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Li H, Jiang S, He S, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Wang L, Yang J. Accelerated Solar-Driven Polyolefin Degradation via Self-Activated Hydroxy-Rich ZnIn 2S 4. NANO LETTERS 2024. [PMID: 39225501 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c03067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Degradation of polyolefin (PE) plastic by a traditional chemical method requires a high pressure and a high temperature but generates complex products. Here, sulfur vacancy-rich ZnIn2S4 and hydroxy-rich ZnIn2S4 were rationally fabricated to realize photocatalytic degradation of PE in an aqueous solution under mild conditions. The results reveal that the optimized photocatalyst could degrade PE into CO2 and CO, and PE had a weight loss of 84.5% after reaction for 60 h. Systematic experiments confirm that the synergetic effect of hydroxyl groups and S vacancies contributes to improve the photocatalytic degradation properties of plastic wastes. In-depth investigation illustrates that the active radicals attack (h+ and •OH) weak spots (C-H and C-C bonds) of the PE chain to form CO2, which is further selectively photoreduced to CO. Multimodule synergistic tandem catalysis can further improve the utilization value of plastic wastes; for example, product CO2/CO in the plastic degradation process can be converted in situ into HCOOH by coupling with electrocatalytic technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoze Li
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Shan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Shan He
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yingbing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Ye Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Jianping Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
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Su K, Gao T, Tung CH, Wu LZ. Photocatalytic Cracking of non-Biodegradable Plastics to Chemicals and Fuels. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202407464. [PMID: 38894633 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202407464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Plastic pollution is worsening the living conditions on Earth, primarily due to the toxicity and stability of non-biodegradable plastics (NBPs). Photocatalytic cracking of NBPs is emerging as a promising way to cleave inert C-C bonds and abstract the carbon atoms from these wastes into valuable chemicals and fuels. However, controlling these processes is a huge challenge, ascribed to the complicated reactions of various NBPs. Herein, we summarize recent advances in the CO2 and carbon-radical-mediated photocatalytic cracking of NBPs, with an emphasis on the pivotal intermediates. The CO2-mediated cracking proceeded with indiscriminate C-H/C-C bond cleavage of NBPs and tandem photoreduction of CO2, while carbon-radical-mediated cracking was realized by the prior activation of C-H bonds for selective C-C bond cleavage of NBPs. Catalytic generation and conversion of different intermediates greatly depend on the kinds of active species and the structure of photocatalysts under irradiation. Meanwhile, the fate of a specific intermediate is compared with small molecule activation to reveal the key problems in the cracking of NBPs. Finally, the challenges and potential directions are discussed to improve the overall efficiency in the photocatalytic cracking of NBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyi Su
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Tengshijie Gao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Chen-Ho Tung
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Li-Zhu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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Ding J, He D, Du P, Wu J, Hu Q, Chen Q, Jiao X. Design Photocatalysts to Boost Carrier Dynamics in Plastics Photoconversion into Fuels. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:35865-35873. [PMID: 38970473 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c07664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
Solar-driven plastics conversion into valuable fuels has attracted broad attention in recent years, which has enormous potential for plastics recycling in the future. However, it usually encounters low conversion efficiency, where one of the reasons is attributed to the poor carrier dynamics in the photocatalytic process. In this Perspective, we critically review the developed strategies, involving defect engineering, doping engineering, heterojunction engineering, and composite construction, for boosted carrier separation efficiency. In addition, we provide an outlook for more potential strategies to engineer catalysts for promoted carrier dynamics. Finally, we also propose prospects for the future research direction of plastics photoconversion into fuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyu Ding
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Dongpo He
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Peijin Du
