1
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Kephart J, Zhou DY, Sandwisch J, Cajiao N, Krajewski SM, Malinowski P, Chu JH, Neidig ML, Kaminsky W, Velian A. Caught in the Act of Substitution: Interadsorbate Effects on an Atomically Precise Fe/Co/Se Nanocluster. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2024; 10:1276-1282. [PMID: 38947197 PMCID: PMC11212139 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.4c00210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Directing groups guide substitution patterns in organic synthetic schemes, but little is known about pathways to control reactivity patterns, such as regioselectivity, in complex inorganic systems such as bioinorganic cofactors or extended surfaces. Interadsorbate effects are known to encode surface reactivity patterns in inorganic materials, modulating the location and binding strength of ligands. However, owing to limited experimental resolution into complex inorganic structures, there is little opportunity to resolve these effects on the atomic scale. Here, we utilize an atomically precise Fe/Co/Se nanocluster platform, [Fe3(L)2Co6Se8L'6]+ ([1(L)2]+; L = CN t Bu, THF; L' = Ph2PN(-)Tol), in which allosteric interadsorbate effects give rise to pronounced site-differentiation. Using a combination of spectroscopic techniques and single-crystal X-ray diffractometry, we discover that coordination of THF at the ligand-free Fe site in [1(CN t Bu)2]+ sets off a domino effect wherein allosteric through-cluster interactions promote the regioselective dissociation of CN t Bu at a neighboring Fe site. Computational analysis reveals that this active site correlation is a result of delocalized Fe···Se···Co···Se covalent interactions that intertwine edge sites on the same cluster face. This study provides an unprecedented atom-scale glimpse into how interfacial metal-support interactions mediate a collective and regiospecific path for substrate exchange across multiple active sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan
A. Kephart
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Daniel Y. Zhou
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Jason Sandwisch
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Nathalia Cajiao
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Sebastian M. Krajewski
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Paul Malinowski
- Department
of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Jiun-Haw Chu
- Department
of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Michael L. Neidig
- Inorganic
Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Werner Kaminsky
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Alexandra Velian
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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2
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Havenridge S, Liu C. A Theoretical Benchmark of the Geometric and Optical Properties for 3d Transition Metal Nanoclusters via Density Functional Theory. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:3947-3956. [PMID: 38729915 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c00408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Understanding structure-property relationships in atomically precise metal nanoclusters is vital in finding selective and tunable catalysts. In this study, density functional theory (DFT) was used to benchmark seven exchange correlation functionals at different basis sets for 17 atomically precise nanoclusters against experimentally determined geometries, band gaps, and optical gaps. The set contains both monometallic and bimetallic clusters that possess at least two types of 3d transition metals (specifically, Cu, Ni, Fe, or Co). The benchmark highlights that PBE0 is a good functional to use regardless of the basis set, and Minnesota functionals do well with respect to specific metals. Further, while long-range corrected functionals overestimate band and optical gaps, they model absorption features better than the other considered functionals. The study additionally looks at the photoinduced hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and the CO2 reduction mechanism on nanoclusters reported from the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shana Havenridge
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Cong Liu
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
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3
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Gholipour-Ranjbar H, Samayoa-Oviedo HY, Laskin J. Controlled Formation of Fused Metal Chalcogenide Nanoclusters Using Soft Landing of Gaseous Fragment Ions. ACS NANO 2023; 17:17427-17435. [PMID: 37638846 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c05545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
The complete ligation of nanoclusters significantly reduces their chemical reactivity, catalytic activity, and charge transfer properties. Therefore, in applications, nanoclusters are activated through partial ligand removal to take advantage of their full potential. However, the precise control of ligand removal in the condensed phase is challenging. In this study, we examine the reactivity of well-defined activated nanoclusters on surfaces prepared through controlled ligand removal in the gas phase. To accomplish this, we utilized a specially designed ion soft-landing instrument equipped with a collision cell to prepare mass-selected fragment ions, which were then deposited onto self-assembled monolayer (SAM) surfaces. Specifically, we generated fragment ions by selectively removing one or two ligands from a series of atomically precise ligated metal sulfide clusters, Co5MS8(L1)6+ (M = Co, Mn, Fe, or Ni, L1 = PEt3). Removal of one ligand from Co5MS8(L1)6+ (M = Co, Mn, Ni) generates Co5MS8(L1)5+ species, which undergo selective dimerization on SAMs. Meanwhile, Co5FeS8(L1)5+ is unreactive and remains intact when it is deposited onto a SAM surface. In contrast, fragments formed by the removal of two ligands, Co5MS8(L1)4+, undergo several nonselective reactions and generate larger fused clusters. We found that the reactivity of the Co5MS8(L1)5+ fragment ions is correlated with the gas phase