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Darwish MA, Abd-Elaziem W, Elsheikh A, Zayed AA. Advancements in nanomaterials for nanosensors: a comprehensive review. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2024; 6:4015-4046. [PMID: 39114135 PMCID: PMC11304082 DOI: 10.1039/d4na00214h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Nanomaterials (NMs) exhibit unique properties that render them highly suitable for developing sensitive and selective nanosensors across various domains. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of nanomaterial-based nanosensors, highlighting their applications and the classification of frequently employed NMs to enhance sensitivity and selectivity. The review introduces various classifications of NMs commonly used in nanosensors, such as carbon-based NMs, metal-based NMs, and others, elucidating their exceptional properties, including high thermal and electrical conductivity, large surface area-to-volume ratio and good biocompatibility. A thorough examination of literature sources was conducted to gather information on NMs-based nanosensors' characteristics, properties, and fabrication methods and their application in diverse sectors such as healthcare, environmental monitoring, industrial processes, and security. Additionally, advanced applications incorporating machine learning techniques were analyzed to enhance the sensor's performance. This review advances the understanding and development of nanosensor technologies by providing insights into fabrication techniques, characterization methods, applications, and future outlook. Key challenges such as robustness, biocompatibility, and scalable manufacturing are also discussed, offering avenues for future research and development in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moustafa A Darwish
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University Tanta 31527 Egypt
| | - Walaa Abd-Elaziem
- Department of Mechanical Design and Production Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Zagazig University P.O. Box 44519 Egypt
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Ammar Elsheikh
- Production Engineering and Mechanical Design Department, Faculty of Engineering, Tanta University Tanta 31521 Egypt
- Department of Industrial and Mechanical Engineering, Lebanese American University P.O. Box 36 / S-12 Byblos Lebanon
| | - Abdelhameed A Zayed
- Production Engineering and Mechanical Design Department, Faculty of Engineering, Tanta University Tanta 31521 Egypt
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2
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Chandra S, Mustafa MA, Ghadir K, Bansal P, Deorari M, Alhameedi DY, Alubiady MHS, Al-Ani AM, Rab SO, Jumaa SS, Abosaoda MK. Synthesis, characterization, and practical applications of perovskite quantum dots: recent update. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024:10.1007/s00210-024-03309-y. [PMID: 39073420 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-03309-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
This review paper provides an in-depth analysis of Perovskite quantum dots (PQDs), a class of nanomaterials with unique optical and electronic properties that hold immense potential for various technological applications. The paper delves into the structural characteristics, synthesis methods, and characterization techniques of PQDs, highlighting their distinct advantages over other Quantum Dots (QDs). Various applications of PQDs in fields such as solar cells, LEDs, bioimaging, photocatalysis, and sensors are discussed, showcasing their versatility and promising capabilities. The ongoing advancements in PQD research and development point towards a bright future for these nanostructures in revolutionizing diverse industries and technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhash Chandra
- Department of Electrical Engineering, GLA University, Mathura, 281406, India
| | - Mohammed Ahmed Mustafa
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, University of Imam Jaafar AL-Sadiq, Baghdad, Iraq.
