1
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Ayala-Orozco C, Li G, Li B, Vardanyan V, Kolomeisky AB, Tour JM. How to Build Plasmon-Driven Molecular Jackhammers that Disassemble Cell Membranes and Cytoskeletons in Cancer. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2309910. [PMID: 38183304 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202309910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Plasmon-driven molecular machines with ultrafast motion at the femtosecond scale are effective for the treatment of cancer and other diseases. It is recently shown that cyanine dyes act as molecular jackhammers (MJH) through vibronic (vibrational and electronic mode coupling) driven activation that causes the molecule to stretch longitudinally and axially through concerted whole molecule vibrations. However, the theoretical and experimental underpinnings of these plasmon-driven motions in molecules are difficult to assess. Here the use of near-infrared (NIR) light-activated plasmons in a broad array of MJH that mechanically disassemble membranes and cytoskeletons in human melanoma A375 cells is described. The characteristics of plasmon-driven molecular mechanical disassembly of supramolecular biological structures are observed and recorded using real-time fluorescence confocal microscopy. Molecular plasmon resonances in MJH are quantified through a new experimental plasmonicity index method. This is done through the measurement of the UV-vis-NIR spectra in various solvents, and quantification of the optical response as a function of the solvent polarity. Structure-activity relationships are used to optimize the synthesis of plasmon-driven MJH, applying them to eradicate human melanoma A375 cells at low lethal concentrations of 75 nm and 80 mW cm-2 of 730 nm NIR-light for 10 min.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Bowen Li
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Vardan Vardanyan
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | | | - James M Tour
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Nano Engineering, the Smalley-Curl Institute, the Nano Carbon Center, and the Rice Advanced Materials Institute, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX, 77005, USA
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2
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Fang Y, Gao N, Shao L. Photoemission Enhancement of Plasmonic Hot Electrons by Au Antenna-Sensitizer Complexes. ACS NANO 2024; 18:3397-3404. [PMID: 38215310 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c10364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
The photoemission of surface plasmon decay-produced hot electrons is usually of very low efficiencies, hindering the practical utilization of such nonequilibrium charge carriers in harvesting photons with less energy than the semiconductor band gap for more efficient solar energy collection and photodetection. However, it has been demonstrated that the photoemission efficiency of small metal clusters increases as the particle size decreases. Recent studies have also shown that the photoemission efficiency of surface plasmon-yielded hot carriers can be intrinsically improved through proper material construction. In this paper, we report that the photoemission efficiency of hot electrons on the Au nanodisk-cluster complex/TiO2 interface can be dramatically enhanced under optical nanoantenna-sensitizer design. Such an enhancement is dominantly attributed to three factors. First, the large plasmonic nanodisk antennas provide a significantly enhanced optical near field, which largely increases light absorption in the small Au clusters that are acting as hot electron injection sensitizers. Second, the sub-3 nm size of the Au clusters facilitates the collection of delocalized spreading charges by the semiconductor. Third, the hybrid interface and molecule-like energy level of the Au cluster result in a much longer lifetime of excited electrons. Our results provide a promising approach for the effective harvesting of solar energy with plasmonic antenna-sensitizer complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurui Fang
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Electron, and Ion Beams (Ministry of Education), School of Physics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P.R. China
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg SE-412 96, Sweden
| | - Nan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Electron, and Ion Beams (Ministry of Education), School of Physics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P.R. China
| | - Lei Shao
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg SE-412 96, Sweden
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P.R. China
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3
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Li Z, Rigor J, Ehtesabi S, Gojare S, Kupfer S, Gräfe S, Large N, Kurouski D. Role of Plasmonic Antenna in Hot Carrier-Driven Reactions on Bimetallic Nanostructures. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2023; 127:22635-22645. [PMID: 38357685 PMCID: PMC10863061 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c06520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Noble metal nanostructures can efficiently harvest electromagnetic radiation, which, in turn, is used to generate localized surface plasmon resonances. Surface plasmons decay, producing hot carriers, that is, short-lived species that can trigger chemical reactions on metallic surfaces. However, noble metal nanostructures catalyze only a very small number of chemical reactions. This limitation can be overcome by coupling such nanostructures with catalytic-active metals. Although the role of such catalytically active metals in plasmon-driven catalysis is well-understood, the mechanistics of a noble metal antenna in such chemistry remains unclear. In this study, we utilize tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, an innovative nanoscale imaging technique, to investigate the rates and yields of plasmon-driven reactions on mono- and bimetallic gold- and silver-based nanostructures. We found that silver nanoplates (AgNPs) demonstrate a significantly higher yield of 4-nitrobenzenehtiol to p,p'-dimercaptoazobisbenzene (DMAB) reduction than gold nanoplates (AuNPs). We also observed substantially greater yields of DMAB on silver-platinum and silver-palladium nanoplates (Ag@PtNPs and Ag@PdNPs) compared to their gold analogues, Au@PtNPs and Au@PdNPs. Furthermore, Ag@PtNPs exhibited enhanced reactivity in 4-mercatophenylmethanol to 4-mercaptobenzoic acid oxidation compared to Au@PtNPs. These results showed that silver-based bimetallic nanostructures feature much greater reactivity compared to their gold-based analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhandong Li
- Department
of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M
University, College
Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Joel Rigor
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, The University
of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Sadaf Ehtesabi
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Siddhi Gojare
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Stephan Kupfer
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Stefanie Gräfe
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Nicolas Large
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, The University
of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Dmitry Kurouski
- Department
of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M
University, College
Station, Texas 77843, United States
- The
Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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4
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Li Z, Ehtesabi S, Gojare S, Richter M, Kupfer S, Gräfe S, Kurouski D. Plasmon-Determined Selectivity in Photocatalytic Transformations on Gold and Gold-Palladium Nanostructures. ACS PHOTONICS 2023; 10:3390-3400. [PMID: 38356782 PMCID: PMC10863388 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.3c00893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Noble metal nanostructures absorb light producing coherent oscillations of the metal's electrons, so-called localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs). LSPRs can decay generating hot carriers, highly energetic species that trigger chemical transformations in the molecules located on the metal surfaces. The number of chemical reactions can be expanded by coupling noble and catalytically active metals. However, it remains unclear whether such mono- and bimetallic nanostructures possess any sensitivity toward one or another chemical reaction if both of them can take place in one molecular analyte. In this study, we utilize tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS), an emerging analytical technique that has single-molecule sensitivity and sub-nanometer spatial resolution, to investigate plasmon-driven reactivity of 2-nitro-5-thiolobenzoic acid (2-N-5TBA) on gold and gold@palladium nanoplates (AuNPs and Au@PdNPs). This molecular analyte possesses both nitro and carboxyl groups, which can be reduced or removed by hot carriers. We found that on AuNPs, 2-N-5TBA dimerized forming 4,4'-dimethylazobenzene (DMAB), the bicarbonyl derivative of DMAB, as well as 4-nitrobenzenethiol (4-NBT). Our accompanying theoretical investigation based on density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) confirmed these findings. The theoretical analysis shows that 2-N-5TBA first dimerized forming the bicarbonyl derivative of DMAB, which then decarboxylated forming DMAB. Finally, DMAB can be further reduced leading to 4-NBT. This reaction mechanism is supported by TERS-determined yields on these three molecules on AuNPs. We also found that on Au@PdNPs, 2-N-5TBA first formed the bicarbonyl derivative of DMAB, which is then reduced to both bihydroxyl-DMAB and 4-amino-3-mercaptobenzoic acid. The yield of these reaction products on Au@PdNPs strictly follows the free-energy potential of these molecules on the metallic surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhandong Li
- Department
of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M
University, College
Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Sadaf Ehtesabi
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Siddhi Gojare
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Richter
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Stephan Kupfer
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Stefanie Gräfe
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Dmitry Kurouski
- Department
of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M
University, College
Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M
University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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5
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Mérgola-Greef J, Milne BF. First-principles study of electronic and optical properties in 1-dimensional oligomeric derivatives of telomestatin. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:12744-12753. [PMID: 37114806 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp01140b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Real-space self-interaction corrected (time-dependent) density functional theory has been used to investigate the ground-state electronic structure and optical absorption profiles of a series of linear oligomers inspired by the natural product telomestatin. Length-dependent development of plasmonic excitations in the UV region is seen in the neutral species which is augmented by polaron-type absorption with tunable wavelengths in the IR when the chains are doped with an additional electron/hole. Combined with a lack of absorption in the visible region this suggests these oligomers as good candidates for applications such as transparent antennae in dye-sensitised solar energy collection materials. Due to strong longitudinal polarisation in their absorption spectra, these compounds are also indicated for use in nano-structured devices displaying orientation-sensitive optical responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joëlle Mérgola-Greef
- Marine Biodiscovery Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Meston Building, Meston Walk, AB24 3UE, Old Aberdeen, UK.
