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Liu H, Zhao J, Ly TH. Clean Transfer of Two-Dimensional Materials: A Comprehensive Review. ACS NANO 2024; 18:11573-11597. [PMID: 38655635 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c01000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The growth of two-dimensional (2D) materials through chemical vapor deposition (CVD) has sparked a growing interest among both the industrial and academic communities. The interest stems from several key advantages associated with CVD, including high yield, high quality, and high tunability. In order to harness the application potentials of 2D materials, it is often necessary to transfer them from their growth substrates to their desired target substrates. However, conventional transfer methods introduce contamination that can adversely affect the quality and properties of the transferred 2D materials, thus limiting their overall application performance. This review presents a comprehensive summary of the current clean transfer methods for 2D materials with a specific focus on the understanding of interaction between supporting layers and 2D materials. The review encompasses various aspects, including clean transfer methods, post-transfer cleaning techniques, and cleanliness assessment. Furthermore, it analyzes and compares the advances and limitations of these clean transfer techniques. Finally, the review highlights the primary challenges associated with current clean transfer methods and provides an outlook on future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Super-Diamond & Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Jiong Zhao
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Thuc Hue Ly
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Super-Diamond & Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
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2
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A platform for exploring microscopic processes at electrode-electrolyte interfaces. Nature 2023:10.1038/d41586-023-02704-4. [PMID: 37648826 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-023-02704-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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3
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Yang S, Zhao X, Lu YH, Barnard ES, Yang P, Baskin A, Lawson JW, Prendergast D, Salmeron M. Nature of the Electrical Double Layer on Suspended Graphene Electrodes. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:13327-13333. [PMID: 35849827 PMCID: PMC9335527 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c03344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The structure of interfacial water near suspended graphene
electrodes
in contact with aqueous solutions of Na2SO4,
NH4Cl, and (NH4)2SO4 has
been studied using confocal Raman spectroscopy, sum frequency vibrational
spectroscopy, and Kelvin probe force microscopy. SO42– anions were found to preferentially accumulate near
the interface at an open circuit potential (OCP), creating an electrical
field that orients water molecules below the interface, as revealed
by the increased intensity of the O–H stretching peak of H-bonded
water. No such increase is observed with NH4Cl at the OCP.
The intensity of the dangling O–H bond stretching peak however
remains largely unchanged. The degree of orientation of the water
molecules as well as the electrical double layer strength increased
further when positive voltages are applied. Negative voltages on the
other hand produced only small changes in the intensity of the H-bonded
water peaks but affected the intensity and frequency of dangling O–H
bond peaks. The TOC figure is an oversimplified representation of
the system in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Yang
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Xiao Zhao
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yi-Hsien Lu
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Edward S Barnard
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Peidong Yang
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Artem Baskin
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California 94035, United States
| | - John W Lawson
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California 94035, United States
| | - David Prendergast
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Miquel Salmeron
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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4
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Qing F, Zhang Y, Niu Y, Stehle R, Chen Y, Li X. Towards large-scale graphene transfer. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:10890-10911. [PMID: 32400813 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr01198c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The transfer process is crucial for obtaining high-quality graphene for its large-scale industrial application. In this review, graphene transfer methods are systematically classified along with an analysis of the contamination or impurity of graphene that is introduced during the transfer process. Two key processes are emphasized, the substrate removal process and the direct/indirect transfer of graphene. Based on the efficiency and cost factors of industrial scale production, various transfer methods are summarized and evaluated. Potential transfer technologies and future research directions for industrial application are prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangzhu Qing
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P. R. China. and State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P. R. China
| | - Yufeng Zhang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P. R. China.
| | - Yuting Niu
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P. R. China.
| | - Richard Stehle
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Sichuan University - Pittsburgh Institute, Sichuan University, Jiang'an Campus, Chengdu 610207, P. R. China.