stability of the corresponding precursor ion toward ligand loss. Specifically, the relatively unstable precursor ion, Co5FeS8(L1)6+, generates the least reactive fragment. Meanwhile, the more stable precursor ions generate more reactive Co5MS8(L1)5+ fragments that dimerize on surfaces. This observation was also confirmed by co-deposition of fragment ions with two different ligands, Co5MS8(L1)5+ and Co5MS8(L2)5+ (L1 = PEt3 and L2 = PEt2Ph), where fragments generated from more stable precursor ions tend to dimerize and generate dimers with mixed ligands. This study unveils the previously unrecognized potential of fragment ions in generating compounds that are difficult to synthesize using conventional methods. Additionally, it provides a mechanistic understanding of the observed reactivity. Mass-selected deposition of well-defined fragment ions emerges as a powerful approach for designing materials by precisely activating and depositing undercoordinated ligated nanoclusters onto surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hugo Y Samayoa-Oviedo
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Julia Laskin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
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4
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Jackson BA, Khan SN, Miliordos E. A fresh perspective on metal ammonia molecular complexes and expanded metals: opportunities in catalysis and quantum information. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:10572-10587. [PMID: 37555315 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc02956e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in our comprehension of the electronic structure of metal ammonia complexes have opened avenues for novel materials with diffuse electrons. These complexes in their ground state can host peripheral "Rydberg" electrons which populate a hydrogenic-type shell model imitating atoms. Aggregates of such complexes form the so-called expanded or liquid metals. Expanded metals composed of d- and f-block metal ammonia complexes offer properties, such as magnetic moments and larger numbers of diffuse electrons, not present for alkali and alkaline earth (s-block) metals. In addition, tethering metal ammonia complexes via hydrocarbon chains (replacement of ammonia ligands with diamines) yields materials that can be used for redox catalysis and quantum computing, sensing, and optics. This perspective summarizes the recent findings for gas-phase isolated metal ammonia complexes and projects the obtained knowledge to the condensed phase regime. Possible applications for the newly introduced expanded metals and linked solvated electrons precursors are discussed and future directions are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Jackson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849-5312, USA.
| | - Shahriar N Khan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849-5312, USA.
| | - Evangelos Miliordos
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849-5312, USA.
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5
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Bostelaar TM, Brown AC, Sridharan A, Suess DLM. A general method for metallocluster site-differentiation. NATURE SYNTHESIS 2023; 2:740-748. [PMID: 39055685 PMCID: PMC11271975 DOI: 10.1038/s44160-023-00286-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
The deployment of metalloclusters in applications such as catalysis and materials synthesis requires robust methods for site-differentiation: the conversion of clusters with symmetric ligand spheres to those with unsymmetrical ligand spheres. However, imparting precise patterns of site-differentiation is challenging because, compared with mononuclear complexes, the ligands bound to clusters exert limited spatial and electronic influence on one another. Here, we report a method that employs sterically encumbering ligands to bind to only a subset of a cluster's coordination sites. Specifically, we show that homoleptic, phosphine-ligated Fe-S clusters undergo ligand substitution with N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) to give heteroleptic clusters in which the resultant clusters' site-differentiation patterns are encoded by the steric profile of the incoming NHC. This method affords access to every site-differentiation pattern for cuboidal [Fe4S4] clusters and can be extended to other cluster types, particularly in the stereoselective synthesis of site-differentiated Chevrel-type [Fe6S8] clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trever M Bostelaar
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alexandra C Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Arun Sridharan
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Daniel L M Suess
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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6
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Gholipour-Ranjbar H, Deepika, Jena P, Laskin J. Gas-phase fragmentation of single heteroatom-incorporated Co 5MS 8(PEt 3) 6+ (M = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni) nanoclusters. Commun Chem 2022; 5:130. [PMID: 36697963 PMCID: PMC9814561 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-022-00750-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Functionalization of metal-chalcogenide clusters by either replacing core atoms or by tuning the ligand is a powerful technique to tailor their properties. Central to this approach is understanding the competition between the strength of the metal-ligand and metal-metal interactions. Here, using collision-induced dissociation of atomically precise metal sulfide nanoclusters, Co5MS8L6+ (L = PEt3, M = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni) and Co5-xFexS8L6+ (x = 1-3), we study the effect of a heteroatom incorporation on the core-ligand interactions and relative stability towards fragmentation. Sequential ligand loss is the dominant dissociation pathway that competes with ligand sulfide (LS) loss. Because the ligands are attached to metal atoms, LS loss is an unusual dissociation pathway, indicating significant rearrangement of the core prior to fragmentation. Both experiments and theoretical calculations indicate the reduced stability of Co5MnS8L6+ and Co5FeS8L6+ towards the first ligand loss in comparison with their Co6S8L6+ and Co5NiS8L6+ counterparts and provide insights into the core-ligand interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habib Gholipour-Ranjbar