| | - Bruce F Milne
- Marine Biodiscovery Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Meston Building, Meston Walk, AB24 3UE, Old Aberdeen, UK.
- CFisUC, Department of Physics, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-516 Coimbra, Portugal
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6
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Li Z, Kurouski D. Can Light Alter the Yield of Plasmon-Driven Reactions on Gold and Gold-Palladium Nanoplates? NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:7484-7491. [PMID: 36122388 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c02428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Noble-metal nanostructures, as well as their bimetallic analogues, catalyze a broad spectrum of plasmon-driven reactions. Catalytic properties of such nanostructures arise from light-generated surface plasmon resonances that decay forming transient hot electrons and holes. Hot carriers with "slower" dissipation rates accumulate on nanostructures generating an electrostatic potential. In this study, we examine whether light intensity can alter the electrostatic potential of mono- and bimetallic nanostructures changing yields of plasmon-driven reactions. Using tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS), we quantified the yield of plasmon-driven transformations of 4-nitrobenzenethiol (4-NBT) and 3-mercaptobenzoic acid (3-MBA) on gold and gold-palladium nanoplates (AuNPs and Au@PdNPs, respectively). We found that on AuNPs 3-MBA decarboxylated forming thiophenol (TP), whereas 4-NBT was reduced to DMAB. The yield of both TP and DMAB gradually increased with increasing light intensity. On Au@PdNPs, 3-MBA could be reduced to 3-mercaptophenylmethanol (3-MPM), the yield of which was also directly dependent on the light intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhandong Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Dmitry Kurouski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- The Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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7
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Li C, Chen Z, Huang Y, Zhang Y, Li X, Ye Z, Xu X, Bell SE, Xu Y. Uncovering strong π-metal interactions on Ag and Au nanosurfaces under ambient conditions via in-situ surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2022.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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8
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Zhu Y, Xing X, Liu Z, Meng H. A step towards the application of molecular plasmonic-like excitations of PAH derivatives in organic electrochromics. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.05.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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9
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Müller MM, Perdana N, Rockstuhl C, Holzer C. Modeling and measuring plasmonic excitations in hollow spherical gold nanoparticles. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:094103. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0078230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigate molecular plasmonic excitations sustained in hollow spherical gold nanoparticles using time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT). Specifically, we consider Au60 spherical, hollow molecules as a toy model for single-shell plasmonic molecules. To quantify the plasmonic character of the excitations obtained from TD-DFT, the energy-based plasmonicity index is generalized to the framework of DFT, validated on simple systems such as the sodium Na20 chain and the silver Ag20 compound, and subsequently successfully applied to more complex molecules. We also compare the quantum mechanical TD-DFT simulations to those obtained from a classical Mie theory that relies on macroscopic electrodynamics to model the light–matter interaction. This comparison allows us to distinguish those features that can be explained classically from those that require a quantum-mechanical treatment. Finally, a double-shell system obtained by placing a C60 buckyball inside the hollow spherical gold particle is further considered. It is found that the double-shell, while increasing the overall plasmonic character of the excitations, leads to significantly lowered absorption cross sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin M. Müller
- Institute of Theoretical Solid State Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Nanda Perdana
- Institute of Theoretical Solid State Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Carsten Rockstuhl
- Institute of Theoretical Solid State Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christof Holzer
- Institute of Theoretical Solid State Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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10
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Lu Y, Lam SH, Lu W, Shao L, Chow TH, Wang J. All-State Switching of the Mie Resonance of Conductive Polyaniline Nanospheres. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:1406-1414. [PMID: 35084205 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c04969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Polyaniline (PANI), a conductive polymer, is a promising active material for optical switching. In most studies, active switching has so far been realized only between two states, whereas PANI has a total of six states. The optical properties of nanoscale PANI in all six states have remained unclear. Herein we report on all-state switching of the Mie resonance on PANI nanospheres (NSs) and active plasmon switching on PANI-coated Au nanodisks (NDs). All-state switching of differently sized PANI NSs is achieved by proton doping/dedoping and electrochemical methods. Theoretical studies show that the scattering peaks of the individual PANI NSs originate from Mie resonances. All-state switching is further demonstrated on PANI-coated circular Au NDs, where an unprecedentedly large plasmon peak shift of ∼200 nm is realized. Our study not only provides a fundamental understanding of the optical properties of PANI but also opens the probability for developing high-performance dynamic media for active plasmonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Lu
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR 0000, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiu Hei Lam
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR 0000, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenzheng Lu
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR 0000, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Shao
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Tsz Him Chow
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR 0000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianfang Wang
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR 0000, People's Republic of China
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11
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Mandado M, Ramos-Berdullas N. Confinement on the optical response in h-BNCs: Towards highly efficient SERS-active 2D substrates. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 266:120451. [PMID: 34627018 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Several experimental and theoretical studies have shown that 2D hybrid structures formed by boron, nitrogen and carbon atoms (h-BNCs) possess a highly tunable linear and non-linear optical responses. Recent advances towards the controlled synthesis of these unique structures have motivated an important number of experimental and theoretical work. In this work, the confinement on the optical response induced by boron-nitride (BN) strings in h-BNC 2D structures is investigated using time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) and electron density response properties. The number of surrounding BN strings (NBN) necessary to "isolate" the optical modes of a carbon nanoisland (nanographene) from the remaining substrate has been characterized in two different nanoisland models: benzene and pyrene. It was found that for NBN ≥ 3 the excitation wavelengths of the optically active modes remain constant and the changes in the transition densities, the ground to excited state density differences and their associated electron deformation orbitals are negligible and strongly confined within the carbon nanoisland. Using a water molecule as model system, Raman enhancement factors of 10 [6] for the water vibrational modes are obtained when these electromagnetic "hot spots" are activated by an external electromagnetic field. The high tunability of the optical absorption bands of nanographenes through changes in size and morphology makes h-BNCs be perfect materials to construct platforms for surface enhancement Raman spectroscopy (SERS) for a wide range of laser sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Mandado
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Vigo, Lagoas-Marcosende s/n, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Nicolás Ramos-Berdullas
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Vigo, Lagoas-Marcosende s/n, 36310 Vigo, Spain
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12
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King ME, Fonseca Guzman MV, Ross MB. Material strategies for function enhancement in plasmonic architectures. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:602-611. [PMID: 34985484 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr06049j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic materials are promising for applications in enhanced sensing, energy, and advanced optical communications. These applications, however, often require chemical and physical functionality that is suited and designed for the specific application. In particular, plasmonic materials need to access the wide spectral range from the ultraviolet to the mid-infrared in addition to having the requisite surface characteristics, temperature dependence, or structural features that are not intrinsic to or easily accessed by the noble metals. Herein, we describe current progress and identify promising strategies for further expanding the capabilities of plasmonic materials both across the electromagnetic spectrum and in functional areas that can enable new technology and opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa E King
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA.
| | | | - Michael B Ross
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA.
