1
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Zou Y, Zhang Z, Wang C, Cheng Y, Wang C, Sun K, Zhang W, Suo P, Lin X, Ma H, Leng Y, Liu W, Du J, Ma G. Charge Transfer in Graphene-MoS 2 Vertical Heterostructures Tuned by Stacking Order and Substrate-Introduced Electric Field. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:30589-30597. [PMID: 38814136 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c05511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Vertical van der Waals heterostructures composed of graphene (Gr) and transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have created a fascinating platform for exploring optical and electronic properties in the two-dimensional limit. Numerous studies have focused on Gr/TMDs heterostructures to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of charge-energy transfer, quasiparticle formation, and relaxation following optical excitation. Nevertheless, a comprehensive understanding of interfacial charge separation and subsequent dynamics in graphene-based heterostructures remains elusive. Here, we have investigated the carrier dynamics of Gr-MoS2 heterostructures (including Gr/MoS2 and MoS2/Gr stacking sequences) grown on a fused silica substrate under varying photoexcitation energies by comprehensive ultrafast means, including time-resolved terahertz (THz) spectroscopy, THz emission spectroscopy, and transient absorption spectroscopy. Our findings highlight the impact of the substrate electric field on the efficiency of modulating the interfacial charge transfer (CT). Specifically, the optical excitation in Gr/MoS2 generates thermal electron injection from the graphene layer into the MoS2 layer with photon energy well below A-exciton of MoS2, whereas the interfacial CT in the MoS2/Gr is blocked by the electric field of the substrate. In turn, photoexcitation of the A exciton above leads to hole transfer from MoS2 to graphene, which occurs for both Gr-MoS2 heterostructures with opposite stacking orders, resulting in the opposite orientations of the interfacial photocurrent, as directly demonstrated by the out-of-phase THz emission. Moreover, we demonstrate that the recombination time of interfacial exciton is approximately ∼18 ps, whereas the defect-assisted interfacial recombination occurs on a time scale of ∼ns. This study provides valuable insights into the interplay between interfacial CT, substrate effects, and defect engineering in Gr-TMDs heterostructures, thereby facilitating the development of next-generation optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Zou
- Department of Physics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Zeyu Zhang
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
- State Key Laboratory of High Field Laser Physics and CAS Center for Excellence in Ultra-intense Laser Science, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Chunwei Wang
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yifan Cheng
- Department of Physics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Physics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Kaiwen Sun
- Department of Physics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- Department of Physics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Peng Suo
- Department of Physics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
- Institute for quantum science and technology, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Xian Lin
- Department of Physics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Hong Ma
- School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Yuxin Leng
- State Key Laboratory of High Field Laser Physics and CAS Center for Excellence in Ultra-intense Laser Science, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Weimin Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Juan Du
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
- State Key Laboratory of High Field Laser Physics and CAS Center for Excellence in Ultra-intense Laser Science, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Guohong Ma
- Department of Physics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
- Institute for quantum science and technology, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
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2
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Wang Z, Fu S, Zhang W, Liang B, Liu TJ, Hambsch M, Pöhls JF, Wu Y, Zhang J, Lan T, Li X, Qi H, Polozij M, Mannsfeld SCB, Kaiser U, Bonn M, Weitz RT, Heine T, Parkin SSP, Wang HI, Dong R, Feng X. A Cu 3BHT-Graphene van der Waals Heterostructure with Strong Interlayer Coupling for Highly Efficient Photoinduced Charge Separation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2311454. [PMID: 38381920 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202311454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Two-dimensional van der Waals heterostructures (2D vdWhs) are of significant interest due to their intriguing physical properties critically defined by the constituent monolayers and their interlayer coupling. Synthetic access to 2D vdWhs based on chemically tunable monolayer organic 2D materials remains challenging. Herein, the fabrication of a novel organic-inorganic bilayer vdWh by combining π-conjugated 2D coordination polymer (2DCP, i.e., Cu3BHT, BHT = benzenehexathiol) with graphene is reported. Monolayer Cu3BHT with detectable µm2-scale uniformity and atomic flatness is synthesized using on-water surface chemistry. A combination of diffraction and imaging techniques enables the determination of the crystal structure of monolayer Cu3BHT with atomic precision. Leveraging the strong interlayer coupling, Cu3BHT-graphene vdWh exhibits highly efficient photoinduced interlayer charge separation with a net electron transfer efficiency of up to 34% from Cu3BHT to graphene, superior to those of reported bilayer 2D vdWhs and molecular-graphene vdWhs. This study unveils the potential for developing novel 2DCP-based vdWhs with intriguing physical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Wang
- Department of Synthetic Materials and Functional Devices, Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Shuai Fu
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Molecular Spectroscopy, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- Department of Synthetic Materials and Functional Devices, Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Baokun Liang
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, Electron Microscopy of Materials Science, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Tsai-Jung Liu
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mike Hambsch
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jonas F Pöhls
- First Institute of Physics, Georg August University of Göttingen, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yufeng Wu
- Department of Synthetic Materials and Functional Devices, Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Jianjun Zhang
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tianshu Lan
- Department of Synthetic Materials and Functional Devices, Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Xiaodong Li
- Department of Synthetic Materials and Functional Devices, Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Haoyuan Qi
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, Electron Microscopy of Materials Science, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Miroslav Polozij
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Resource Ecology, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefan C B Mannsfeld
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ute Kaiser
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, Electron Microscopy of Materials Science, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Mischa Bonn
- Department of Molecular Spectroscopy, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - R Thomas Weitz