| | - Yuanfu Chen
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P. R. China. and State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P. R. China
| | - Xuesong Li
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P. R. China. and State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P. R. China
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5
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Zhang X, Jing Q, Ao S, Schneider GF, Kireev D, Zhang Z, Fu W. Ultrasensitive Field-Effect Biosensors Enabled by the Unique Electronic Properties of Graphene. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1902820. [PMID: 31592577 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201902820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This review provides a critical overview of current developments on nanoelectronic biochemical sensors based on graphene. Composed of a single layer of conjugated carbon atoms, graphene has outstanding high carrier mobility and low intrinsic electrical noise, but a chemically inert surface. Surface functionalization is therefore crucial to unravel graphene sensitivity and selectivity for the detection of targeted analytes. To achieve optimal performance of graphene transistors for biochemical sensing, the tuning of the graphene surface properties via surface functionalization and passivation is highlighted, as well as the tuning of its electrical operation by utilizing multifrequency ambipolar configuration and a high frequency measurement scheme to overcome the Debye screening to achieve low noise and highly sensitive detection. Potential applications and prospectives of ultrasensitive graphene electronic biochemical sensors ranging from environmental monitoring and food safety, healthcare and medical diagnosis, to life science research, are presented as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Qiushi Jing
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Shaw Technical Science Building, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Shen Ao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Shaw Technical Science Building, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Grégory F Schneider
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dmitry Kireev
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78757, USA
| | - Zhengjun Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Shaw Technical Science Building, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Wangyang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
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6
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Liang R, Wang Z, Shen YR, Cheng Y, Tian C. Enhancement of femtosecond surface nonlinear optical signals with spatiotemporal focusing. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:3921-3923. [PMID: 31415512 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.003921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nonlinear optical reflection spectroscopies for surface studies often suffer from their relatively weak signals. To enhance the signal strength, femtosecond input pulses are generally preferred, but their intensity is usually limited by supercontinuum (SC) generation in a bulk medium. We show here that the problem can be largely resolved by means of spatiotemporal focusing (STF) of the input that effectively suppresses the SC, permits much higher input intensity on a medium, and greatly enhances the nonlinear output signal. We use second-harmonic generation (SHG) on oxide as examples and demonstrate that, with STF, the input intensity for the onset of the SC can be increased by ∼30 times in comparison with conventional focusing, and the reflected SHG can be increased by about three orders of magnitude.
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7
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Brunel F, Boyron O, Clement A, Boisson C. Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Ethylene/Hexene Copolymer Adsorption onto Graphene: New Insight into Thermal Gradient Interaction Chromatography. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201800496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Brunel
- Chemistry, CatalysisPolymers and Processes (C2P2) UMR 5265, CNRS, CPE Lyon, Université Lyon 1, 43 Bvd. du 11 Novembre 1918 F‐69615 Villeurbanne France
| | - Olivier Boyron
- Chemistry, CatalysisPolymers and Processes (C2P2) UMR 5265, CNRS, CPE Lyon, Université Lyon 1, 43 Bvd. du 11 Novembre 1918 F‐69615 Villeurbanne France
| | - Arnaud Clement
- Chemistry, CatalysisPolymers and Processes (C2P2) UMR 5265, CNRS, CPE Lyon, Université Lyon 1, 43 Bvd. du 11 Novembre 1918 F‐69615 Villeurbanne France
| | - Christophe Boisson
- Chemistry, CatalysisPolymers and Processes (C2P2) UMR 5265, CNRS, CPE Lyon, Université Lyon 1, 43 Bvd. du 11 Novembre 1918 F‐69615 Villeurbanne France
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8
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Nasir T, Kim BJ, Kim KW, Lee SH, Lim HK, Lee DK, Jeong BJ, Kim HC, Yu HK, Choi JY. Design of softened polystyrene for crack- and contamination-free large-area graphene transfer. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:21865-21870. [PMID: 30431627 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr05611k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The fundamental issues related to the formation of mechanical cracks and the chemical residue during the transfer process of large-area CVD graphene by polymeric carrier-films are addressed in this work. This paper presents a method to design a new polymer carrier-film (using polystyrene (PS) and 4,4'-diisopropylbiphenyl (DIPB)) that is free from mechanical cracks and polymer residue during the transfer of large-area graphene from a metal catalyst. This new polymer carrier film shows excellent mechanical flexibility and good solubility in tetrahydrofuran solvent without any residue and it is confirmed that the graphene transfer process is excellent without mechanical destruction even over a large area. Our result gave a technical milestone for the real industrial application of graphene in many application areas (not only graphene but also several two-dimensional materials such as boron nitride, transition metal di-chalcogenide, and black phosphorus).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuqeer Nasir
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Korea.