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13
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Fletcher‐Charles J, Ferreira RR, Abraham M, Romito D, Oppel M, González L, Bonifazi D. Oxygen‐Doped PAH Electrochromes: Difurano, Dipyrano, and Furano‐Pyrano Containing Naphthalene‐Cored Molecules. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rúben R. Ferreira
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry University of Vienna 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Michael Abraham
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry University of Vienna 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Deborah Romito
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry University of Vienna 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Markus Oppel
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry University of Vienna 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Leticia González
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry University of Vienna 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Davide Bonifazi
- School of Chemistry Cardiff University Cardiff CF10 3AT United Kingdom
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry University of Vienna 1090 Vienna Austria
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14
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Gieseking RLM. Plasmons: untangling the classical, experimental, and quantum mechanical definitions. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2022; 9:25-42. [PMID: 34608479 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh01163d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plasmons have been widely studied over the past several decades because of their ability to strongly absorb light and localize its electric field on the nanoscale, leading to applications in spectroscopy, biosensing, and solar energy storage. In a classical electrodynamics framework, a plasmon is defined as a collective, coherent oscillation of the conduction electrons of the material. In recent years, it has been shown experimentally that noble metal nanoclusters as small as a few nm can support plasmons. This work has led to numerous attempts to identify plasmons from a quantum mechanical perspective, including many overlapping and sometimes conflicting criteria for plasmons. Here, we shed light on the definitions of plasmons. We start with a brief overview of the well-established classical electrodynamics definition of a plasmon. We then turn to the experimental features used to determine whether a particular system is plasmonic, connecting the experimental results to the corresponding features of the classical electrodynamics description. The core of this article explains the many quantum mechanical criteria for plasmons. We explore the common features that these criteria share and explain how these features relate to the classical electrodynamics and experimental definitions. This comparison shows where more work is needed to expand and refine the quantum mechanical definitions of plasmons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L M Gieseking
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02453, USA.
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15
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Langford J, Xu X, Yang Y. Plasmon Character Index: An Accurate and Efficient Metric for Identifying and Quantifying Plasmons in Molecules. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:9391-9397. [PMID: 34551254 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c02645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plasmons, which are collective and coherent oscillations of charge carriers driven by an external field, play an important role in applications such as solar energy harvesting, sensing, and catalysis. Conventionally, plasmons are found in bulk and nanomaterials and can be described with classical electrodynamics. In recent years, plasmons have also been identified in molecules, and these molecules have been utilized to build plasmonic devices. As molecular plasmons can no longer be described by classical electrodynamics, a description using quantum mechanics is necessary. In this Letter, we develop a quantum metric to accurately and efficiently identify and quantify plasmons in molecules. A number, which we call the plasmon character index (PCI), can be calculated for each electronic excited state and describes the plasmonicity of the excitation. PCI is developed from the collective and coherent excitation picture in orbitals and shows excellent agreement with the predictions from scaled time-dependent density functional theory but is vastly more computationally efficient. Therefore, PCI can be a useful tool in identifying and quantifying plasmons and will inform the rational design of plasmonic molecules and nanoclusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Langford
- Theoretical Chemistry Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Xi Xu
- Theoretical Chemistry Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Yang Yang
- Theoretical Chemistry Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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16
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Ueda H, Yoshimoto S. Multi-Redox Active Carbons and Hydrocarbons: Control of their Redox Properties and Potential Applications. CHEM REC 2021; 21:2411-2429. [PMID: 34128316 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Precise control over redox properties is essential for high-performance organic electronic devices such as organic batteries, electrochromic devices, and information storage devices. In this context, multi-redox active carbons and hydrocarbons, represented as Cx Hy molecules (x≥1, y≥0), are highly sought after, because they can switch between multiple redox states. Herein, we outline the redox properties of Cx Hy molecules as solutes and adsorbed species. Furthermore, the limitations of evaluating their redox properties and the possible solutions are summarized. Additionally, the theoretical capacity (mAh/g) and gravimetric energy density (Wh/kg) of secondary batteries were estimated based on the redox properties of 185 Cx Hy molecules, which have primarily been reported in the last decade. Among them, seven Cx Hy molecules were found to have the potential to surpass the energy density of LiNi0.6 Mn0.2 Co0.2 O2 /graphite batteries. The use of Cx Hy molecules in multielectrochromic devices and multi-bit memory is also explained. We believe that this review will encourage further utilization of Cx Hy molecules thereby promoting its applications in organic electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Ueda
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan
| | - Soichiro Yoshimoto
- Institute of Industrial Nanomaterials, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan
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17
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Gonzàlez-Rosell A, Cerretani C, Mastracco P, Vosch T, Copp SM. Structure and luminescence of DNA-templated silver clusters. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:1230-1260. [PMID: 36132866 PMCID: PMC9417461 DOI: 10.1039/d0na01005g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
DNA serves as a versatile template for few-atom silver clusters and their organized self-assembly. These clusters possess unique structural and photophysical properties that are programmed into the DNA template sequence, resulting in a rich palette of fluorophores which hold promise as chemical and biomolecular sensors, biolabels, and nanophotonic elements. Here, we review recent advances in the fundamental understanding of DNA-templated silver clusters (Ag N -DNAs), including the role played by the silver-mediated DNA complexes which are synthetic precursors to Ag N -DNAs, structure-property relations of Ag N -DNAs, and the excited state dynamics leading to fluorescence in these clusters. We also summarize the current understanding of how DNA sequence selects the properties of Ag N -DNAs and how sequence can be harnessed for informed design and for ordered multi-cluster assembly. To catalyze future research, we end with a discussion of several opportunities and challenges, both fundamental and applied, for the Ag N -DNA research community. A comprehensive fundamental understanding of this class of metal cluster fluorophores can provide the basis for rational design and for advancement of their applications in fluorescence-based sensing, biosciences, nanophotonics, and catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gonzàlez-Rosell
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Irvine California 92697-2585 USA
| | - Cecilia Cerretani
- Nanoscience Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Peter Mastracco
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Irvine California 92697-2585 USA
| | - Tom Vosch
- Nanoscience Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Stacy M Copp
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Irvine California 92697-2585 USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Irvine California 92697-4575 USA
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18
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Abstract
The nature of π-π interactions has long been debated. The term "π-stacking" is considered by some to be a misnomer, in part because overlapping π-electron densities are thought to incur steric repulsion, and the physical origins of the widely-encountered "slip-stacked" motif have variously been attributed to either sterics or electrostatics, in competition with dispersion. Here, we use quantum-mechanical energy decomposition analysis to investigate π-π interactions in supramolecular complexes of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, ranging in size up to realistic models of graphene, and for comparison we perform the same analysis on stacked complexes of polycyclic saturated hydrocarbons, which are cyclohexane-based analogues of graphane. Our results help to explain the short-range structure of liquid hydrocarbons that is inferred from neutron scattering, trends in melting-point data, the interlayer separation of graphene sheets, and finally band gaps and observation of molecular plasmons in graphene nanoribbons. Analysis of intermolecular forces demonstrates that aromatic π-π interactions constitute a unique and fundamentally quantum-mechanical form of non-bonded interaction. Not only do stacked π-π architectures enhance dispersion, but quadrupolar electrostatic interactions that may be repulsive at long range are rendered attractive at the intermolecular distances that characterize π-stacking, as a result of charge penetration effects. The planar geometries of aromatic sp2 carbon networks lead to attractive interactions that are "served up on a molecular pizza peel", and adoption of slip-stacked geometries minimizes steric (rather than electrostatic) repulsion. The slip-stacked motif therefore emerges not as a defect induced by electrostatic repulsion but rather as a natural outcome of a conformational landscape that is dominated by van der Waals interactions (dispersion plus Pauli repulsion), and is therefore fundamentally quantum-mechanical in its origins. This reinterpretation of the forces responsible for π-stacking has important implications for the manner in which non-bonded interactions are modeled using classical force fields, and for rationalizing the prevalence of the slip-stacked π-π motif in protein crystal structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Carter-Fenk
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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19
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Chen S, Kang ESH, Shiran Chaharsoughi M, Stanishev V, Kühne P, Sun H, Wang C, Fahlman M, Fabiano S, Darakchieva V, Jonsson MP. Conductive polymer nanoantennas for dynamic organic plasmonics. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 15:35-40. [PMID: 31819242 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-019-0583-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Being able to dynamically shape light at the nanoscale is one of the ultimate goals in nano-optics1. Resonant light-matter interaction can be achieved using conventional plasmonics based on metal nanostructures, but their tunability is highly limited due to a fixed permittivity2. Materials with switchable states and methods for dynamic control of light-matter interaction at the nanoscale are therefore desired. Here we show that nanodisks of a conductive polymer can support localized surface plasmon resonances in the near-infrared and function as dynamic nano-optical antennas, with their resonance behaviour tunable by chemical redox reactions. These plasmons originate from the mobile polaronic charge carriers of a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene:sulfate) (PEDOT:Sulf) polymer network. We demonstrate complete and reversible switching of the optical response of the nanoantennas by chemical tuning of their redox state, which modulates the material permittivity between plasmonic and dielectric regimes via non-volatile changes in the mobile charge carrier density. Further research may study different conductive polymers and nanostructures and explore their use in various applications, such as dynamic meta-optics and reflective displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangzhi Chen
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Evan S H Kang
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Mina Shiran Chaharsoughi
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Vallery Stanishev
- Terahertz Materials Analysis Center (THeMAC) and Center for III-N Technology, C3NiT-Janzèn, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Philipp Kühne
- Terahertz Materials Analysis Center (THeMAC) and Center for III-N Technology, C3NiT-Janzèn, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Hengda Sun
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Chuanfei Wang
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Mats Fahlman
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Vanya Darakchieva
- Terahertz Materials Analysis Center (THeMAC) and Center for III-N Technology, C3NiT-Janzèn, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Magnus P Jonsson
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden.
