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Wang Z, Wang J, Xu W, Qiao L, Xie Y, Gao M, Wang D, Li C. Fasting-Mimicking Diet Facilitates Anti-tumor Therapeutic Effects by Nutrient-Sensitive Nanocomposites. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2400943. [PMID: 38856967 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202400943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Cancer cells support their uncontrolled proliferation primarily by regulating energy metabolism. Inhibiting tumor growth by blocking the supply of nutrients is an effective treatment strategy. Fasting-mimicking diet (FMD), as a low-calorie, low-protein, low-sugar, high-fat diet, can effectively reduce the nutrient supply to tumor cells. However, the significant biological barrier presented by the tumor microenvironment imposes greater demands and challenges for drug design. This study constructs the multifunctional nanocomposite ZnFe2O4@TiO2@CHC@Orl-FA (ZTCOF), which has great potential to overcome the aforementioned drawbacks. ZnFe2O4@TiO2 could produce 1O2 with ultrasound, and stimulate the Fenton-like conversion of endogenous H2O2 to ·OH, achieving a combined therapeutic effect of sonodynamic therapy (SDT) and chemodynamic therapy (CDT). Orl (Orlistat) and CHC (α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid) not only block tumor cell energy metabolism but also increase sensitivity to reactive oxygen species, enhancing the cytotoxic effect on tumor cells. Furthermore, combining the treatment strategies with FMD condition control can further inhibit cancer cell energy metabolism, achieving significant synergistic anti-tumor therapy. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments confirm that ZTCOF with SDT/CDT/starvation can achieve effective tumor suppression and destruction. This work provides theoretical and technical support for anti-tumor multimodal synergistic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifang Wang
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Shandong University, Shenzhen, 518057, China
- Institute of Frontier Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Junrong Wang
- Institute of Frontier Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Wencheng Xu
- Institute of Frontier Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Luying Qiao
- Institute of Frontier Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Yulin Xie
- Institute of Frontier Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Minghong Gao
- Institute of Frontier Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Dongmei Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, P. R. China
| | - Chunxia Li
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Shandong University, Shenzhen, 518057, China
- Institute of Frontier Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
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Zhang X, Zhang M, Cui H, Zhang T, Wu L, Xu C, Yin C, Gao J. Autophagy-modulating biomembrane nanostructures: A robust anticancer weapon by modulating the inner and outer cancer environment. J Control Release 2024; 366:85-103. [PMID: 38142964 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Recently, biomembrane nanostructures, such as liposomes, cell membrane-coated nanostructures, and exosomes, have demonstrated promising anticancer therapeutic effects. These nanostructures possess remarkable biocompatibility, multifunctionality, and low toxicity. However, their therapeutic efficacy is impeded by chemoresistance and radiotherapy resistance, which are closely associated with autophagy. Modulating autophagy could enhance the therapeutic sensitivity and effectiveness of these biomembrane nanostructures by influencing the immune system and the cancer microenvironment. For instance, autophagy can regulate the immunogenic cell death of cancer cells, antigen presentation of dendritic cells, and macrophage polarization, thereby activating the inflammatory response in the cancer microenvironment. Furthermore, combining autophagy-regulating drugs or genes with biomembrane nanostructures can exploit the targeting and long-term circulation properties of these nanostructures, leading to increased drug accumulation in cancer cells. This review explores the role of autophagy in carcinogenesis, cancer progression, metastasis, cancer immune responses, and resistance to treatment. Additionally, it highlights recent research advancements in the synergistic anticancer effects achieved through autophagy regulation by biomembrane nanostructures. The review also discusses the prospects and challenges associated with the future clinical translation of these innovative treatment strategies. In summary, these findings provide valuable insights into autophagy, autophagy-modulating biomembrane-based nanostructures, and the underlying molecular mechanisms, thereby facilitating the development of promising cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Zhang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Changhai Clinical Research Unit, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Mengya Zhang
- Changhai Clinical Research Unit, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Hengqing Cui
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai 200003, China; Tongji Hospital,School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Tinglin Zhang
- Changhai Clinical Research Unit, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Lili Wu
- Changhai Clinical Research Unit, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Can Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Chuan Yin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China.