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9
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Zou X, Wei S, Badieyan S, Schroeder M, Jasensky J, Brooks CL, Marsh ENG, Chen Z. Investigating the Effect of Two-Point Surface Attachment on Enzyme Stability and Activity. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:16560-16569. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b08138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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10
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Yang S, Su Y, Xu Y, Wu Q, Zhang Y, Raschke MB, Ren M, Chen Y, Wang J, Guo W, Ron Shen Y, Tian C. Mechanism of Electric Power Generation from Ionic Droplet Motion on Polymer Supported Graphene. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:13746-13752. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b07778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Yang
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Key Laboratory of Micro- and Nano-Photonic Structures (MOE), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yudan Su
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Key Laboratory of Micro- and Nano-Photonic Structures (MOE), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Key Laboratory of Micro- and Nano-Photonic Structures (MOE), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Key Laboratory of Micro- and Nano-Photonic Structures (MOE), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yuanbo Zhang
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Key Laboratory of Micro- and Nano-Photonic Structures (MOE), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Markus B. Raschke
- Department of Physics, Department of Chemistry, and JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Mengxin Ren
- School of Physics and TEDA Applied Physics Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yan Chen
- National Laboratory for Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China
| | - Jianlu Wang
- National Laboratory for Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China
| | - Wanlin Guo
- Institute of Nanoscience, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Y. Ron Shen
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Chuanshan Tian
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Key Laboratory of Micro- and Nano-Photonic Structures (MOE), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing 210093, China
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11
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Braeuninger-Weimer P, Funke S, Wang R, Thiesen P, Tasche D, Viöl W, Hofmann S. Fast, Noncontact, Wafer-Scale, Atomic Layer Resolved Imaging of Two-Dimensional Materials by Ellipsometric Contrast Micrography. ACS NANO 2018; 12:8555-8563. [PMID: 30080966 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b04167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Adequate characterization and quality control of atomically thin layered materials (2DM) has become a serious challenge particularly given the rapid advancements in their large area manufacturing and numerous emerging industrial applications with different substrate requirements. Here, we focus on ellipsometric contrast micrography (ECM), a fast intensity mode within spectroscopic imaging ellipsometry, and show that it can be effectively used for noncontact, large area characterization of 2DM to map coverage, layer number, defects and contamination. We demonstrate atomic layer resolved, quantitative mapping of chemical vapor deposited graphene layers on Si/SiO2-wafers, but also on rough Cu catalyst foils, highlighting that ECM is applicable to all application relevant substrates. We discuss the optimization of ECM parameters for high throughput characterization. While the lateral resolution can be less than 1 μm, we particularly explore fast scanning and demonstrate imaging of a 4″ graphene wafer in 47 min at 10 μm lateral resolution, i.e., an imaging speed of 1.7 cm2/min. Furthermore, we show ECM of monolayer hexagonal BN (h-BN) and of h-BN/graphene bilayers, highlighting that ECM is applicable to a wide range of 2D layered structures that have previously been very challenging to characterize and thereby fills an important gap in 2DM metrology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sebastian Funke
- Accurion GmbH , Stresemannstraße 30 , Göttingen 37079 , Germany
| | - Ruizhi Wang
- Department of Engineering , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB3 0FA , United Kingdom
| | - Peter Thiesen
- Accurion GmbH , Stresemannstraße 30 , Göttingen 37079 , Germany
| | - Daniel Tasche
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology , University of Applied Sciences and Arts , Von-Ossietzky-Straße 99 , Göttingen 37085 , Germany
| | - Wolfgang Viöl
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology , University of Applied Sciences and Arts , Von-Ossietzky-Straße 99 , Göttingen 37085 , Germany
| | - Stephan Hofmann
- Department of Engineering , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB3 0FA , United Kingdom
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12
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Hong Y, Li Y, Wang F, Zuo B, Wang X, Zhang L, Kawaguchi D, Tanaka K. Enhanced Thermal Stability of Polystyrene by Interfacial Noncovalent Interactions. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongming Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yawei Li
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Fengliang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Biao Zuo