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20
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Abstract
Nonlinear optics is limited by the weak nonlinear response of available materials, a problem that is generally circumvented by relying on macroscopic structures in which light propagates over many optical cycles, thus giving rise to accumulated unity-order nonlinear effects. While this strategy cannot be extended to subwavelength optics, such as in nanophotonic structures, one can alternatively use localized optical resonances with high quality factors to increase light-matter interaction times, although this approach is limited by inelastic losses partly associated with the nonlinear response. Plasmons-the collective oscillations of electrons in conducting media-offer the means to concentrate light into nanometric volumes, well below the light-wavelength-scale limit imposed by diffraction, amplifying the electromagnetic fields upon which nonlinear optical phenomena depend. Due to their abundant supply of free electrons, noble metals are the traditional material platform for plasmonics and have thus dominated research in nanophotonics over the past several decades, despite exhibiting large ohmic losses and inherent difficulties to actively modulate plasmon resonances, which are primarily determined by size, composition, and morphology. Highly doped graphene has recently emerged as an appealing platform for plasmonics due to its unique optoelectronic properties, which give rise to relatively long-lived, highly confined, and actively tunable plasmon resonances that mainly appear in the infrared and terahertz frequency regimes. Efforts to extend graphene plasmonics to the near-infrared and visible ranges involve patterning of graphene into nanostructured elements, thus facilitating the optical excitation of localized resonances that can be blue-shifted through geometrical confinement while maintaining electrical tunability. Besides these appealing plasmonic attributes, the conical electronic dispersion relation of graphene renders its charge carrier motion in response to light intrinsically anharmonic, resulting in a comparatively intense nonlinear optical response. The combined synergy of extreme plasmonic field enhancement and large intrinsic optical nonlinearity are now motivating intensive research efforts in nonlinear graphene plasmonics, the recent progress of which we discuss in this Account. We start with a description of the appealing properties of plasmons in graphene nanostructures down to molecular sizes, followed by a discussion of the unprecedented level of intrinsic optical nonlinearity in graphene, its enhancement by resonant coupling to its highly confined plasmons to yield intense high harmonic generation and Kerr nonlinearities, the extraordinary thermo-optical capabilities of this material enabling large nonlinear optical switching down to the single-photon level, and its strong interaction with quantum emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel D. Cox
- Center for Nano Optics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
- Danish Institute for Advanced Study, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - F. Javier García de Abajo
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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21
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Abd El-Fattah ZM, Mkhitaryan V, Brede J, Fernández L, Li C, Guo Q, Ghosh A, Echarri AR, Naveh D, Xia F, Ortega JE, García de Abajo FJ. Plasmonics in Atomically Thin Crystalline Silver Films. ACS NANO 2019; 13:7771-7779. [PMID: 31188552 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b01651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Light-matter interaction at the atomic scale rules fundamental phenomena such as photoemission and lasing while enabling basic everyday technologies, including photovoltaics and optical communications. In this context, plasmons, the collective electron oscillations in conducting materials, are important because they allow the manipulation of optical fields at the nanoscale. The advent of graphene and other two-dimensional crystals has pushed plasmons down to genuinely atomic dimensions, displaying appealing properties such as a large electrical tunability. However, plasmons in these materials are either too broad or lying at low frequencies, well below the technologically relevant near-infrared regime. Here, we demonstrate sharp near-infrared plasmons in lithographically patterned wafer-scale atomically thin silver crystalline films. Our measured optical spectra reveal narrow plasmons (quality factor of ∼4), further supported by a low sheet resistance comparable to bulk metal in few-atomic-layer silver films down to seven Ag(111) monolayers. Good crystal quality and plasmon narrowness are obtained despite the addition of a thin passivating dielectric, which renders our samples resilient to ambient conditions. The observation of spectrally sharp and strongly confined plasmons in atomically thin silver holds great potential for electro-optical modulation and optical sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakaria M Abd El-Fattah
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona , Spain
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science , Al-Azhar University , Nasr City, E-11884 Cairo , Egypt
| | - Vahagn Mkhitaryan
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona , Spain
| | - Jens Brede
- Donostia International Physics Center , Paseo Manuel Lardizabal 4 , 20018 Donostia, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Laura Fernández
- Centro de Física de Materiales CSIC-UPV/EHU and Materials Physics Center , 20018 San Sebastián , Spain
| | - Cheng Li
- Department of Electrical Engineering , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06511 , United States
| | - Qiushi Guo
- Department of Electrical Engineering , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06511 , United States
| | - Arnab Ghosh
- Faculty of Engineering , Bar Ilan University , Ramat Gan 5290002 , Israel
| | - Alvaro Rodríguez Echarri
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona , Spain
| | - Doron Naveh
- Faculty of Engineering , Bar Ilan University , Ramat Gan 5290002 , Israel
| | - Fengnian Xia
- Department of Electrical Engineering , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06511 , United States
| | - J Enrique Ortega
- Donostia International Physics Center , Paseo Manuel Lardizabal 4 , 20018 Donostia, San Sebastián, Spain
- Departamento de Física Aplicada I , Universidad del País Vasco , E-20018 San Sebastián , Spain
| | - F Javier García de Abajo
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona , Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats , Passeig Lluís Companys 23 , 08010 Barcelona , Spain
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22
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Cox JD, García de Abajo FJ. Single-Plasmon Thermo-Optical Switching in Graphene. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:3743-3750. [PMID: 31117754 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b00879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
While plasmons in noble metal nanostructures enable strong light-matter interactions on commensurate length scales, the overabundance of free electrons in these systems inhibits their tunability by weak external stimuli. Countering this limitation, the linear electronic dispersion in graphene endows the two-dimensional material with both an enhanced sensitivity to doping electron density, enabling active tunability of its highly confined plasmon resonances, and a very low electronic heat capacity that renders its thermo-optical response extraordinarily large. Here we show that these properties combined enables a substantial optical modulation in graphene nanostructures from the energy associated with just one of their supported plasmons. We base our analysis on realistic, complementary classical and quantum-mechanical simulations, which reveal that the energy of a single plasmon, absorbed in a small, moderately doped graphene nanoisland, can sufficiently modify its electronic temperature and chemical potential to produce unity-order modulation of the optical response within subpicosecond time scales, effectively shifting or damping the original plasmon absorption peak and thereby blockading subsequent excitation of a second plasmon. The proposed thermo-optical single-plasmon blockade consists in a viable ultralow power all-optical switching mechanism for doped graphene nanoislands, while their combination with quantum emitters could yield applications in biological sensing and quantum nano-optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel D Cox
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques , The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona , Spain
- Center for Nano Optics , University of Southern Denmark , Campusvej 55 , DK-5230 Odense M , Denmark
- Danish Institute for Advanced Study , University of Southern Denmark , Campusvej 55 , DK-5230 Odense M , Denmark
| | - F Javier García de Abajo
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques , The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona , Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats , Passeig Lluís Companys 23 , 08010 Barcelona , Spain
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23
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Guerrini M, Calzolari A, Varsano D, Corni S. Quantifying the Plasmonic Character of Optical Excitations in a Molecular J-Aggregate. J Chem Theory Comput 2019; 15:3197-3203. [PMID: 30986064 PMCID: PMC6524342 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.9b00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The definition of plasmon at the
microscopic scale is far from
being understood. Yet, it is very important to recognize plasmonic
features in optical excitations, as they can inspire new applications
and trigger new discoveries by analogy with the rich phenomenology
of metal nanoparticle plasmons. Recently, the concepts of plasmonicity
index and the generalized plasmonicity index (GPI) have been devised