| | - Kamil Ghadir
- School of Basic & Applied Sciences, Shobhit University, Gangoh, Uttar Pradesh, 247341, India
- Department of Health & Allied Sciences, Arka Jain University, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, 831001, India
| | - Pooja Bansal
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetics, Jain (Deemed-to-Be) University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560069, India
- Department of Allied Healthcare and Sciences, Vivekananda Global University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303012, India
| | - Mahamedha Deorari
- Uttaranchal Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India
| | - Dheyaa Yahaia Alhameedi
- Department of Anesthesia, College of Health & Medical Technology, Sawa University, Almuthana, Iraq
| | | | | | - Safia Obaidur Rab
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sally Salih Jumaa
- Department of Medical Engineering, National University of Science and Technology, Dhi Qar, Iraq
| | - Munther Kadhim Abosaoda
- College of Pharmacy, the Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
- College of Pharmacy, the Islamic University of Al Diwaniyah, Al Diwaniyah, Iraq
- College of Pharmacy, the Islamic University of Babylon, Al Diwaniyah, Iraq
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3
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Zhang M, Zhang J, Gu L, Su Q, Qiang P, Yang Y, Ding S, Yao T, Zhang X, Du G, Xu B, Wang H. Ultranarrow Deep-Blue Luminescence of Perovskite Nanocrystals by A-Site Cation Control. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:31524-31533. [PMID: 38841741 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c06705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Metal-halide perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) are one of the most promising emitters for the application of display and nanolight sources. The full width at half-maximum (FWHM) of photoluminescence (PL) emission is essential for color purity, which however remains a difficulty to further reduce the FWHM of the perovskite NCs at room temperature. Here, we show the quasi-sphere perovskite NCs with narrow PL emission at a deep-blue wavelength of ∼430 nm; its PL FWHM reaches ∼11 nm at room temperature, owing to the monodispersion in size distribution as well as the symmetric quasi-sphere morphology of NCs releasing the fine structure splitting-induced inhomogeneous broadening. Through regulating A cations with respect to the ratio of FA (or MA)-to-Cs and Cs-to-Pb, the PL emission of the NCs could be tuned from ∼505 to ∼430 nm combined with varied morphologies from large cube to small quasi-sphere. Such spectroscopic and morphological discrepancies are supposed to be attributed to the different crystalline kinetics that is strongly dependent on the synthetic condition. To be specific, in the case of increasing FA (or MA)-to-Cs, the growth rate of CsPbBr3 and FAPbBr3 (or MAPbBr3) perovskites is determined by the reactivity of transient species, while in the case of decreasing the Cs-to-Pb ratio, the growth rate of perovskites is slowed down by the serious reduction of Cs+ in the precursor. This study provides an effective strategy to adjust the emission across from green to deep-blue color and promotes the perovskite NCs with a narrow FWHM, and tunable PL emission facilitates in application of optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Zhang
- Materials Institute of Atomic and Molecular Science, School of Physics & Information Science, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Jingyun Zhang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Lei Gu
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | | | - Pengpeng Qiang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Yingjun Yang
- Materials Institute of Atomic and Molecular Science, School of Physics & Information Science, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Shuakai Ding
- Materials Institute of Atomic and Molecular Science, School of Physics & Information Science, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Tanxin Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Xiuhai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Gaohui Du
- Materials Institute of Atomic and Molecular Science, School of Physics & Information Science, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Bingshe Xu
- Materials Institute of Atomic and Molecular Science, School of Physics & Information Science, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
- Shanxi-Zheda Institute of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan 030000, China
| | - Hongyue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene, Xi'an 710072, China
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4
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Yoo D, Choi MJ. Asymmetric Metal-Carboxylate Complexes for Synthesis of InGaP Alloyed Quantum Dots with Blue Emission. ACS NANO 2024; 18:16051-16058. [PMID: 38840340 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c05643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Indium phosphide (InP) quantum dots (QDs) have attracted significant interest as next-generation light-emitting materials. However, the synthesis of blue-emitting InP-based QDs has lagged behind that of established green- and red-emitting InP QDs. Herein, we present a strategy to synthesize blue-emitting QDs by forming an InGaP alloy composition. The introduction of asymmetric In-carboxylate and Ga-carboxylate complexes resulted in a balanced synthetic reactivity between In-P and Ga-P, leading to the formation of InGaP alloyed QDs. The resultant In1-xGaxP alloyed QDs exhibited a broad range of photoluminescence (PL) tunability, spanning from 535 nm (InP) to 465 nm (In0.62Ga0.38P), depending on the In/Ga ratio used in the synthesis. In contrast, synthesis with symmetric In-carboxylate and Ga-carboxylate complexes produced a core/shell structure of InP/GaP QDs, which did not exhibit a blue shift of the PL peak with Ga addition. By employing a core/shell structure of In0.62Ga0.38P/ZnS QDs, we achieved a PL quantum yield of 42% at 475 nm. This work highlights the material-processing strategy essential for forming alloyed structures in III-V ternary systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doheon Yoo