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Xinping Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
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13
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Gallagher P, Li Y, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Heinz TF, Goldhaber-Gordon D. Optical Imaging and Spectroscopic Characterization of Self-Assembled Environmental Adsorbates on Graphene. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:2603-2608. [PMID: 29589951 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b00348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Topographic studies using scanning probes have found that graphene surfaces are often covered by micron-scale domains of periodic stripes with a 4 nm pitch. These stripes have been variously interpreted as structural ripples or as self-assembled adsorbates. We show that the stripe domains are optically anisotropic by imaging them using a polarization-contrast technique. Optical spectra between 1.1 and 2.8 eV reveal that the anisotropy in the in-plane dielectric function is predominantly real, reaching 0.6 for an assumed layer thickness of 0.3 nm. The spectra are incompatible with a rippled graphene sheet but would be quantitatively explained by the self-assembly of chainlike organic molecules into nanoscale stripes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yilei Li
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , 2575 Sand Hill Road , Menlo Park , California 94025 , United States
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- National Institute for Materials Science , 1-1 Namiki , Tsukuba , 305-0044 , Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- National Institute for Materials Science , 1-1 Namiki , Tsukuba , 305-0044 , Japan
| | - Tony F Heinz
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , 2575 Sand Hill Road , Menlo Park , California 94025 , United States
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14
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Lima LM, Arjmandi-Tash H, Schneider GF. Lateral Non-covalent Clamping of Graphene at the Edges Using a Lipid Scaffold. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:11328-11332. [PMID: 29513510 PMCID: PMC5887084 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b00916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Developing a clean handling and transfer process, capable of preserving the integrity of two-dimensional materials, is still a challenge. Here, we present a flexible, dynamic, and lipid-based scaffold that clamps graphene at the edges providing a practical, simple, and clean graphene manipulation and transfer method. Lipid films with different surface pressures are deposited at the air/copper-etchant interface immediately after placing the graphene samples. We show that at surface pressures above 30 mN/m, the lateral support prevents graphene movement and cracking during all etching and transfer. The method provides new insights into the handling of graphene and can yield efficient, sensitive, and clean graphene-based devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia M.
C. Lima
- Faculty of Science, Leiden Institute
of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hadi Arjmandi-Tash
- Faculty of Science, Leiden Institute
of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Grégory F. Schneider
- Faculty of Science, Leiden Institute
of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC Leiden, The Netherlands
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15
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AlSalem HS, Holroyd C, Danial Iswan M, Horn AB, Denecke MA, Koehler SPK. Characterisation, coverage, and orientation of functionalised graphene using sum-frequency generation spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:8962-8967. [PMID: 29557429 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp07991e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We report the unambiguous detection of phenyl groups covalently attached to functionalised graphene using non-linear spectroscopy. Sum-frequency generation was employed to probe graphene on a gold surface after chemical functionalisation using a benzene diazonium salt. We observe a distinct resonance at 3064 cm-1 which can clearly be assigned to an aromatic C-H stretch by comparison with a self-assembled monolayer on a gold substrate formed from benzenethiol. Not only does sum-frequency generation spectroscopy allow one to characterise functionalised graphene with higher sensitivity and much better specificity than many other spectroscopic techniques, but it also opens up the possibility to assess the coverage of graphene with functional groups, and to determine their orientation relative to the graphene surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huda S AlSalem
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK and Photon Science Institute, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK and School of Chemistry, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chloe Holroyd
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Melissa Danial Iswan
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Andrew B Horn
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK and Photon Science Institute, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Melissa A Denecke
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK and Photon Science Institute, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Sven P K Koehler
- Photon Science Institute, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK and School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK.