as computational tools to quantify the plasmonic nature of optical
excitations. The question may arise whether any strong absorption
band, possibly with some sort of collective character in its microscopic
origin, shares the status of plasmon. Here we demonstrate that this
is not always the case, by considering a well-known class of systems
represented by J-aggregates molecular crystals, characterized by the
intense J band of absorption. By means of first-principles simulations,
based on a many-body perturbation theory formalism, we investigate
the optical properties of a J-aggregate made of push–pull organic
dyes. We show that the effect of aggregation is to lower the GPI associated
with the J-band with respect to the isolated dye one, which corresponds
to a nonplasmonic character of the electronic excitations. In order
to rationalize our finding, we then propose a simplified one-dimensional
theoretical model of the J-aggregate. A useful microscopic picture
of what discriminates a collective molecular crystal excitation from
a plasmon is eventually obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Guerrini
- Dipartimento FIM , Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia , I-41125 Modena , Italy.,CNR Nano Istituto Nanoscienze, Centro S3, I-41125 Modena , Italy
| | - Arrigo Calzolari
- CNR Nano Istituto Nanoscienze, Centro S3, I-41125 Modena , Italy
| | - Daniele Varsano
- CNR Nano Istituto Nanoscienze, Centro S3, I-41125 Modena , Italy
| | - Stefano Corni
- CNR Nano Istituto Nanoscienze, Centro S3, I-41125 Modena , Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche , Università di Padova , Padova 35131 , Italy
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24
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25
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Mokkath JH. Optical properties of pyridine adsorbed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using quantum chemical calculations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 21:448-454. [PMID: 30534789 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp06744a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), the molecular version of graphene, having edges saturated with hydrogen atoms, have recently emerged as a novel nanoplasmonic material. In this work, we investigate the optical properties of pristine and pyridine adsorbed circular and triangular PAHs. We base our calculations on computationally efficient first-principles time-dependent density-functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations. We find substantial changes in the optical absorption spectra induced by the presence of the pyridine molecule. In addition, with the help of electron difference density (EDD) maps, we demonstrate a strong optical interaction between PAHs and pyridine molecules. The main effect of pyridine adsorption is to split the plasmon band and to redistribute the optical absorption in a wider energy range. We believe that our findings can help in the design of novel plasmonic devices having PAHs as basic building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junais Habeeb Mokkath
- Department of Physics, Kuwait College of Science And Technology, Doha Area, 7th Ring Road, P.O. Box 27235, Kuwait.
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26
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Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) molecules are essentially graphene in the subnanometer limit, typically consisting of 50 or fewer atoms. With the addition or removal of a single electron, these molecules can support molecular plasmon (collective) resonances in the visible region of the spectrum. Here, we probe the plasmon dynamics in these quantum systems by measuring the excited-state lifetime of three negatively charged PAH molecules: anthanthrene, benzo[ghi]perylene, and perylene. In contrast to the molecules in their neutral state, these three systems exhibit far more rapid decay dynamics due to the deexcitation of multiple electron-hole pairs through molecular plasmon "dephasing" and vibrational relaxation. This study provides a look into the distinction between collective and single-electron excitation dynamics in the purely quantum limit and introduces a conceptual framework with which to visualize molecular plasmon decay.
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27
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Jankowska J, Prezhdo OV. Real-Time Atomistic Dynamics of Energy Flow in an STM Setup: Revealing the Mechanism of Current-Induced Molecular Emission. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:3591-3597. [PMID: 29897769 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b01331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Detailed understanding of the current-induced fluorescence mechanism constitutes an exciting challenge as it can open the way to efficient coupling between an electric field and light at the nanoscale. At the same time, a number of published experimental studies give an unclear, contradictory picture of this phenomenon working principle. Here, for a system consisting of a silver tip and a porphyrin molecule, we perform for the first time fully atomistic, real-time nonadiabatic dynamics simulations to study the process of energy transfer and relaxation in an STM setup. We calculate time scales of all crucial processes and explain their atomic details. On this basis, we confirm and characterize the dual mechanism of the observed emission based on competing elastic and inelastic electron transfer between the metal tip and the molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Jankowska
- Department of Chemistry , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California 90089 , United States
- Institute of Physics , Polish Academy of Sciences , Warsaw 02-668 , Poland
| | - Oleg V Prezhdo
- Department of Chemistry , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California 90089 , United States
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28
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Paul M, Balanarayan P. Electronic Rearrangement in Molecular Plasmons: An Electron Density and Electrostatic Potential-Based Study. Chemphyschem 2018; 19:1390-1403. [PMID: 29360178 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201701284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Plasmonic modes in single-molecule systems have been previously identified by scaling two-electron interactions in calculating excitation energies. Analysis of transition dipole moments for states of polyacenes based on configuration interaction is another method for characterising molecular plasmons. The principal features in the electronic absorption spectra of polyacenes are a low-intensity, lower-in-energy peak and a high-intensity, higher-in-energy peak. From calculations using time-dependent density functional theory with the B3LYP/cc-pVTZ basis set, both these peaks are found to result from the same set of electronic transitions, that is, HOMO-n to LUMO and HOMO to LUMO+n, where n varies as the number of fused rings increases. In this work, the excited states of polyacenes, naphthalene through pentacene, are analysed using electron densities and molecular electrostatic potential (MESP) topography. Compared to other excited states the bright and dark plasmonic states involve the least electron rearrangement. Quantitatively, the MESP topography indicates that the variance in MESP values and the displacement in MESP minima positions, calculated with respect to the ground state, are lowest for plasmonic states. The excited-state electronic density profiles and electrostatic potential topographies suggest the least electron rearrangement for the plasmonic states. Conversely, high electron rearrangement characterises a single-particle excitation. The molecular plasmon can be called an excited state most similar to the ground state in terms of one-electron properties. This is found to be true for silver (Ag6 ) and sodium (Na8 ) linear chains as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mishu Paul
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector 81, S.A.S. Nagar, Knowledge City, Mohali, Manauli P.O., Punjab-, 140306, India
| | - P Balanarayan
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector 81, S.A.S. Nagar, Knowledge City, Mohali, Manauli P.O., Punjab-, 140306, India
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29
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Yan L, Guan M, Meng S. Plasmon-induced nonlinear response of silver atomic chains. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:8600-8605. [PMID: 29696266 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr02086h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nonlinear response of a linear silver atomic chain upon ultrafast laser excitation has been studied in real time using the time-dependent density functional theory. We observe the presence of nonlinear responses up to the fifth order in tunneling current, which is ascribed to the excitation of high-energy electrons generated by Landau damping of plasmons. The nonlinear effect is enhanced after adsorption of polar molecules such as water due to the enhanced damping rates during plasmon decay. Increasing the length of atomic chains also increases the nonlinear response, favoring higher-order plasmon excitation. These findings offer new insights towards a complete understanding and ultimate control of plasmon-induced nonlinear phenomena to atomic precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
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30