- grid.169077.e0000 0004 1937 2197Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906 USA
| | - Deepika
- grid.224260.00000 0004 0458 8737Department of Physics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284 USA
| | - Puru Jena
- grid.224260.00000 0004 0458 8737Department of Physics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284 USA
| | - Julia Laskin
- grid.169077.e0000 0004 1937 2197Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906 USA
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7
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Mitchell BS, Chirila A, Kephart JA, Boggiano AC, Krajewski SM, Rogers D, Kaminsky W, Velian A. Metal-Support Interactions in Molecular Single-Site Cluster Catalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:18459-18469. [PMID: 36170652 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study provides atomistic insights into the interface between a single-site catalyst and a transition metal chalcogenide support and reveals that peak catalytic activity occurs when edge/support redox cooperativity is maximized. A molecular platform MCo6Se8(PEt3)4(L)2 (1-M, M = Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, and Zn) was designed in which the active site (M)/support (Co6Se8) interactions are interrogated by systematically probing the electronic and structural changes that occur as the identity of the metal varies. All 3d transition metal 1-M clusters display remarkable catalytic activity for coupling tosyl azide and tert-butyl isocyanide, with Mn and Co derivatives showing the fastest turnover in the series. Structural, electronic, and magnetic characterization of the clusters was performed using single crystal X-ray diffraction, 1H and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, electronic absorption spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and computational methods. Distinct metal/support redox regimes can be accessed in 1-M based on the energy of the edge metal's frontier orbitals with respect to those of the cluster support. As the degree of electronic interaction between the edge and the support increases, a cooperative regime is reached wherein the support can deliver electrons to the catalytic site, increasing the reactivity of key metal-nitrenoid intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin S Mitchell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Andrei Chirila
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Jonathan A Kephart
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Andrew C Boggiano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Sebastian M Krajewski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Dylan Rogers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Werner Kaminsky
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Alexandra Velian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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8
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Bista D, Aydt AP, Anderton KJ, Paley DW, Betley TA, Reber AC, Chauhan V, Bartholomew AK, Roy X, Khanna SN. High-Spin Superatom Stabilized by Dual Subshell Filling. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:5172-5179. [PMID: 35289175 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c00731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Quantum confinement in small symmetric clusters leads to the bunching of electronic states into closely packed shells, enabling the classification of clusters with well-defined valences as superatoms. Like atoms, superatomic clusters with filled shells exhibit enhanced electronic stability. Here, we show that octahedral transition-metal chalcogenide clusters can achieve filled shell electronic configurations when they have 100 valence electrons in 50 orbitals or 114 valence electrons in 57 orbitals. While these stable clusters are intrinsically diamagnetic, we use our understanding of their electronic structures to theoretically predict that a cluster with 107 valence electrons would uniquely combine high stability and high-spin magnetic moment, attained by filling a majority subshell of 57 electrons and a minority subshell of 50 electrons. We experimentally demonstrate this predicted stability, high-spin magnetic moment (S = 7/2), and fully delocalized electronic structure in a new cluster, [NEt4]5[Fe6S8(CN)6]. This work presents the first computational and experimental demonstration of the importance of dual subshell filling in transition-metal chalcogenide clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Bista
- Department of Physics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23220, United States
| | - Alexander P Aydt
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Kevin J Anderton
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Daniel W Paley
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Theodore A Betley
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Arthur C Reber
- Department of Physics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23220, United States
| | - Vikas Chauhan
- Department of Physics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23220, United States
| | | | - Xavier Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Shiv N Khanna
- Department of Physics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23220, United States
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9