- First Institute of Physics, Georg August University of Göttingen, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Heine
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Resource Ecology, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 120-749, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Stuart S P Parkin
- Department of Synthetic Materials and Functional Devices, Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Hai I Wang
- Department of Molecular Spectroscopy, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Nanophotonics, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CC, the Netherlands
| | - Renhao Dong
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250199, China
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Department of Synthetic Materials and Functional Devices, Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
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3
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Wang Y, Wang Y, Lan C, Zhou L, Kang J, Zheng W, Xue T, Li Y, Yuan X, Xiao S, Li H, He J. Interfacial Charge Transfer for Enhancing Nonlinear Saturable Absorption in WS 2/graphene Heterostructure. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2306096. [PMID: 38225721 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Interlayer charge-transfer (CT) in 2D atomically thin vertical stacks heterostructures offers an unparalleled new approach to regulation of device performance in optoelectronic and photonics applications. Despite the fact that the saturable absorption (SA) in 2D heterostructures involves highly efficient optical modulation in the space and time domain, the lack of explicit SA regulation mechanism at the nanoscale prevents this feature from realizing nanophotonic modulation. Here, the enhancement of SA response via CT in WS2/graphene vertical heterostructure is proposed and the related mechanism is demonstrated through simulations and experiments. Leveraging this mechanism, CT-induced SA enhancement can be expanded to a wide range of nonlinear optical modulation applications for 2D materials. The results suggest that CT between 2D heterostructures enables efficient nonlinear optical response regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiduo Wang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nanophotonics and Devices, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory for Super-microstructure and Ultrafast Process, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Yingwei Wang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nanophotonics and Devices, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory for Super-microstructure and Ultrafast Process, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Changyong Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nanophotonics and Devices, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory for Super-microstructure and Ultrafast Process, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Jianlong Kang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nanophotonics and Devices, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory for Super-microstructure and Ultrafast Process, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Wanxin Zheng
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nanophotonics and Devices, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory for Super-microstructure and Ultrafast Process, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Tianyu Xue
- Center for High-Pressure Science, State Key Lab of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, 066004, China
| | - Yejun Li
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nanophotonics and Devices, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory for Super-microstructure and Ultrafast Process, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Xiaoming Yuan
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nanophotonics and Devices, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory for Super-microstructure and Ultrafast Process, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Si Xiao
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nanophotonics and Devices, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory for Super-microstructure and Ultrafast Process, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Heping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Jun He
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nanophotonics and Devices, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory for Super-microstructure and Ultrafast Process, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
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4
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Prasoon A, Yang H, Hambsch M, Nguyen NN, Chung S, Müller A, Wang Z, Lan T, Fontaine P, Kühne TD, Cho K, Nia AS, Mannsfeld SCB, Dong R, Feng X. On-water surface synthesis of electronically coupled 2D polyimide-MoS 2 van der Waals heterostructure. Commun Chem 2023; 6:280. [PMID: 38104228 PMCID: PMC10725426 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-01081-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The water surface provides a highly effective platform for the synthesis of two-dimensional polymers (2DP). In this study, we present an efficient on-water surface synthesis of crystalline monolayer 2D polyimide (2DPI) through the imidization reaction between tetra (4-aminophenyl) porphyrin (M1) and perylenetracarboxylic dianhydride (M2), resulting in excellent stability and coverage over a large area (tens of cm2). We further fabricate innovative organic-inorganic hybrid van der Waals heterostructures (vdWHs) by combining with exfoliated few-layer molybdenum sulfide (MoS2). High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) reveals face-to-face stacking between MoS2 and 2DPI within the vdWH. This stacking configuration facilitates remarkable charge transfer and noticeable n-type doping effects from monolayer 2DPI to MoS2, as corroborated by Raman spectroscopy, photoluminescence measurements, and field-effect transistor (FET) characterizations. Notably, the 2DPI-MoS2 vdWH exhibits an impressive electron mobility of 50 cm2/V·s, signifying a substantial improvement over pristine MoS2 (8 cm2/V·s). This study unveils the immense potential of integrating 2D polymers to enhance semiconductor device functionality through tailored vdWHs, thereby opening up exciting new avenues for exploring unique interfacial physical phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupam Prasoon
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, Halle, D-06120, Germany
| | - Hyejung Yang
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mike Hambsch
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (CFAED) and Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Nguyen Ngan Nguyen
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, Halle, D-06120, Germany
| | - Sein Chung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Alina Müller
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, Halle, D-06120, Germany
| | - Tianshu Lan
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, Halle, D-06120, Germany
| | - Philippe Fontaine
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Départementale 128, 91190, Saint-Aubin, France
| | - Thomas D Kühne
- Center for Advanced Systems Understanding, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 02826, Görlitz, Germany
- Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Chair of Computational System Sciences, Technische Universität Dresden, 01187, Dresden, Germany
| | - Kilwon Cho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Ali Shaygan Nia
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan C B Mannsfeld
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (CFAED) and Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Renhao Dong
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, 27 Shandanan Road, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany.