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Shao L, Zhuo X, Wang J. Advanced Plasmonic Materials for Dynamic Color Display. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1704338. [PMID: 29125645 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201704338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic structures exhibit promising applications in high-resolution and durable color generation. Research on advanced hybrid plasmonic materials that allow dynamically reconfigurable color control has developed rapidly in recent years. Some of these results may give rise to practically applicable reflective displays in living colors with high performance and low power consumption. They will attract broad interest from display markets, compared with static plasmonic color printing, for example, in applications such as digital signage, full-color electronic paper, and electronic device screens. In this progress report, the most promising recent examples of utilizing advanced plasmonic materials for the realization of dynamic color display are highlighted and put into perspective. The performances, advantages, and disadvantages of different technologies are discussed, with emphasis placed on both the potential and possible limitations of various hybrid materials for dynamic plasmonic color display.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Shao
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiaolu Zhuo
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jianfang Wang
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
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31
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Yanagi K, Okada R, Ichinose Y, Yomogida Y, Katsutani F, Gao W, Kono J. Intersubband plasmons in the quantum limit in gated and aligned carbon nanotubes. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1121. [PMID: 29549341 PMCID: PMC5856781 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03381-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Confined electrons collectively oscillate in response to light, resulting in a plasmon resonance whose frequency is determined by the electron density and the size and shape of the confinement structure. Plasmons in metallic particles typically occur in the classical regime where the characteristic quantum level spacing is negligibly small compared to the plasma frequency. In doped semiconductor quantum wells, quantum plasmon excitations can be observed, where the quantization energy exceeds the plasma frequency. Such intersubband plasmons occur in the mid- and far-infrared ranges and exhibit a variety of dynamic many-body effects. Here, we report the observation of intersubband plasmons in carbon nanotubes, where both the quantization and plasma frequencies are larger than those of typical quantum wells by three orders of magnitude. As a result, we observed a pronounced absorption peak in the near-infrared. Specifically, we observed the near-infrared plasmon peak in gated films of aligned single-wall carbon nanotubes only for probe light polarized perpendicular to the nanotube axis and only when carriers are present either in the conduction or valence band. Both the intensity and frequency of the peak were found to increase with the carrier density, consistent with the plasmonic nature of the resonance. Our observation of gate-controlled quantum plasmons in aligned carbon nanotubes will not only pave the way for the development of carbon-based near-infrared optoelectronic devices but also allow us to study the collective dynamic response of interacting electrons in one dimension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Yanagi
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan.
| | - Ryotaro Okada
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Yota Ichinose
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Yohei Yomogida
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Fumiya Katsutani
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Weilu Gao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Junichiro Kono
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA. .,Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA. .,Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA.
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32
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Thomas R, Kumar J, George J, Shanthil M, Naidu GN, Swathi RS, Thomas KG. Coupling of Elementary Electronic Excitations: Drawing Parallels Between Excitons and Plasmons. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:919-932. [PMID: 29394070 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b01833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in understanding the theoretical and experimental properties of excitons and plasmons have led to several technological breakthroughs. Though emerging from different schools of research, the parallels they possess both in their isolated and assembled forms are indeed interesting. Employing the larger framework of the dipolar coupling model, these aspects are discussed based on the excitonic transitions in chromophores and plasmonic resonances in noble metal nanostructures. The emergence of novel optical properties in linear, parallel, and helical assemblies of chromophores and nanostructures with varying separation distances, orientations, and interaction strengths of interacting dipolar components is discussed. The very high dipolar strengths of plasmonic transitions compared to the excitonic transitions, arising due to the collective nature of the electronic excitations in nanostructures, leads to the emergence of hot spots in plasmonically coupled assemblies. Correlations on the distance dependence of electric field with Raman signal enhancements have paved the way to the development of capillary tube-based plasmonic platforms for the detection of analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshmi Thomas
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER-TVM) , Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India
| | - Jatish Kumar
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER-TVM) , Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India
| | - Jino George
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER-TVM) , Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India
| | - M Shanthil
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER-TVM) , Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India
| | - G Narmada Naidu
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER-TVM) , Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India
| | - R S Swathi
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER-TVM) , Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India
| | - K George Thomas
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER-TVM) , Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India
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33
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Tseng ML, Yang J, Semmlinger M, Zhang C, Nordlander P, Halas NJ. Two-Dimensional Active Tuning of an Aluminum Plasmonic Array for Full-Spectrum Response. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:6034-6039. [PMID: 28872882 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b02350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Color pixels composed of plasmonic nanostructures provide a highly promising approach for new display technologies, capable of vivid, robust coloration and incorporating the use of low-cost plasmonic materials, such as aluminum. Here we report a plasmonic device that can be tuned continuously across the entire visible spectrum, based on integrating a square array of aluminum nanostructures into an elastomeric substrate. By stretching the substrate in either of its two dimensions, the period and therefore the scattering color can be modified to the blue or the red of the at-rest structure, spanning the entire visible spectrum. The unique two-dimensional design of this structure enables active mechanical color tuning, under gentle elastic modulation with no more than 35% strain. We also demonstrate active image switching with this structure. This design strategy has the potential to open the door for next-generation flexible photonic devices for a wide variety of visible-light applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Lun Tseng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, ‡Department of Physics and Astronomy, §Department of Chemistry, and ∥Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, ‡Department of Physics and Astronomy, §Department of Chemistry, and ∥Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Michael Semmlinger
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, ‡Department of Physics and Astronomy, §Department of Chemistry, and ∥Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, ‡Department of Physics and Astronomy, §Department of Chemistry, and ∥Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Peter Nordlander
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, ‡Department of Physics and Astronomy, §Department of Chemistry, and ∥Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Naomi J Halas
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, ‡Department of Physics and Astronomy, §Department of Chemistry, and ∥Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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34
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Jiang
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR 852, China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Xiaolu Zhuo
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR 852, China
| | - Jianfang Wang
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR 852, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China
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35
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Rossi TP, Kuisma M, Puska MJ, Nieminen RM, Erhart P. Kohn–Sham Decomposition in Real-Time Time-Dependent Density-Functional Theory: An Efficient Tool for Analyzing Plasmonic Excitations. J Chem Theory Comput 2017; 13:4779-4790. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.7b00589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tuomas P. Rossi
- COMP
Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O.
Box 11100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Mikael Kuisma
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department
of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Martti J. Puska
- COMP
Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O.
Box 11100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Risto M. Nieminen
- COMP
Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O.