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Bartholomew AK, Meirzadeh E, Stone IB, Koay CS, Nuckolls C, Steigerwald ML, Crowther AC, Roy X. Superatom Regiochemistry Dictates the Assembly and Surface Reactivity of a Two-Dimensional Material. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:1119-1124. [PMID: 35020382 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c12072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The area of two-dimensional (2D) materials research would benefit greatly from the development of synthetically tunable van der Waals (vdW) materials. While the bottom-up synthesis of 2D frameworks from nanoscale building blocks holds great promise in this quest, there are many remaining hurdles, including the design of building blocks that reliably produce 2D lattices and the growth of macroscopic crystals that can be exfoliated to produce 2D materials. Here we report the regioselective synthesis of the cluster [trans-Co6Se8(CN)4(CO)2]3-/4-, a "superatomic" building block designed to polymerize and assemble into a 2D cyanometalate lattice whose surfaces are chemically addressable. The resulting vdW material, [Co(py)4]2[trans-Co6Se8(CN)4(CO)2], grows as bulk single crystals that can be mechanically exfoliated to produce flakes as thin as bilayers, with photolabile CO ligands on the exfoliated surface. As a proof of concept, we show that these surface CO ligands can be replaced by 4-isocyanoazobenzene under blue light irradiation. This work demonstrates that the bottom-up assembly of layered vdW materials from superatoms is a promising and versatile approach to create 2D materials with tunable physical and chemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena Meirzadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Ilana B Stone
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Christie S Koay
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Colin Nuckolls
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Michael L Steigerwald
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Andrew C Crowther
- Department of Chemistry, Barnard College, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Xavier Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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10
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Mitchell B, Krajewski SM, Kephart JA, Rogers D, Kaminsky W, Velian A. Redox-Switchable Allosteric Effects in Molecular Clusters. JACS AU 2022; 2:92-96. [PMID: 35098225 PMCID: PMC8790731 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that allosteric effects and redox state changes can be harnessed to create a switch that selectively and reversibly regulates the coordination chemistry of a single site on the surface of a molecular cluster. This redox-switchable allostery is employed as a guiding force to assemble the molecular clusters Zn3Co6Se8L'6 (L' = Ph2PN(H)Tol, Ph = phenyl, Tol = 4-tolyl) into materials of predetermined dimensionality (1- or 2-D) and to encode them with emissive properties. This work paves the path to program the assembly and function of inorganic clusters into stimuli-responsive, atomically precise materials.
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11
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Saito N, Nishiyama D, Matsushita Y, Wada Y, Cordier S, Ohsawa T, Grasset F, Ohashi N. Reentrant structural and optical properties of organic–inorganic hybrid metal cluster compound (( n-C 4H 9) 4N) 2[Mo 6Br i8Br a6]. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce01033f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A metal cluster-based inorganic–organic hybrid compound, (TBA)2[Mo6Bri8Bra6], exhibits a reentrant transition of the crystallographic structure and photoluminescence property in a low temperature range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norio Saito
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
- CNRS-Saint-Gobain-NIMS, IRL 3629, Laboratory for Innovative Key Materials and Structures (LINK), National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, 305-0044 Tsukuba, Japan
- NIMS-Saint-Gobain Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials, NIMS, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Daiki Nishiyama
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Matsushita
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Wada
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | | | - Takeo Ohsawa
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
- NIMS-Saint-Gobain Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials, NIMS, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Fabien Grasset
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
- CNRS-Saint-Gobain-NIMS, IRL 3629, Laboratory for Innovative Key Materials and Structures (LINK), National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, 305-0044 Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Naoki Ohashi
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
- CNRS-Saint-Gobain-NIMS, IRL 3629, Laboratory for Innovative Key Materials and Structures (LINK), National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, 305-0044 Tsukuba, Japan
- NIMS-Saint-Gobain Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials, NIMS, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
- Materials Research Center for Element Strategy (MCES), Tokyo Tech, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
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12
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Reed DA, Hochuli TJ, Gadjieva NA, He S, Wiscons RA, Bartholomew AK, Champsaur AM, Steigerwald ML, Roy X, Nuckolls C. Controlling Ligand Coordination Spheres and Cluster Fusion in Superatoms. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 144:306-313. [PMID: 34937334 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c09901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We show that reaction pathways from a single superatom motif can be controlled through subtle electronic modification of the outer ligand spheres. Chevrel-type [Co6Se8L6] (L = PR3, CO) superatoms are used to form carbene-terminated clusters, the reactivity of which can be influenced through the electronic effects of the surrounding ligands. This carbene provides new routes for ligand substitution chemistry, which is used to selectively install cyanide or pyridine ligands which were previously inaccessible in these cobalt-based clusters. The surrounding ligands also impact the ability of this carbene to create larger fused clusters of the type [Co12Se16L10], providing underlying information for cluster fusion mechanisms. We use this information to develop methods of creating dimeric clusters with functionalized surface ligands with site specificity, putting new ligands in specific positions on this anisotropic core. Finally, adjusting the carbene intermediates can also be used to perturb the geometry of the [Co6Se8] core itself, as we demonstrate with a multicarbene adduct that displays a substantially anisotropic core. These additional levels of synthetic control could prove instrumental for using superatomic clusters for many applications including catalysis, electronic devices, and creating novel extended structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas A Reed