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jiacong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Qinyuan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Qingxia Chen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xingchen Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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Hu Q, Zhang Z, He D, Wu J, Ding J, Chen Q, Jiao X, Xie Y. Progress and Perspective for "Green" Strategies of Catalytic Plastics Conversion into Fuels by Regulating Half-Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:16950-16962. [PMID: 38832898 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c04848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Nowadays, plastic waste threatens public health and the natural ecosystems of our lives. It is highly beneficial to recycle plastic waste in order to maximize the reuse of its contained carbon sources for the development of other valuable products. Unfortunately, traditional techniques usually require significant energy consumption and result in the generation of hazardous waste. Herein, the up-to-date developments on the "green" strategies under mild conditions including electrocatalysis, photocatalysis, and photoelectrocatalysis of plastic wastes are presented. During the oxidation of plastics in these "green" strategies, corresponding reduction reactions usually exist, which affect the property of catalytic plastics conversion. Particularly, we mainly focus on how to design the corresponding half reactions, such as the water reduction, carbon dioxide reduction, and nitrate reduction. Finally, we provide forward-looking insight into the enhancement of these "green" strategies, the extension of more half reactions into other organic catalysis, a comprehensive exploration of the underlying mechanisms through in situ studies and theoretical analysis and the problems for practical applications that needs to be solved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyuan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhixing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Dongpo He
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jiacong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jinyu Ding
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Qingxia Chen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xingchen Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yi Xie
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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Hu Z, Zhu J, Chen R, Wu Y, Zheng K, Liu C, Pan Y, Chen J, Sun Y, Xie Y. High-Rate and Selective C 2H 6-to-C 2H 4 Photodehydrogenation Enabled by Partially Oxidized Pd δ+ Species Anchored on ZnO Nanosheets under Mild Conditions. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 38842530 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Photocatalytic C2H6-to-C2H4 conversion is very promising, yet it remains a long-lasting challenge due to the high C-H bond dissociation energy of 420 kJ mol-1. Herein, partially oxidized Pdδ+ species anchored on ZnO nanosheets are designed to weaken the C-H bond by the electron interaction between Pdδ+ species and H atoms, with efforts to achieve high-rate and selective C2H6-to-C2H4 conversion. X-ray photoelectron spectra, Bader charge calculations, and electronic localization function demonstrate the presence of partially oxidized Pdδ+ sites, while quasi-in situ X-ray photoelectron spectra disclose the Pdδ+ sites initially adopt and then donate the photoexcited electrons for C2H6 dehydrogenation. In situ electron paramagnetic resonance spectra, in situ Fourier transform infrared spectra, and trapping agent experiments verify C2H6 initially converts to CH3CH2OH via ·OH radicals, then dehydroxylates to CH3CH2· and finally to C2H4, accompanied by H2 production. Density-functional theory calculations elucidate that loading Pd site can lengthen the C-H bond of C2H6 from 1.10 to 1.12 Å, which favors the C-H bond breakage, affirmed by a lowered energy barrier of 0.04 eV. As a result, the optimized 5.87% Pd-ZnO nanosheets achieve a high C2H4 yield of 16.32 mmol g-1 with a 94.83% selectivity as well as a H2 yield of 14.49 mmol g-1 from C2H6 dehydrogenation in 4 h, outperforming all the previously reported photocatalysts under similar conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zexun Hu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Science at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Juncheng Zhu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Science at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Runhua Chen
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Science at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yang Wu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Science at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Kai Zheng
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Science at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Chengyuan Liu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yang Pan
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jiafu Chen
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Science at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yongfu Sun
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Science at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yi Xie
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Science at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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Ding J, Du P, Zhu J, Hu Q, He D, Wu Y, Liu W, Zhu S, Yan W, Hu J, Zhu J, Chen Q, Jiao X, Xie Y. Light-Driven C-C Coupling for Targeted Synthesis of CH 3 COOH with Nearly 100 % Selectivity from CO 2. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400828. [PMID: 38326235 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Targeted synthesis of acetic acid (CH3 COOH) from CO2 photoreduction under mild conditions mainly limits by the kinetic challenge of the C-C coupling. Herein, we utilized doping engineering to build charge-asymmetrical metal pair sites for boosted C-C coupling, enhancing the activity and selectivity of CO2 photoreduction towards CH3 COOH. As a prototype, the Pd doped Co3 O4 atomic layers are synthesized, where the established charge-asymmetrical cobalt pair sites are verified by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy spectra. Theoretical calculations not only reveal the charge-asymmetrical cobalt pair sites caused by Pd atom doping, but also manifest the promoted C-C coupling of double *COOH intermediates through shortening of the coupled C-C bond distance from 1.54 to 1.52 Å and lowering their formation energy barrier from 0.77 to 0.33 eV. Importantly, the decreased reaction energy barrier from the protonation of two*COOH into *CO intermediates for the Pd-Co3 O4 atomic layer slab is 0.49 eV, higher than that of the Co3 O4 atomic layer slab (0.41 eV). Therefore, the Pd-Co3 O4 atomic layers exhibit the CH3 COOH evolution rate of ca. 13.8 μmol g-1 h-1 with near 100% selectivity, both of which outperform all previously reported single photocatalysts for CO2 photoreduction towards CH3 COOH under similar conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyu Ding