Box 11100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Paul Erhart
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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36
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Zhang R, Bursi L, Cox JD, Cui Y, Krauter CM, Alabastri A, Manjavacas A, Calzolari A, Corni S, Molinari E, Carter EA, García de Abajo FJ, Zhang H, Nordlander P. How To Identify Plasmons from the Optical Response of Nanostructures. ACS NANO 2017; 11. [PMID: 28651057 PMCID: PMC5607458 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b03421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
A promising trend in plasmonics involves shrinking the size of plasmon-supporting structures down to a few nanometers, thus enabling control over light-matter interaction at extreme-subwavelength scales. In this limit, quantum mechanical effects, such as nonlocal screening and size quantization, strongly affect the plasmonic response, rendering it substantially different from classical predictions. For very small clusters and molecules, collective plasmonic modes are hard to distinguish from other excitations such as single-electron transitions. Using rigorous quantum mechanical computational techniques for a wide variety of physical systems, we describe how an optical resonance of a nanostructure can be classified as either plasmonic or nonplasmonic. More precisely, we define a universal metric for such classification, the generalized plasmonicity index (GPI), which can be straightforwardly implemented in any computational electronic-structure method or classical electromagnetic approach to discriminate plasmons from single-particle excitations and photonic modes. Using the GPI, we investigate the plasmonicity of optical resonances in a wide range of systems including: the emergence of plasmonic behavior in small jellium spheres as the size and the number of electrons increase; atomic-scale metallic clusters as a function of the number of atoms; and nanostructured graphene as a function of size and doping down to the molecular plasmons in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Our study provides a rigorous foundation for the further development of ultrasmall nanostructures based on molecular plasmonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runmin Zhang
- Laboratory
for Nanophotonics and the Department of Physics and Astronomy,
MS61 and Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Luca Bursi
- Dipartimento
di Fisica, Informatica e Matematica-FIM, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, I-41125 Modena, Italy
- Istituto
Nanoscienze, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
CNR-NANO, I-41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Joel D. Cox
- ICFO-Institut
de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yao Cui
- Laboratory
for Nanophotonics and the Department of Physics and Astronomy,
MS61 and Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Caroline M. Krauter
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace
Engineering and School of Engineering and Applied
Science, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544-5263, United States
| | - Alessandro Alabastri
- Laboratory
for Nanophotonics and the Department of Physics and Astronomy,
MS61 and Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Alejandro Manjavacas
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Arrigo Calzolari
- Istituto
Nanoscienze, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
CNR-NANO, I-41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Stefano Corni
- Istituto
Nanoscienze, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
CNR-NANO, I-41125 Modena, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università di
Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- E-mail:
| | - Elisa Molinari
- Dipartimento
di Fisica, Informatica e Matematica-FIM, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, I-41125 Modena, Italy
- Istituto
Nanoscienze, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
CNR-NANO, I-41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Emily A. Carter
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace
Engineering and School of Engineering and Applied
Science, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544-5263, United States
| | - F. Javier García de Abajo
- ICFO-Institut
de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA-Institució
Catalana de Reserca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
- E-mail:
| | - Hui Zhang
- Laboratory
for Nanophotonics and the Department of Physics and Astronomy,
MS61 and Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- E-mail:
| | - Peter Nordlander
- Laboratory
for Nanophotonics and the Department of Physics and Astronomy,
MS61 and Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- E-mail:
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37
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Stec GJ, Lauchner A, Cui Y, Nordlander P, Halas NJ. Multicolor Electrochromic Devices Based on Molecular Plasmonics. ACS NANO 2017; 11:3254-3261. [PMID: 28225586 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b00364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) molecules, the hydrogen-terminated, sub-nanometer-scale version of graphene, support plasmon resonances with the addition or removal of a single electron. Typically colorless when neutral, they are transformed into vivid optical absorbers in either their positively or negatively charged states. Here, we demonstrate a low-voltage, multistate electrochromic device based on PAH plasmon resonances that can be reversibly switched between nearly colorless (0 V), olive (+4 V), and royal blue (-3.5 V). The device exhibits highly efficient color change compared to electrochromic polymers and metal oxides, lower power consumption than liquid crystals, and is shown to reversibly switch for at least 100 cycles. We also demonstrate the additive property of molecular plasmon resonances in a single-layer device to display a reversible, transmissive-to-black device. This work illuminates the potential of PAH molecular plasmonics for the development of color displays and large-area color-changing applications due to their processability and ultralow power consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant J Stec
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, §Department of Physics and Astronomy, and ∥Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Adam Lauchner
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, §Department of Physics and Astronomy, and ∥Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Yao Cui
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, §Department of Physics and Astronomy, and ∥Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Peter Nordlander
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, §Department of Physics and Astronomy, and ∥Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Naomi J Halas
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, §Department of Physics and Astronomy, and ∥Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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38
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Li JH, Gryn'ova G, Prlj A, Corminboeuf C. Enhancing the power conversion efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells via molecular plasmon-like excitations. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:2423-2426. [PMID: 28120983 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc09697b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We introduce a tactic for employing molecular plasmon-like excitations to enhance solar-to-electric power conversion efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells. We offer general design principles of dimeric dyes, in which a strong plasmonic interaction between two π-conjugated moieties is promoted. The π-stacked conformations of these dimeric dyes result in a desirable broadened absorption and a longer absorption onset wavelength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Hao Li
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Ganna Gryn'ova
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Antonio Prlj
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Clémence Corminboeuf
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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39
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Hermann J, Alfè D, Tkatchenko A. Nanoscale π-π stacked molecules are bound by collective charge fluctuations. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14052. [PMID: 28169280 PMCID: PMC5309697 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-covalent π−π interactions are central to chemical and biological processes, yet the full understanding of their origin that would unite the simplicity of empirical approaches with the accuracy of quantum calculations is still missing. Here we employ a quantum-mechanical Hamiltonian model for van der Waals interactions, to demonstrate that intermolecular electron correlation in large supramolecular complexes at equilibrium distances is appropriately described by collective charge fluctuations. We visualize these fluctuations and provide connections both to orbital-based approaches to electron correlation, as well as to the simple London pairwise picture. The reported binding energies of ten supramolecular complexes obtained from the quantum-mechanical fluctuation model joined with density functional calculations are within 5% of the reference energies calculated with the diffusion quantum Monte-Carlo method. Our analysis suggests that π−π stacking in supramolecular complexes can be characterized by strong contributions to the binding energy from delocalized, collective charge fluctuations—in contrast to complexes with other types of bonding. Attractive, non-covalent interactions between aromatic rings—termed π−π stacking—is common in chemistry but difficult to model. Here the authors report a quantum-mechanical model to show the importance of collective charge fluctuations for understanding pi-stacked supramolecular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Hermann
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dario Alfè
- Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.,London Centre for Nanotechnology and Thomas Young Centre@UCL, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Alexandre Tkatchenko
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany.,Physics and Materials Science Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, 162a Avenue de la Faiencerie, Luxembourg L-1511, Luxembourg
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40
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Cui Y, Lauchner A, Manjavacas A, Garcı A de Abajo FJ, Halas NJ, Nordlander P. Molecular Plasmon-Phonon Coupling. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:6390-6395. [PMID: 27668447 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b02800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Charged polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), ultrasmall analogs of hydrogen-terminated graphene consisting of only a few fused aromatic carbon rings, have been shown to possess molecular plasmon resonances in the visible region of the spectrum. Unlike larger nanostructures, the PAH absorption spectra reveal rich, highly structured spectral features due to the coupling of the molecular plasmons with the vibrations of the molecule. Here, we examine this molecular plasmon-phonon interaction using a quantum mechanical approach based on the Franck-Condon approximation. We show that an independent boson model can be used to describe the complex features of the PAH absorption spectra, yielding an analytical and semiquantitative description of their spectral features. This investigation provides an initial insight into the coupling of fundamental excitations-plasmons and phonons-in molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Cui
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Adam Lauchner
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Alejandro Manjavacas