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Taylor J Hochuli
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Natalia A Gadjieva
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Shoushou He
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Ren A Wiscons
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | | | - Anouck M Champsaur
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Michael L Steigerwald
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Xavier Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Colin Nuckolls
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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13
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Mai Y, Balzen AK, Torres RK, Callahan MP, Colson AC. A Modular Strategy for Expanding Electron-Sink Capacity in Noncanonical Cluster Assemblies. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:17733-17743. [PMID: 34748324 PMCID: PMC8653162 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
A modular synthetic
strategy is described whereby organometallic
complexes exhibiting considerable electron-sink capacity may be assembled
by using only a few simple molecular components. The Fe2(PPh2)2(CO)5 fragment was selected
as a common electroactive component and was assembled around aromatic
cores bearing one, two, or three isocyanide functional groups, with
the resultant complexes possessing electron-sink capacities of two,
four, and six electrons, respectively. The latter complex is noteworthy
in that its electron-sink capacity was found to rival that of large
multinuclear clusters (e.g., [Ni32C6(CO)36]6– and [Ni38Pt6(CO)48]6–), which are often considered as benchmarks
of electron-sink behavior. Moreover, the modular assembly bearing
three Fe2(PPh2)2(CO)5 fragments
was observed to undergo reduction to a hexaanionic state over a potential
window of about −1.4 to −2.1 V (vs Fc/Fc+), the relatively compressed range being attributed to potential
inversions operative during the addition of the second, fourth, and
sixth electrons. Such complexes may be designated noncanonical
clusters because they exhibit redox properties similar to
those of large multinuclear clusters yet lack the extensive network
of metal–metal bonds and the condensed metallic cores that
typify the latter. By use of a
modular synthetic strategy and relatively few
molecular components, organometallic complexes exhibiting considerable
electron-sink capacity have been characterized. Complexes bearing
one, two, or three Fe2(PPh2)2(CO)5 fragments bound to aromatic isocyanide cores were found to
possess electron-sink capacities of two, four, and six electrons,
respectively, the latter rivaling the electron-sink capacity of large
polynuclear cluster benchmarks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yume Mai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725, United States
| | - Alexandria K Balzen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725, United States
| | - Rebecca K Torres
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725, United States
| | - Michael P Callahan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725, United States
| | - Adam C Colson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725, United States
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14
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Gamage EH, Clark JK, Yazback M, Cheng HP, Shatruk M, Kovnir K. Solvothermal Synthesis of [Cr 7 S 8 (en) 8 Cl 2 ]Cl 3 ⋅ 2H 2 O with Magnetically Frustrated [Cr 7 S 8 ] 5+ Double-Cubes*. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202103761. [PMID: 34757673 PMCID: PMC9300142 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A novel transition metal chalcohalide [Cr7S8(en)8Cl2]Cl3 ⋅ 2H2O, with [Cr7S8]5+ dicubane cationic clusters, has been synthesized by a low temperature solvothermal method, using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and ethylenediamine (en) solvents. Ethylenediamine ligand exhibits bi‐ and monodentate coordination modes; in the latter case ethylenediamine coordinates to Cr atoms of adjacent clusters, giving rise to a 2D polymeric structure. Although magnetic susceptibility shows no magnetic ordering down to 1.8 K, a highly negative Weiss constant, θ=−224(2) K, obtained from Curie‐Weiss fit of inverse susceptibility, suggests strong antiferromagnetic (AFM) interactions between S=3/2 Cr(III) centers. Due to the complexity of the system with (2S+1)7=16384 microstates from seven Cr3+ centers, a simplified model with only two exchange constants was used for simulations. Density‐functional theory (DFT) calculations yielded the two exchange constants to be J1=−21.4 cm−1 and J2=−30.2 cm−1, confirming competing AFM coupling between the shared Cr3+ center and the peripheral Cr3+ ions of the dicubane cluster. The best simulation of the experimental data was obtained with J1=−20.0 cm−1 and J2=−21.0 cm−1, in agreement with the slightly stronger AFM exchange within the triangles of the peripheral Cr3+ ions as compared to the AFM exchange between the central and peripheral Cr3+ ions. This compound is proposed as a synthon towards magnetically frustrated systems assembled by linking dicubane transition metal‐chalcogenide clusters into polymeric networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eranga H Gamage
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA.,Ames Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA
| | - Judith K Clark
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, 32306, USA
| | - Maher Yazback
- Department of Physics, Center for Molecular Magnetic Quantum Materials, and Quantum Theory Project, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA
| | - Hai-Ping Cheng
- Department of Physics, Center for Molecular Magnetic Quantum Materials, and Quantum Theory Project, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA
| | - Michael Shatruk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, 32306, USA.,National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, Florida, 32310, USA
| | - Kirill Kovnir
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA.,Ames Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA
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15
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Deng G, Teo BK, Zheng N. Assembly of Chiral Cluster-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks and the Chirality Memory Effect during their Disassembly. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:10214-10220. [PMID: 34181853 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c03251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Many metal clusters are intrinsically chiral but are often synthesized as a racemic mixture. By taking chiral Ag14(SPh(CF3)2)12(PPh3)4(DMF)4 (Ag14) clusters with bulky thiolate ligands as an example, we demonstrate herein an interesting assembly disassembly (ASDS) strategy to obtain the corresponding, optically pure crystals of both homochiral enantiomers, R-Ag14m and S-Ag14m. The ASDS strategy makes use of two bidentate linkers with different chiral configurations, namely, (1R,2R,N1E,N2E)-N1,N2-bis(pyridin-3-ylmethylene)cyclohexane-1,2-diamine (LR) and the corresponding chiral analogue LS. For comparison, we also use the racemic mixture of equimolar of LR and LS (LRS). Three three-dimensional (3D) Ag14-based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) were characterized by X-ray crystallography to be [Ag14(SPh(CF3)2)12(PPh3)4(LR)2]n (Ag14-LR), [Ag14(SPh(CF3)2)12(PPh3)4(LS)2]n (Ag14-LS), and [Ag14(SPh(CF3)2)12(PPh3)4(LRS)2]n (Ag14-LRS), respectively. As expected, the building blocks in Ag14-LR or Ag14-LS are homochiral R-Ag14 or S-Ag14, respectively. In contrast, Ag14-LRS is achiral and crystallizes with a diamond-like structure containing alternate R-Ag14 and S-Ag14 clusters. During the assembly process, the racemic Ag14 clusters were converted to homochiral building blocks, namely, R-Ag14 for Ag14-LR and S-Ag14 for Ag14-LS. Subsequently, the chiral linkers were removed from the crystals of Ag14-LR and Ag14-LS via hydrolysis with water, and from the disassembled solid material Ag14-DR and Ag14-DS, optically pure enantiomers R-Ag14m and S-Ag14m were obtained. It is hoped that this simple assembly strategy can be used to construct cluster-based chiral assemblage materials and that the subsequent disassembly protocol can be used to obtain optically pure chiral cluster molecules from as-prepared racemic mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guocheng Deng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Preparation Technology of Nanomaterials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Boon K Teo
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Preparation Technology of Nanomaterials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Nanfeng Zheng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Preparation Technology of Nanomaterials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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16
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Pun AB, Mazzotti S, Mule AS, Norris DJ. Understanding Discrete Growth in Semiconductor Nanocrystals: Nanoplatelets and Magic-Sized Clusters. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:1545-1554. [PMID: 33660971 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
ConspectusSemiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) fluoresce with a color that strongly depends on their size and shape. Thus, to obtain homogeneous optical properties, researchers have strived to synthesize particles that are uniform. However, because NCs typically grow through continuous, incremental addition of material, slight differences in the growth process between individual crystallites yield statistical distributions in size and shape, leading to inhomogeneities in their optical characteristics. Much work has focused on improving synthetic protocols to control these distributions and enhance performance. Interestingly, during these efforts, several syntheses were discovered that exhibit a different type of growth process. The NCs jump from one discrete size to the next. Through purification methods, one of these sizes can then be isolated, providing a different approach to uniform NCs. Unfortunately, the fundamental mechanism behind such discrete growth and how it differs from the conventional continuous process have remained poorly understood.Discrete growth has been observed in two major classes of NCs: semiconductor nanoplatelets (NPLs) and magic-sized clusters (MSCs). NPLs are quasi-two-dimensional crystallites that exhibit a precise thickness of only a few atomic layers but much larger lateral dimensions. During growth, NPLs slowly appear with an increasing number of monolayers. By halting this process at a specific time, NPLs with a desired thickness can then be isolated (e.g., four monolayers). Because the optical properties are primarily governed by this thickness, which is uniform, NPLs exhibit improved optical properties such as narrower fluorescence line widths.While NPLs have highly anisotropic shapes and show discrete growth only in one dimension (thickness), MSCs are isotropic particles. The name "magic" arose because a specific set of NC sizes appear during synthesis. They have been believed to represent special atomic arrangements that possess enhanced structural stability. Historically, they were very small, hence molecular-scale "clusters." Isolation of one of the MSC sizes can then, in principle, provide a uniform sample of NCs. More recently, MSC growth has been extended to larger sizes, beyond what is commonly considered to be the "cluster" regime, challenging the conventional explanation for these materials.This Account summarizes recent work by our group to understand the mechanism that governs discrete growth in semiconductor NCs. We begin by describing the synthesis of NPLs. Next, we discuss the mechanism behind the highly anisotropic shape of NPLs. We build on this by examining the ripening process in NPLs. We show that NPLs slowly appear with increasing thickness, counterintuitively through lateral growth. Then, we turn to the synthesis of MSCs, in particular focusing on their growth mechanism. Our findings indicate a strong connection between NPLs and MSCs. Finally, we review several remaining challenges for the growth of NPLs and MSCs and give a brief outlook on the future of discrete growth. By understanding the underlying process, we believe that it can be exploited more broadly, potentially moving us toward more uniform nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B. Pun