| | - Jie Gao
- Changhai Clinical Research Unit, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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Wang R, Lv X, Xu W, Li X, Tang X, Huang H, Yang M, Ma S, Wang N, Niu Y. Effects of the periodic fasting-mimicking diet on health, lifespan, and multiple diseases: a narrative review and clinical implications. Nutr Rev 2024:nuae003. [PMID: 38287649 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuae003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Dietary restriction and fasting have been recognized for their beneficial effects on health and lifespan and their potential application in managing chronic metabolic diseases. However, long-term adherence to strict dietary restrictions and prolonged fasting poses challenges for most individuals and may lead to unhealthy rebound eating habits, negatively affecting overall health. As a result, a periodic fasting-mimicking diet (PFMD), involving cycles of fasting for 2 or more days while ensuring basic nutritional needs are met within a restricted caloric intake, has gained widespread acceptance. Current research indicates that a PFMD can promote stem cell regeneration, suppress inflammation, extend the health span of rodents, and improve metabolic health, among other effects. In various disease populations such as patients with diabetes, cancer, multiple sclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease, a PFMD has shown efficacy in alleviating disease symptoms and improving relevant markers. After conducting an extensive analysis of available research on the PFMD, it is evident that its advantages and potential applications are comparable to other fasting methods. Consequently, it is proposed in this review that a PFMD has the potential to fully replace water-only or very-low-energy fasting regimens and holds promise for application across multiple diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruohua Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Health, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xinyi Lv
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Health, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Wenyu Xu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Health, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiaoqing Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Health, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xuanfeng Tang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Health, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang, China
| | - He Huang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Health, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Mengxia Yang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Health, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Shuran Ma
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Health, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Health, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yucun Niu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Health, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang, China
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He K, Chen M, Liu J, Du S, Ren C, Zhang J. Nanomedicine for cancer targeted therapy with autophagy regulation. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1238827. [PMID: 38239356 PMCID: PMC10794438 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1238827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles have unique physical and chemical properties and are currently widely used in disease diagnosis, drug delivery, and new drug development in biomedicine. In recent years, the role of nanomedical technology in cancer treatment has become increasingly obvious. Autophagy is a multi-step degradation process in cells and an important pathway for material and energy recovery. It is closely related to the occurrence and development of cancer. Because nanomaterials are highly targeted and biosafe, they can be used as carriers to deliver autophagy regulators; in addition to their favorable physicochemical properties, nanomaterials can be employed to carry autophagy inhibitors, reducing the breakdown of chemotherapy drugs by cancer cells and thereby enhancing the drug's efficacy. Furthermore, certain nanomaterials can induce autophagy, triggering oxidative stress-mediated autophagy enhancement and cell apoptosis, thus constraining the progression of cancer cells.There are various types of nanoparticles, including liposomes, micelles, polymers, metal-based materials, and carbon-based materials. The majority of clinically applicable drugs are liposomes, though other materials are currently undergoing continuous optimization. This review begins with the roles of autophagy in tumor treatment, and then focuses on the application of nanomaterials with autophagy-regulating functions in tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketai He
- Department of Neurology, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Mingkun Chen
- West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiao Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu Fifth People’s Hospital, Sichuan, China
| | - Shufang Du
- West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Changyu Ren
- Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu Fifth People’s Hospital, Sichuan, China
| | - Jifa Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Chen JL, Wu X, Yin D, Jia XH, Chen X, Gu ZY, Zhu XM. Autophagy inhibitors for cancer therapy: Small molecules and nanomedicines. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 249:108485. [PMID: 37406740 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved process in which the cytosolic materials are degraded and eventually recycled for cellular metabolism to maintain homeostasis. The dichotomous role of autophagy in pathogenesis is complicated. Accumulating reports have suggested that cytoprotective autophagy is responsible for tumor growth and progression. Autophagy inhibitors, such as chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), are promising for treating malignancies or overcoming drug resistance in chemotherapy. With the rapid development of nanotechnology, nanomaterials also show autophagy-inhibitory effects or are reported as the carriers delivering autophagy inhibitors. In this review, we summarize the small-molecule compounds and nanomaterials inhibiting autophagic flux as well as the mechanisms involved. The nanocarrier-based drug delivery systems for autophagy inhibitors and their distinct advantages are also described. The progress of autophagy inhibitors for clinical applications is finally introduced, and their future perspectives are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Xuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Dan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Xu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Ze-Yun Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau SAR, China.