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 214122, Wuxi, China
| | - Peijin Du
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 214122, Wuxi, China
| | - Juncheng Zhu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China
| | - Qing Hu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 214122, Wuxi, China
| | - Dongpo He
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 214122, Wuxi, China
| | - Yang Wu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China
| | - Wenxiu Liu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China
| | - Shan Zhu
- State Grid Anhui Electric Power Research Institute, 230601, Hefei, China
| | - Wensheng Yan
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China
| | - Jun Hu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China
| | - Junfa Zhu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China
| | - Qingxia Chen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 214122, Wuxi, China
| | - Xingchen Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 214122, Wuxi, China
| | - Yi Xie
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China
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Lv H, Huang F, Zhang F. Upcycling Waste Plastics with a C-C Backbone by Heterogeneous Catalysis. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:5077-5089. [PMID: 38358312 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Plastics with an inert carbon-carbon (C-C) backbone, such as polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC), are the most widely used types of plastic in human activities. However, many of these polymers were directly discarded in nature after use, and few were appropriately recycled. This not only threatens the natural environment but also leads to the waste of carbon resources. Conventional chemical recycling of these plastics, including pyrolysis and catalytic cracking, requires a high energy input due to the chemical inertness of C-C bonds and C-H bonds and leads to complex product distribution. In recent years, significant progress has been made in the development of catalysts and the introduction of small molecules as additional coreactants, which could potentially overcome these challenges. In this Review, we summarize and highlight catalytic strategies that address these issues in upcycling C-C backbone plastics with small molecules, particularly in heterogeneous catalysis. We believe that this review will inspire the development of upcycling methods for C-C backbone plastics using small molecules and heterogeneous catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huidong Lv
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Huang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan People's Republic of China
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Wu Y, Chen Q, Zhu J, Zheng K, Wu M, Fan M, Yan W, Hu J, Zhu J, Pan Y, Jiao X, Sun Y, Xie Y. Selective CO 2 -to-C 2 H 4 Photoconversion Enabled by Oxygen-Mediated Triatomic Sites in Partially Oxidized Bimetallic Sulfide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202301075. [PMID: 36792533 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202301075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Selective CO2 photoreduction into C2 fuels under mild conditions suffers from low product yield and poor selectivity owing to the kinetic challenge of C-C coupling. Here, triatomic sites are introduced into bimetallic sulfide to promote C-C coupling for selectively forming C2 products. As an example, FeCoS2 atomic layers with different oxidation degrees are first synthesized, demonstrated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy spectra. Both experiment and theoretical calculation verify more charges aggregate around the introduced oxygen atom, which enables the original Co-Fe dual sites to turn into Co-O-Fe triatomic sites, thus promoting C-C coupling of double *COOH intermediates. Accordingly, the mildly oxidized FeCoS2 atomic layers exhibit C2 H4 formation rate of 20.1 μmol g-1 h-1 , with the product selectivity and electron selectivity of 82.9 % and 96.7 %, outperforming most previously reported photocatalysts under similar conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China
| | - Qingxia Chen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 214122, Wuxi, China
| | - Juncheng Zhu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China
| | - Kai Zheng
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China
| | - Mingyu Wu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China
| | - Minghui Fan
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China
| | - Wensheng Yan
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China
| | - Jun Hu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China
| | - Junfa Zhu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China
| | - Yang Pan
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China
| | - Xingchen Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 214122, Wuxi, China
| | - Yongfu Sun
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China
| | - Yi Xie
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China
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