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16
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Li Y, Ogorzalek TL, Wei S, Zhang X, Yang P, Jasensky J, Brooks CL, Marsh ENG, Chen Z. Effect of immobilization site on the orientation and activity of surface-tethered enzymes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:1021-1029. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp06063g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Tethering peptides and proteins to abiotic surfaces has the potential to create biomolecule-functionalized surfaces with useful properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoxin Li
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Michigan
- Ann Arbor
- USA
| | | | - Shuai Wei
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Michigan
- Ann Arbor
- USA
| | - Xiaoxian Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Michigan
- Ann Arbor
- USA
| | - Pei Yang
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Michigan
- Ann Arbor
- USA
| | | | - Charles L. Brooks
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Michigan
- Ann Arbor
- USA
- Department of Biophysics
| | - E. Neil G. Marsh
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Michigan
- Ann Arbor
- USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry
| | - Zhan Chen
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Michigan
- Ann Arbor
- USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry
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17
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Li S, Shen J, Tonelli AE. The influence of a contaminant in commercial PMMA: A purification method for its removal and its consequences. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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18
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Fu W, Feng L, Panaitov G, Kireev D, Mayer D, Offenhäusser A, Krause HJ. Biosensing near the neutrality point of graphene. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1701247. [PMID: 29075669 PMCID: PMC5656418 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1701247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, the richness of electronic properties of graphene has attracted enormous interest for electrically detecting chemical and biological species using this two-dimensional material. However, the creation of practical graphene electronic sensors greatly depends on our ability to understand and maintain a low level of electronic noise, the fundamental reason limiting the sensor resolution. Conventionally, to reach the largest sensing response, graphene transistors are operated at the point of maximum transconductance, where 1/f noise is found to be unfavorably high and poses a major limitation in any attempt to further improve the device sensitivity. We show that operating a graphene transistor in an ambipolar mode near its neutrality point can markedly reduce the 1/f noise in graphene. Remarkably, our data reveal that this reduction in the electronic noise is achieved with uncompromised sensing response of the graphene chips and thus significantly improving the signal-to-noise ratio-compared to that of a conventionally operated graphene transistor for conductance measurement. As a proof-of-concept demonstration of the usage of the aforementioned new sensing scheme to a broader range of biochemical sensing applications, we selected an HIV-related DNA hybridization as the test bed and achieved detections at picomolar concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangyang Fu
- Institute of Complex Systems Bioelectronics (ICS-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC Leiden, Netherlands
- Corresponding author.
| | - Lingyan Feng
- Institute of Complex Systems Bioelectronics (ICS-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Gregory Panaitov
- Institute of Complex Systems Bioelectronics (ICS-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Dmitry Kireev
- Institute of Complex Systems Bioelectronics (ICS-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Dirk Mayer
- Institute of Complex Systems Bioelectronics (ICS-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Andreas Offenhäusser
- Institute of Complex Systems Bioelectronics (ICS-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Krause
- Institute of Complex Systems Bioelectronics (ICS-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
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Fu W, Jiang L, van Geest EP, Lima LMC, Schneider GF. Sensing at the Surface of Graphene Field-Effect Transistors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1603610. [PMID: 27896865 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201603610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Recent research trends now offer new opportunities for developing the next generations of label-free biochemical sensors using graphene and other two-dimensional materials. While the physics of graphene transistors operated in electrolyte is well grounded, important chemical challenges still remain to be addressed, namely the impact of the chemical functionalizations of graphene on the key electrical parameters and the sensing performances. In fact, graphene - at least ideal graphene - is highly chemically inert. The functionalizations and chemical alterations of the graphene surface - both covalently and non-covalently - are crucial steps that define the sensitivity of graphene. The presence, reactivity, adsorption of gas and ions, proteins, DNA, cells and tissues on graphene have been successfully monitored with graphene. This review aims to unify most of the work done so far on biochemical sensing at the surface of a (chemically functionalized) graphene field-effect transistor and the challenges that lie ahead. The authors are convinced that graphene biochemical sensors hold great promise to meet the ever-increasing demand for sensitivity, especially looking at the recent progresses suggesting that the obstacle of Debye screening can be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangyang Fu
- Leiden University, Faculty of Science, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lin Jiang
- Leiden University, Faculty of Science, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Erik P van Geest
- Leiden University, Faculty of Science, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lia M C Lima
- Leiden University, Faculty of Science, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Grégory F Schneider