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Zhang R, Zhang C, Chen C, Tian M, Chau JHC, Li Z, Yang Y, Li X, Tang BZ. Autophagy-Activated Self-reporting Photosensitizer Promoting Cell Mortality in Cancer Starvation Therapy. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2301295. [PMID: 37083241 PMCID: PMC10288242 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202301295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Cancer starvation therapy have received continuous attention as an efficient method to fight against wide-spectrum cancer. However, during cancer starvation therapy, the protective autophagy promotes cancer cells survival, compromising the therapeutic effect. Herein, a novel strategy by combination of autophagy-activated fluorescent photosensitizers (PSs) and cancer starvation therapy to realize the controllable and efficient ablation of tumor is conceived. Two dual-emissive self-reporting aggregation-induced emission luminogens (AIEgens), TPAQ and TPAP, with autophagy-activated reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation are prepared to fight against the protective autophagy in cancer starvation therapy. When protective autophagy occurs, a portion of TPAQ and TPAP will translocate from lipid droplets to acidic lysosomes with significant redshift in fluorescence emission and enhanced ROS generation ability. The accumulation of ROS induced by TPAQ-H and TPAP-H causes lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP), which further results in cell apoptosis and promotes cell death. In addition, TPAQ and TPAP can enable the real-time self-reporting to cell autophagy and cell death process by observing the change of red-emissive fluorescence signals. Particularly, the efficient ablation of tumor via the combination of cancer starvation therapy and photodynamic therapy (PDT) induced by TPAQ has been successfully confirmed in 3D tumor spheroid chip, suggesting the validation of this strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyao Zhang
- School of Medical TechnologyInstitute of Engineering MedicineSchool of Life ScienceBeijing Key Laboratory for Separation and Analysis in Biomedicine and PharmaceuticalsBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100081P. R. China
| | - Chen Zhang
- School of Medical TechnologyInstitute of Engineering MedicineSchool of Life ScienceBeijing Key Laboratory for Separation and Analysis in Biomedicine and PharmaceuticalsBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100081P. R. China
| | - Chao Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Department of ChemistryHong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and ReconstructionDivision of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular NeuroscienceThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyClear Water Bay, KowloonHong KongP. R. China
| | - Minggang Tian
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringUniversity of JinanJinanShandong250022P. R. China
| | - Joe H. C. Chau
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Department of ChemistryHong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and ReconstructionDivision of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular NeuroscienceThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyClear Water Bay, KowloonHong KongP. R. China
| | - Zhao Li
- School of Medical TechnologyInstitute of Engineering MedicineSchool of Life ScienceBeijing Key Laboratory for Separation and Analysis in Biomedicine and PharmaceuticalsBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100081P. R. China
| | - Yuanzhan Yang
- School of Medical TechnologyInstitute of Engineering MedicineSchool of Life ScienceBeijing Key Laboratory for Separation and Analysis in Biomedicine and PharmaceuticalsBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100081P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqiong Li
- School of Medical TechnologyInstitute of Engineering MedicineSchool of Life ScienceBeijing Key Laboratory for Separation and Analysis in Biomedicine and PharmaceuticalsBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100081P. R. China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- School of Science and EngineeringShenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and TechnologyThe Chinese University of Hong KongShenzhenGuangdong518172P. R. China
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Wu Q, Sharma D. Autophagy and Breast Cancer: Connected in Growth, Progression, and Therapy. Cells 2023; 12:cells12081156. [PMID: 37190065 DOI: 10.3390/cells12081156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite an increase in the incidence of breast cancer worldwide, overall prognosis has been consistently improving owing to the development of multiple targeted therapies and novel combination regimens including endocrine therapies, aromatase inhibitors, Her2-targeted therapies, and cdk4/6 inhibitors. Immunotherapy is also being actively examined for some breast cancer subtypes. This overall positive outlook is marred by the development of resistance or reduced efficacy of the drug combinations, but the underlying mechanisms are somewhat unclear. It is interesting to note that cancer cells quickly adapt and evade most therapies by activating autophagy, a catabolic process designed to recycle damaged cellular components and provide energy. In this review, we discuss the role of autophagy and autophagy-associated proteins in breast cancer growth, drug sensitivity, tumor dormancy, stemness, and recurrence. We further explore how autophagy intersects and reduces the efficacy of endocrine therapies, targeted therapies, radiotherapy, chemotherapies as well as immunotherapy via modulating various intermediate proteins, miRs, and lncRNAs. Lastly, the potential application of autophagy inhibitors and bioactive molecules to improve the anticancer effects of drugs by circumventing the cytoprotective autophagy is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qitong Wu
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD 21287-0013, USA
| | - Dipali Sharma
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD 21287-0013, USA
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Tang D, Tang Q, Huang W, Zhang Y, Tian Y, Fu X. Fasting: From Physiology to Pathology. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2204487. [PMID: 36737846 PMCID: PMC10037992 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202204487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Overnutrition is a risk factor for various human diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, metabolic disorders, and cancers. Therefore, targeting overnutrition represents a simple but attractive strategy for the treatment of these increasing public health threats. Fasting as a dietary intervention for combating overnutrition has been extensively studied. Fasting has been practiced for millennia, but only recently have its roles in the molecular clock, gut microbiome, and tissue homeostasis and function emerged. Fasting can slow aging in most species and protect against various human diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, metabolic disorders, and cancers. These centuried and unfading adventures and explorations suggest that fasting has the potential to delay aging and help prevent and treat diseases while minimizing side effects caused by chronic dietary interventions. In this review, recent animal and human studies concerning the role and underlying mechanism of fasting in physiology and pathology are summarized, the therapeutic potential of fasting is highlighted, and the combination of pharmacological intervention and fasting is discussed as a new treatment regimen for human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Tang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China HospitalSichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of BiotherapyChengduSichuan610041China
| | - Qiuyan Tang
- Neurology Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Clinical MedicineChengdu University of Traditional Chinese MedicineChengduSichuan610075China
| | - Wei Huang
- West China Centre of Excellence for PancreatitisInstitute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western MedicineWest China‐Liverpool Biomedical Research CentreWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610041China
| | - Yuwei Zhang
- Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610041China
| | - Yan Tian
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China HospitalSichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of BiotherapyChengduSichuan610041China
| | - Xianghui Fu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China HospitalSichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of BiotherapyChengduSichuan610041China
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