- Optical Materials Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sergio Mazzotti
- Optical Materials Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Aniket S. Mule
- Optical Materials Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David J. Norris
- Optical Materials Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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17
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Xue D, Wu D, Chen Z, Li Y, Sun W, Liu J, Li Z. On Close Parallels between the Zintl-Based Superatom Ge9Be and Chalcogen Elements. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:3196-3206. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c03531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Duomei Xue
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, P. R. China
| | - Di Wu
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, P. R. China
| | - Zeren Chen
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, P. R. China
| | - Ying Li
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, P. R. China
| | - WeiMing Sun
- Department of Basic Chemistry, The School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
| | - Jingyao Liu
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, P. R. China
| | - Zhiru Li
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, P. R. China
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18
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Bonacchi S, Antonello S, Dainese T, Maran F. Atomically Precise Metal Nanoclusters: Novel Building Blocks for Hierarchical Structures. Chemistry 2021; 27:30-38. [PMID: 32794586 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Atomically precise ligand-protected nanoclusters (NCs) constitute an important class of compounds that exhibit well-defined structures and, when sufficiently small, evident molecular properties. NCs provide versatile building blocks to fabricate hierarchical superstructures. The assembly of NCs indeed offers opportunities to devise new materials with given structures and able to carry out specific functions. In this Concept article, we highlight the possibilities offered by NCs in which the physicochemical properties are controlled by the introduction of foreign metal atoms and/or modification of the composition of the capping monolayer with functional ligands. Different approaches to assemble NCs into dimers and higher hierarchy structures and the corresponding changes in physicochemical properties are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bonacchi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Sabrina Antonello
- Department of Chemistry, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Tiziano Dainese
- Department of Chemistry, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Flavio Maran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy.,Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, 06269, Connecticut, USA
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19
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Kephart JA, Boggiano AC, Kaminsky W, Velian A. Inorganic clusters as metalloligands: ligand effects on the synthesis and properties of ternary nanopropeller clusters. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:16464-16473. [PMID: 33237061 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt02416c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Redox-active multimetallic platforms with synthetically addressable and hemilabile active sites are attractive synthetic targets for mimicking the reactivity of enzymatic co-factors toward multielectron transformations. To this end, a family of ternary clusters featuring three edge metal sites anchored on a [Co6Se8] multimetallic support via amidophosphine ligands are a promising platform. In this report, we explore how small changes in the stereoelectronic properties of these ligands alter [Co6Se8] metalloligand formation, but also substrate binding affinity and strength of the edge/support interaction in two new ternary clusters, M3Co6Se8L6 (M = Zn, Fe; L(-) = Ph2PN(-)iPr). These clusters are characterized extensively using a range of methods, including single crystal X-ray diffraction, electronic absorption spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. Substrate binding studies reveal that Fe3Co6Se8L6 resists coordination of larger ligands like pyridine or tetrahydrofuran, but binds the smaller ligand CNtBu. Additionally, investigations into the synthesis of new [Co6Se8] metalloligands using two aminophosphines, Ph2PN(H)iPr (LH) and iPr2PN(H)iPr, led to the synthesis and characterization of Co6Se8LH6, as well as the smaller clusters Co4Se2(CO)6LH4, Co3Se(μ2-PPh2)(CO)4LH3, and [Co(CO)3(iPr2PN(H)iPr)]2. Cumulatively, this study expands our understanding on the effect of the stereoelectronic properties of aminophosphine ligands in the synthesis of cobalt chalcogenide clusters, and, importantly on modulating the push-pull dynamic between the [Co6Se8] support, the edge metals and incoming coordinating ligands in ternary M3Co6Se8L6 clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Kephart
- University of Washington, Department of Chemistry, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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20