- Leiden University, Faculty of Science, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Zou X, Wei S, Jasensky J, Xiao M, Wang Q, Brooks Iii CL, Chen Z. Molecular Interactions between Graphene and Biological Molecules. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:1928-1936. [PMID: 28092440 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b11226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Applications of graphene have extended into areas of nanobio-technology such as nanobio-medicine, nanobio-sensing, as well as nanoelectronics with biomolecules. These applications involve interactions between proteins, peptides, DNA, RNA etc. and graphene, therefore understanding such molecular interactions is essential. For example, many applications based on using graphene and peptides require peptides to interact with (e.g., noncovalently bind to) graphene at one end, while simultaneously exposing the other end to the surrounding medium (e.g., to detect analytes in solution). To control and characterize peptide behavior on a graphene surface in solution is difficult. Here we successfully probed the molecular interactions between two peptides (cecropin P1 and MSI-78(C1)) and graphene in situ and in real-time using sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. We demonstrated that the distribution of various planar (including aromatic (Phe, Trp, Tyr, and His)/amide (Asn and Gln)/Guanidine (Arg)) side-chains and charged hydrophilic (such as Lys) side-chains in a peptide sequence determines the orientation of the peptide adsorbed on a graphene surface. It was found that peptide interactions with graphene depend on the competition between both planar and hydrophilic residues in the peptide. Our results indicated that part of cecropin P1 stands up on graphene due to an unbalanced distribution of planar and hydrophilic residues, whereas MSI-78(C1) lies down on graphene due to an even distribution of Phe residues and hydrophilic residues. With such knowledge, we could rationally design peptides with desired residues to manipulate peptide-graphene interactions, which allows peptides to adopt optimized structure and exhibit excellent activity for nanobio-technological applications. This research again demonstrates the power to combine SFG vibrational spectroscopy and MD simulation in studying interfacial biological molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingquan Zou
- Department of Chemistry, and ‡Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Shuai Wei
- Department of Chemistry, and ‡Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Joshua Jasensky
- Department of Chemistry, and ‡Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Minyu Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, and ‡Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Qiuming Wang
- Department of Chemistry, and ‡Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Charles L Brooks Iii
- Department of Chemistry, and ‡Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Zhan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, and ‡Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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Zhao G, Li X, Huang M, Zhen Z, Zhong Y, Chen Q, Zhao X, He Y, Hu R, Yang T, Zhang R, Li C, Kong J, Xu JB, Ruoff RS, Zhu H. The physics and chemistry of graphene-on-surfaces. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:4417-4449. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00256d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This review describes the major “graphene-on-surface” structures and examines the roles of their properties in governing the overall performance for specific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoke Zhao
- State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Xinming Li
- Department of Electronic Engineering
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong
- China
| | - Meirong Huang
- State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Zhen Zhen
- State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Yujia Zhong
- State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Qiao Chen
- State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Xuanliang Zhao
- State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Yijia He
- State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Ruirui Hu
- State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Tingting Yang
- State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Rujing Zhang
- State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Changli Li
- State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Jing Kong
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
| | - Jian-Bin Xu
- Department of Electronic Engineering
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong
- China
| | - Rodney S. Ruoff
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), and Department of Chemistry
- Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST)
- Ulsan
- Republic of Korea
| | - Hongwei Zhu
- State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
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22
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Belyaeva L, Fu W, Arjmandi-Tash H, Schneider GF. Molecular Caging of Graphene with Cyclohexane: Transfer and Electrical Transport. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2016; 2:904-909. [PMID: 28058279 PMCID: PMC5200922 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.6b00236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Transfer of large, clean, crack- and fold-free graphene sheets is a critical challenge in the field of graphene-based electronic devices. Polymers, conventionally used for transferring two-dimensional materials, irreversibly adsorb yielding a range of unwanted chemical functions and contaminations on the surface. An oil-water interface represents an ideal support for graphene. Cyclohexane, the oil phase, protects graphene from mechanical deformation and minimizes vibrations of the water surface. Remarkably, cyclohexane solidifies at 7 °C forming a plastic crystal phase molecularly conforming graphene, preventing the use of polymers, and thus drastically limiting contamination. Graphene floating at the cyclohexane/water interface exhibits improved electrical performances allowing for new possibilities of in situ, flexible sensor devices at a water interface.
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23
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Lu X, Zhang C, Ulrich N, Xiao M, Ma YH, Chen Z. Studying Polymer Surfaces and Interfaces with Sum Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2016; 89:466-489. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Lu
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and
Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Nathan Ulrich
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Minyu Xiao
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Yong-Hao Ma
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and
Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
| | - Zhan Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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