with other building blocks, in which the tedious and inefficient synthesis procedure for the porphyrin greatly hinders the development of such materials. This review aimed to summarize information on porphyrin-based POPs synthesized using the Alder-Longo method, thereby skipping the complex synthesis of porphyrin-bearing monomers, in which the porphyrin macrocycles are formed directly via the cyclic tetramerization of pyrrole with monomers containing multiple aldehyde groups during the polymerization process. The representative applications of porphyrin-based POPs derived using the Alder-Longo method are finally introduced, which pinpoints a clear relationship between the structure and function from the aspect of the building blocks used and porous structures. This review is therefore valuable for the rational design of efficient porphyrin-based porous organic polymer systems that may be utilized in various fields from energy-related conversion/storage technologies to biomedical science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University Suzhou 215008 PR China
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Second Medical University, Shandong Second Medical University Weifang 261053 Shandong P. R. China
| | - Wen Pan
- Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University Suzhou 215008 PR China
| | - Junshan Zhang
- Weifang People's Hospital, Shandong Second Medical University Weifang 261041 Shandong P. R. China
| | - Mei Yang
- Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University Suzhou 215008 PR China
| | - Qin Chen
- Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University Suzhou 215008 PR China
| | - Feng Liu
- Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University Suzhou 215008 PR China
| | - Juan Li
- Weifang People's Hospital, Shandong Second Medical University Weifang 261041 Shandong P. R. China
| | - Songrui Wei
- Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University Suzhou 215008 PR China
| | - Guoji Zhu
- Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University Suzhou 215008 PR China
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Karaman CO, Bykov AY, Kiani F, Tagliabue G, Zayats AV. Ultrafast hot-carrier dynamics in ultrathin monocrystalline gold. Nat Commun 2024; 15:703. [PMID: 38267406 PMCID: PMC10808103 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44769-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Applications in photodetection, photochemistry, and active metamaterials and metasurfaces require fundamental understanding of ultrafast nonthermal and thermal electron processes in metallic nanosystems. Significant progress has been recently achieved in synthesis and investigation of low-loss monocrystalline gold, opening up opportunities for its use in ultrathin nanophotonic architectures. Here, we reveal fundamental differences in hot-electron thermalisation dynamics between monocrystalline and polycrystalline ultrathin (down to 10 nm thickness) gold films. Comparison of weak and strong excitation regimes showcases a counterintuitive unique interplay between thermalised and non-thermalised electron dynamics in mesoscopic gold with the important influence of the X-point interband transitions on the intraband electron relaxation. We also experimentally demonstrate the effect of hot-electron transfer into a substrate and the substrate thermal properties on electron-electron and electron-phonon scattering in ultrathin films. The hot-electron injection efficiency from monocrystalline gold into TiO2, approaching 9% is measured, close to the theoretical limit. These experimental and modelling results reveal the important role of crystallinity and interfaces on the microscopic electronic processes important in numerous applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can O Karaman
- Laboratory of Nanoscience for Energy Technologies (LNET), STI, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anton Yu Bykov
- Department of Physics and London Centre for Nanotechnology, King's College London, London, WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Fatemeh Kiani
- Laboratory of Nanoscience for Energy Technologies (LNET), STI, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giulia Tagliabue
- Laboratory of Nanoscience for Energy Technologies (LNET), STI, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Anatoly V Zayats
- Department of Physics and London Centre for Nanotechnology, King's College London, London, WC2R 2LS, UK.