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Dongguk University, Pildong-ro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Jae Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Dongguk University, Pildong-ro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
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Stam M, Almeida G, Ubbink RF, van der Poll LM, Vogel YB, Chen H, Giordano L, Schiettecatte P, Hens Z, Houtepen AJ. Near-Unity Photoluminescence Quantum Yield of Core-Only InP Quantum Dots via a Simple Postsynthetic InF 3 Treatment. ACS NANO 2024; 18:14685-14695. [PMID: 38773944 PMCID: PMC11155241 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c03290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
Indium phosphide (InP) quantum dots (QDs) are considered the most promising alternative for Cd and Pb-based QDs for lighting and display applications. However, while core-only QDs of CdSe and CdTe have been prepared with near-unity photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY), this is not yet achieved for InP QDs. Treatments with HF have been used to boost the PLQY of InP core-only QDs up to 85%. However, HF etches the QDs, causing loss of material and broadening of the optical features. Here, we present a simple postsynthesis HF-free treatment that is based on passivating the surface of the InP QDs with InF3. For optimized conditions, this results in a PLQY as high as 93% and nearly monoexponential photoluminescence decay. Etching of the particle surface is entirely avoided if the treatment is performed under stringent acid-free conditions. We show that this treatment is applicable to InP QDs with various sizes and InP QDs obtained via different synthesis routes. The optical properties of the resulting core-only InP QDs are on par with InP/ZnSe/ZnS core-shell QDs, with significantly higher absorption coefficients in the blue, and with potential for faster charge transport. These are important advantages when considering InP QDs for use in micro-LEDs or photodetectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Stam
- Optoelectronic
Materials Section, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The
Netherlands
| | - Guilherme Almeida
- Optoelectronic
Materials Section, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The
Netherlands
| | - Reinout F. Ubbink
- Optoelectronic
Materials Section, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The
Netherlands
| | - Lara M. van der Poll
- Optoelectronic
Materials Section, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The
Netherlands
| | - Yan B. Vogel
- Optoelectronic
Materials Section, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The
Netherlands
| | - Hua Chen
- Optoelectronic
Materials Section, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The
Netherlands
| | - Luca Giordano
- Physics
and Chemistry of Nanostructures, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Pieter Schiettecatte
- Physics
and Chemistry of Nanostructures, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Zeger Hens
- Physics
and Chemistry of Nanostructures, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Arjan J. Houtepen
- Optoelectronic
Materials Section, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The
Netherlands
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Kim M, Lee J, Jung J, Shin D, Kim J, Cho E, Xing Y, Jeong H, Park S, Oh SH, Kim YH, Jeong S. Surface-Originated Weak Confinement in Tetrahedral Indium Arsenide Quantum Dots. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:10251-10256. [PMID: 38587307 PMCID: PMC11027140 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
While the shape-dependent quantum confinement (QC) effect in anisotropic semiconductor nanocrystals has been extensively studied, the QC in facet-specified polyhedral quantum dots (QDs) remains underexplored. Recently, tetrahedral nanocrystals have gained prominence in III-V nanocrystal synthesis. In our study, we successfully synthesized well-faceted tetrahedral InAs QDs with a first excitonic absorption extending up to 1700 nm. We observed an unconventional sizing curve, indicating weaker confinement than for equivalently volumed spherical QDs. The (111) surface states of InAs QDs persist at the conduction band minimum state even after ligand passivation with a significantly reduced band gap, which places tetrahedral QDs at lower energies in the sizing curve. Consequently, films composed of tetrahedral QDs demonstrate an extended photoresponse into the short-wave infrared region, compared to isovolume spherical QD films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meeree Kim
- Department
of Energy Science (DOES) and Center for Artificial Atoms, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Gyeonggi-do, Republic
of Korea
| | - Junho Lee
- Department
of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of
Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaegwan Jung
- Department
of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of
Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Daekwon Shin
- Department
of Energy Science (DOES) and Center for Artificial Atoms, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Gyeonggi-do, Republic
of Korea
| | - Jugyoung Kim
- Department
of Energy Science (DOES) and Center for Artificial Atoms, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Gyeonggi-do, Republic
of Korea
| | - Eunhye Cho
- Department
of Energy Science (DOES) and Center for Artificial Atoms, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Gyeonggi-do, Republic
of Korea
| | - Yaolong Xing
- Department
of Energy Engineering, KENTECH Institute for Energy Materials and
Devices, Korea Institute of Energy Technology
(KENTECH), Naju-si 58330, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonjun Jeong
- Department
of Energy Science (DOES) and Center for Artificial Atoms, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Gyeonggi-do, Republic
of Korea
| | - Seongmin Park
- Department
of Energy Science (DOES) and Center for Artificial Atoms, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Gyeonggi-do, Republic
of Korea
| | - Sang Ho Oh
- Department
of Energy Engineering, KENTECH Institute for Energy Materials and
Devices, Korea Institute of Energy Technology
(KENTECH), Naju-si 58330, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Hyun Kim
- Department
of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of
Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- School
of Physics, Institute of Science, Suranaree
University of Technology, Nakhon
Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Sohee Jeong
- Department
of Energy Science (DOES) and Center for Artificial Atoms, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Gyeonggi-do, Republic
of Korea
- Sungkyunkwan
Institute of Energy Science and Technology (SIEST), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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Hu R, He F, Hou R, Wu Z, Zhang X, Shen H. The Narrow Synthetic Window for Highly Homogenous InP Quantum Dots toward Narrow Red Emission. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:3516-3524. [PMID: 38316130 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c04358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Low-toxicity InP-based quantum dots (QDs) exhibit potential for replacing Cd/Pb-containing QDs in the visible and near-infrared regions. Despite advancements, further improvement relies on synthesizing homogeneous InP QDs to achieve a high color purity. In a commonly employed two-step "seed-mediated" synthetic approach, we demonstrate the high sensitivity of InP seed sizes and size distribution to the quantities of trioctylphosphine (TOP) and tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphine [(TMS)3P], attributed to the process of "self-focusing of size distribution" and enhanced reactivity of In-oleate through coordination with TOP. During growth, the processes of size focusing and defocusing are modulated by the accumulation of oleic acid and TOP molecules, as well as the amount of (TMS)3P in the growth precursor, which may relate to the dissolution process of InP magic size clusters. Through precise control, the best valley/depth ratio of InP QDs was 0.52 at the first absorption peak at 571 nm, resulting in luminescence with a full width at half-maximum of 35 at 620 nm with an absolute photoluminescence quantum yield around 90% after heteroepitaxial growth with ZnSe and ZnS shells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranran Hu
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Centre for High-Efficiency Display and Lighting Technology, School of Materials and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Nano Functional Materials and Applications, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China
| | - Fengkai He
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Centre for High-Efficiency Display and Lighting Technology, School of Materials and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Nano Functional Materials and Applications, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China
| | - Ruixue Hou
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Centre for High-Efficiency Display and Lighting Technology, School of Materials and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Nano Functional Materials and Applications, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China
| | - Zhenghui Wu
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Centre for High-Efficiency Display and Lighting Technology, School of Materials and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Nano Functional Materials and Applications, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China
| | - Xiangtong Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Centre for High-Efficiency Display and Lighting Technology, School of Materials and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Nano Functional Materials and Applications, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China
| | - Huaibin Shen
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Centre for High-Efficiency Display and Lighting Technology, School of Materials and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Nano Functional Materials and Applications, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China
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Lin X, Chen T. A Review of in vivo Toxicity of Quantum Dots in Animal Models. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:8143-8168. [PMID: 38170122 PMCID: PMC10759915 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s434842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Tremendous research efforts have been devoted to nanoparticles for applications in optoelectronics and biomedicine. Over the past decade, quantum dots (QDs) have become one of the fastest growing areas of research in nanotechnology because of outstanding photophysical properties, including narrow and symmetrical emission spectrum, broad fluorescence excitation spectrum, the tenability of the emission wavelength with the particle size and composition, anti-photobleaching ability and stable fluorescence. These characteristics are suitable for optical imaging, drug delivery and other biomedical applications. Research on QDs toxicology has demonstrated QDs affect or damage the biological system to some extent, and this situation is generally caused by the metal ions and some special properties in QDs, which hinders the further application of QDs in the biomedical field. The toxicological mechanism mainly stems from the release of heavy metal ions and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). At the same time, the contact reaction with QDs also cause disorders in organelles and changes in gene expression profiles. In this review, we try to present an overview of the toxicity and related toxicity mechanisms of QDs in different target organs. It is believed that the evaluation of toxicity and the synthesis of environmentally friendly QDs are the primary issues to be addressed for future widespread applications. However, considering the many different types and potential modifications, this review on the potential toxicity of QDs is still not clearly elucidated, and further research is needed on this meaningful topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotan Lin
- School of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, DongGuan, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Family Planning, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tingting Chen
- School of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, DongGuan, People’s Republic of China
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