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico , Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - F Javier Garcı A de Abajo
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig Lluís Companys, 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Naomi J Halas
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Peter Nordlander
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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41
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Abstract
Plasmons-the collective oscillations of electrons in conducting materials-play a pivotal role in nanophotonics because of their ability to couple electronic and photonic degrees of freedom. In particular, plasmons in graphene-the atomically thin carbon material-offer strong spatial confinement and long lifetimes, accompanied by extraordinary optoelectronic properties derived from its peculiar electronic band structure. Understandably, this material has generated great expectations for its application to enhanced integrated devices. However, an efficient scheme for detecting graphene plasmons remains a challenge. Here we show that extremely compact graphene nanostructures are capable of realizing on-chip electrical detection of single plasmons. Specifically, we predict a 2-fold increase in the electrical current across a graphene nanostructure junction caused by the excitation of a single plasmon. This effect, which is due to the increase in electron temperature following plasmon decay, should persist during a picosecond time interval characteristic of electron-gas relaxation. We further show that a broad spectral detection range is accessible either by electrically doping the junction or by varying the size of the nanostructure. The proposed graphene plasmometer could find application as a basic component of future optics-free integrated nanoplasmonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renwen Yu
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - F Javier García de Abajo
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) , Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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42
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Abstract
In this review, we survey recent advances in the field of molecular plasmonics beyond the traditional sensing modality. Molecular plasmonics is explored in the context of the complex interaction between plasmon resonances and molecules and the ability of molecules to support plasmons self-consistently. First, spectroscopic changes induced by the interaction between molecular and plasmonic resonances are discussed, followed by examples of how tuning molecular properties leads to active molecular plasmonic systems. Next, the role of the position and polarizability of a molecular adsorbate on surface-enhanced Raman scattering signals is examined experimentally and theoretically. Finally, we introduce recent research focused on using molecules as plasmonic materials. Each of these examples is intended to highlight the role of molecules as integral components in coupled molecule-plasmon systems, as well as to show the diversity of applications in molecular plasmonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122;
| | - Katherine A Willets
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122;
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43
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Emboras A, Niegemann J, Ma P, Haffner C, Pedersen A, Luisier M, Hafner C, Schimmel T, Leuthold J. Atomic Scale Plasmonic Switch. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:709-14. [PMID: 26670551 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b04537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The atom sets an ultimate scaling limit to Moore's law in the electronics industry. While electronics research already explores atomic scales devices, photonics research still deals with devices at the micrometer scale. Here we demonstrate that photonic scaling, similar to electronics, is only limited by the atom. More precisely, we introduce an electrically controlled plasmonic switch operating at the atomic scale. The switch allows for fast and reproducible switching by means of the relocation of an individual or, at most, a few atoms in a plasmonic cavity. Depending on the location of the atom either of two distinct plasmonic cavity resonance states are supported. Experimental results show reversible digital optical switching with an extinction ratio of 9.2 dB and operation at room temperature up to MHz with femtojoule (fJ) power consumption for a single switch operation. This demonstration of an integrated quantum device allowing to control photons at the atomic level opens intriguing perspectives for a fully integrated and highly scalable chip platform, a platform where optics, electronics, and memory may be controlled at the single-atom level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Emboras
- Institute of Electromagnetic Fields (IEF), ETH Zurich , 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jens Niegemann
- Institute of Electromagnetic Fields (IEF), ETH Zurich , 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ping Ma
- Institute of Electromagnetic Fields (IEF), ETH Zurich , 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Haffner
- Institute of Electromagnetic Fields (IEF), ETH Zurich , 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Pedersen
- Computational Nanoelectronics Group, ETH Zurich , 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mathieu Luisier
- Computational Nanoelectronics Group, ETH Zurich , 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Hafner
- Institute of Electromagnetic Fields (IEF), ETH Zurich , 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Schimmel
- Institute of Applied Physics and Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Juerg Leuthold
- Institute of Electromagnetic Fields (IEF), ETH Zurich , 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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44
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Švanda J, Kalachyova Y, Slepička P, Švorčík V, Lyutakov O. Smart Component for Switching of Plasmon Resonance by External Electric Field. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:225-231. [PMID: 26653887 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b08334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A new approach for preparation of active plasmonic component with capability to switch on/off localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) by piezoelectric effect is described. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) was patterned by polarized KrF excimer laser beam. The polarization was perpendicular to polymer orientation introduced during the poling procedure. Consequently the silver nanoclusters were sputtered onto the polymer surface. Application of an external electric field leads to polymer stretching and surface smoothening. Simultaneously, silver clusters are elongated and interconnected; this process leads to dramatic decrease of surface resistance and complete quenching of plasmon related absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Švanda
- Department of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology , 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Y Kalachyova
- Department of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology , 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - P Slepička
- Department of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology , 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - V Švorčík
- Department of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology , 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - O Lyutakov
- Department of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology , 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
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Bryant GW. Approaching the quantum limit for plasmonics: linear atomic chains. JOURNAL OF OPTICS (2010) 2016; 18:10.1088/2040-8978/18/7/074001. [PMID: 32117560 PMCID: PMC7047738 DOI: 10.1088/2040-8978/18/7/074001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Optical excitations in atomic-scale materials can be strongly mixed, with contributions from both single-particle transitions and collective response. This complicates the quantum description of these excitations, because there is no clear way to define their quantization. To develop a quantum theory for these optical excitations, they must first be characterized so that single-particle-like and collective excitations can be identified. Linear atomic chains, such as atom chains on surfaces, linear arrays of dopant atoms in semiconductors, or linear molecules, provide ideal testbeds for studying collective excitations in small atomic-scale systems. We use exact diagonalization to study the many-body excitations of finite (10 to 25) linear atomic chains described by a simplified model Hamiltonian. Exact diagonalization results can be very different from the density functional theory (DFT) results usually obtained. Highly correlated, multiexcitonic states, strongly dependent on the electron-electron interaction strength, dominate the exact spectral and optical response but are not present in DFT excitation spectra. The ubiquitous presence of excitonic many-body states in the spectra makes it hard to identify plasmonic excitations. A combination of criteria involving a many-body state's transfer dipole moment, balance, transfer charge, dynamical response, and induced-charge distribution do strongly suggest which many-body states should be considered as plasmonic. This analysis can be used to reveal the few plasmonic many-body states hidden in the dense spectrum of low-energy single-particle-like states and many higher-energy excitonic-like states. These excitonic states are the predominant excitation because of the many possible ways to develop local correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garnett W Bryant
- Quantum Measurement Division and Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899-8423, USA; University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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Han L, Wang W, Nsabimana J, Yan JW, Ren B, Zhan D. Single molecular catalysis of a redox enzyme on nanoelectrodes. Faraday Discuss 2016; 193:133-139. [DOI: 10.1039/c6fd00061d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Due to a high turnover coefficient, redox enzymes can serve as current amplifiers which make it possible to explore their catalytic mechanism by electrochemistry at the level of single molecules. On modified nanoelectrodes, the voltammetric behavior of a horseradish peroxidase (HRP) catalyzed hydroperoxide reduction no longer presents a continuous current response, but a staircase current response. Furthermore, single catalytic incidents were captured through a collision mode at a constant potential, from which the turnover number of HRP can be figured out statistically. In addition, the catalytic behavior is dynamic which may be caused by the orientation status of HRP on the surface of the electrode. This modified nanoelectrode methodology provides an electrochemical approach to investigate the single-molecule catalysis of redox enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianhuan Han
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM)
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM)
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
| | - Jacques Nsabimana
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM)
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
| | - Jia-Wei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM)
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
| | - Bin Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM)
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
| | - Dongping Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM)
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
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