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, Halle, D-06120, Germany.
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5
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Apostol P, Gali SM, Su A, Tie D, Zhang Y, Pal S, Lin X, Bakuru VR, Rambabu D, Beljonne D, Dincă M, Vlad A. Controlling Charge Transport in 2D Conductive MOFs─The Role of Nitrogen-Rich Ligands and Chemical Functionality. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145. [PMID: 37921430 PMCID: PMC10655089 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional electrically conducting metal-organic frameworks (2D-e-MOFs) have emerged as a class of highly promising functional materials for a wide range of applications. However, despite the significant recent advances in 2D-e-MOFs, developing systems that can be postsynthetically chemically functionalized, while also allowing fine-tuning of the transport properties, remains challenging. Herein, we report two isostructural 2D-e-MOFs: Ni3(HITAT)2 and Ni3(HITBim)2 based on two new 3-fold symmetric ligands: 2,3,7,8,12,13-hexaaminotriazatruxene (HATAT) and 2,3,8,9,14,15-hexaaminotribenzimidazole (HATBim), respectively, with reactive sites for postfunctionalization. Ni3(HITAT)2 and Ni3(HITBim)2 exhibit temperature-activated charge transport, with bulk conductivity values of 44 and 0.5 mS cm-1, respectively. Density functional theory analysis attributes the difference to disparities in the electron density distribution within the parent ligands: nitrogen-rich HATBim exhibits localized electron density and a notably lower lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy relative to HATAT. Precise amounts of methanesulfonyl groups are covalently bonded to the N-H indole moiety within the Ni3(HITAT)2 framework, modulating the electrical conductivity by a factor of ∼20. These results provide a blueprint for the design of porous functional materials with tunable chemical functionality and electrical response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petru Apostol
- Institute
of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Molecular Chemistry, Materials
and Catalysis, Université Catholique
de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve B-1348, Belgium
| | - Sai Manoj Gali
- Laboratory
for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Materials Research Institute, Université de Mons, Place du Parc 20, Mons 7000, Belgium
| | - Alice Su
- Department
of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307, United States
| | - Da Tie
- Institute
of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Molecular Chemistry, Materials
and Catalysis, Université Catholique
de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve B-1348, Belgium
| | - Yan Zhang
- Institute
of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Molecular Chemistry, Materials
and Catalysis, Université Catholique
de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve B-1348, Belgium
| | - Shubhadeep Pal
- Institute
of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Molecular Chemistry, Materials
and Catalysis, Université Catholique
de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve B-1348, Belgium
| | - Xiaodong Lin
- Institute
of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Molecular Chemistry, Materials
and Catalysis, Université Catholique
de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve B-1348, Belgium
| | - Vasudeva Rao Bakuru
- Institute
of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Molecular Chemistry, Materials
and Catalysis, Université Catholique
de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve B-1348, Belgium
| | - Darsi Rambabu
- Institute
of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Molecular Chemistry, Materials
and Catalysis, Université Catholique
de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve B-1348, Belgium
| | - David Beljonne
- Laboratory
for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Materials Research Institute, Université de Mons, Place du Parc 20, Mons 7000, Belgium
| | - Mircea Dincă
- Department
of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307, United States
| | - Alexandru Vlad
- Institute
of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Molecular Chemistry, Materials
and Catalysis, Université Catholique
de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve B-1348, Belgium
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