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Yakubovsky DI, Grudinin DV, Ermolaev GA, Voronin K, Svintsov DA, Vyshnevyy AA, Mironov MS, Arsenin AV, Volkov VS. Optical Nanoimaging of Surface Plasmon Polaritons Supported by Ultrathin Metal Films. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:9461-9467. [PMID: 37811878 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
The physics of electrons, photons, and their plasmonic interactions change dramatically when one or more dimensions are reduced to atomic-level thicknesses. For example, graphene exhibits unique electrical, plasmonic, and optical properties. Likewise, atomic-thick metal films are expected to exhibit extraordinary quantum optical properties. Several methods of growing ultrathin metal films were demonstrated, but the quality of the obtained films was much worse compared to bulk films. In this work, we propose a new method of making ultrathin gold films that are close in their properties to bulk gold films. Excellent plasmonic properties are revealed by directly observing quasi-short- and quasi-long-range plasmons in such a film via scanning near-field optical microscopy. The results pave the way for the use of ultrathin gold films in flexible and transparent nanophotonics and optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dmitriy V Grudinin
- Emerging Technologies Research Center, XPANCEO, Internet City, Emmay Tower, Dubai 00000, United Arab Emirates
| | - Georgy A Ermolaev
- Emerging Technologies Research Center, XPANCEO, Internet City, Emmay Tower, Dubai 00000, United Arab Emirates
| | - Kirill Voronin
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia/San Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | - Dmitry A Svintsov
- Moscow Center for Advanced Studies, Kulakova str. 20, Moscow 140829, Russia
| | - Andrey A Vyshnevyy
- Emerging Technologies Research Center, XPANCEO, Internet City, Emmay Tower, Dubai 00000, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mikhail S Mironov
- Emerging Technologies Research Center, XPANCEO, Internet City, Emmay Tower, Dubai 00000, United Arab Emirates
| | - Aleksey V Arsenin
- Emerging Technologies Research Center, XPANCEO, Internet City, Emmay Tower, Dubai 00000, United Arab Emirates
- Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Yerevan State University, Yerevan 0025, Armenia
| | - Valentyn S Volkov
- Emerging Technologies Research Center, XPANCEO, Internet City, Emmay Tower, Dubai 00000, United Arab Emirates
- Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Yerevan State University, Yerevan 0025, Armenia
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Komisar D, Kumar S, Kan Y, Meng C, Kulikova LF, Davydov VA, Agafonov VN, Bozhevolnyi SI. Multiple channelling single-photon emission with scattering holography designed metasurfaces. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6253. [PMID: 37803006 PMCID: PMC10558519 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42046-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Channelling single-photon emission in multiple well-defined directions and simultaneously controlling its polarization characteristics is highly desirable for numerous quantum technology applications. We show that this can be achieved by using quantum emitters (QEs) nonradiatively coupled to surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs), which are scattered into outgoing free-propagating waves by appropriately designed metasurfaces. The QE-coupled metasurface design is based on the scattering holography approach with radially diverging SPPs as reference waves. Using holographic metasurfaces fabricated around nanodiamonds with single Ge vacancy centres, we experimentally demonstrate on-chip integrated efficient generation of two well-collimated single-photon beams propagating along different 15° off-normal directions with orthogonal linear polarizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danylo Komisar
- Centre for Nano Optics, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230, Odense M, Denmark.
| | - Shailesh Kumar
- Centre for Nano Optics, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230, Odense M, Denmark.
| | - Yinhui Kan
- Centre for Nano Optics, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Chao Meng
- Centre for Nano Optics, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Liudmila F Kulikova
- L.F. Vereshchagin Institute for High Pressure Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Troitsk, Moscow, 142190, Russia
| | - Valery A Davydov
- L.F. Vereshchagin Institute for High Pressure Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Troitsk, Moscow, 142190, Russia
| | | | - Sergey I Bozhevolnyi
- Centre for Nano Optics, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230, Odense M, Denmark
- Danish Institute for Advanced Study, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230, Odense M, Denmark
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Thomaschewski M, Zenin VA, Fiedler S, Wolff C, Bozhevolnyi SI. Plasmonic Lithium Niobate Mach-Zehnder Modulators. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:6471-6475. [PMID: 35952309 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c00714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Lithium niobate Mach-Zehnder modulators (MZMs) are present in a wide range of technologies and though fulfilling the performance and reliability requirements of present applications, they are becoming progressively too bulky, power inefficient, and slow in switching to keep pace with future technological demands. Here, we utilize plasmonics to demonstrate the most efficient (VπL = 0.23 Vcm) lithium niobate MZM to date, consisting of gold nanostripes on lithium niobate that guide both plasmonic modes and electrical signals that control their relative optical phase delay, thereby enabling efficient electro-optic modulation. For high linearity (modulation depth of >2 dB), the proposed MZM inherently operates near its quadrature point by shifting the relative phase of the signal in the interferometric arms. The demonstrated lithium niobate MZM manifests the benefits of employing plasmonics for applications that demand compact (<1 mm2) and fast (>10 GHz) photonic components operating reliably at ambient temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Thomaschewski
- Center for Nano Optics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Vladimir A Zenin
- Center for Nano Optics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Saskia Fiedler
- Center for Nano Optics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Christian Wolff
- Center for Nano Optics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Sergey I Bozhevolnyi
- Center for Nano Optics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
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