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Gunasekaran S, Reed DA, Paley DW, Bartholomew AK, Venkataraman L, Steigerwald ML, Roy X, Nuckolls C. Single-Electron Currents in Designer Single-Cluster Devices. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:14924-14932. [PMID: 32809814 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c04970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Atomically precise clusters can be used to create single-electron devices wherein a single redox-active cluster is connected to two macroscopic electrodes via anchoring ligands. Unlike single-electron devices comprising nanocrystals, these cluster-based devices can be fabricated with atomic precision. This affords an unprecedented level of control over the device properties. Herein, we design a series of cobalt chalcogenide clusters with varying ligand geometries and core nuclearities to control their current-voltage (I-V) characteristics in a scanning tunneling microscope-based break junction (STM-BJ) device. First, the device geometry is modified by precisely positioning junction-anchoring ligands on the surface of the cluster. We show that the I-V characteristics are independent of ligand placement, confirming a sequential, single-electron tunneling mechanism. Next, we chemically fuse two clusters to realize a larger cluster dimer that behaves as a single electronic unit, possessing a smaller reorganization energy and more accessible redox states than the monomeric analogues. As a result, dimer-based devices exhibit significantly higher currents and can even be pushed to current saturation at high bias. Owing to these controllable properties, single-cluster junctions serve as an excellent platform for exploring incoherent charge transport processes at the nanoscale. With this understanding, as well as properties such as nonlinear I-V characteristics and rectification, these molecular clusters may function as conductive inorganic nodes in new devices and materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Gunasekaran
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Douglas A Reed
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Daniel W Paley
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | | | - Latha Venkataraman
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States.,Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Michael L Steigerwald
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Xavier Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Colin Nuckolls
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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21
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Kephart JA, Romero CG, Tseng CC, Anderton KJ, Yankowitz M, Kaminsky W, Velian A. Hierarchical nanosheets built from superatomic clusters: properties, exfoliation and single-crystal-to-single-crystal intercalation. Chem Sci 2020; 11:10744-10751. [PMID: 34094327 PMCID: PMC8162370 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc03506h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuning the properties of atomic crystals in the two-dimensional (2D) limit is synthetically challenging, but critical to unlock their potential in fundamental research and nanotechnology alike. 2D crystals assembled using superatomic blocks could provide a route to encrypt desirable functionality, yet strategies to link the inorganic blocks together in predetermined dimensionality or symmetry are scarce. Here, we describe the synthesis of anisotropic van der Waals crystalline frameworks using the designer superatomic nanocluster Co3(py)3Co6Se8L6 (py = pyridine, L = Ph2PN(Tol)), and ditopic linkers. Post-synthetically, the 3D crystals can be mechanically exfoliated into ultrathin flakes (8 to 60 nm), or intercalated with the redox-active guest tetracyanoethylene in a single-crystal-to-single-crystal transformation. Extensive characterization, including by single crystal X-ray diffraction, reveals how intrinsic features of the nanocluster, such as its structure, chirality, redox-activity and magnetic profile, predetermine key properties of the emerging 2D structures. Within the nanosheets, the strict and unusual stereoselectivity of the nanocluster's Co edges for the low symmetry (α,α,β) isomer gives rise to in-plane structural anisotropy, while the helically chiral nanoclusters self-organize into alternating Δ- and Λ-homochiral rows. The nanocluster's high-spin Co edges, and its rich redox profile make the nanosheets both magnetically and electrochemically active, as revealed by solid state magnetic and cyclic voltammetry studies. The length and flexibility of the ditopic linker was varied, and found to have a secondary effect on the structure and stacking of the nanosheets within the 3D crystals. With these results we introduce a deterministic and versatile synthetic entry to programmable functionality and symmetry in 2D superatomic crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Kephart
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington Seattle Washington 98195 USA
| | - Catherine G Romero
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington Seattle Washington 98195 USA
| | - Chun-Chih Tseng
- Department of Physics, University of Washington Seattle Washington 98195 USA
| | - Kevin J Anderton
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University Cambridge Massachusetts 02138 USA
| | - Matthew Yankowitz
- Department of Physics, University of Washington Seattle Washington 98195 USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington Seattle Washington 98195 USA
| | - Werner Kaminsky
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington Seattle Washington 98195 USA
| | - Alexandra Velian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington Seattle Washington 98195 USA
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22
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Xie J, Wang L, Anderson JS. Heavy chalcogenide-transition metal clusters as coordination polymer nodes. Chem Sci 2020; 11:8350-8372. [PMID: 34123098 PMCID: PMC8163426 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc03429k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
While metal-oxygen clusters are widely used as secondary building units in the construction of coordination polymers or metal-organic frameworks, multimetallic nodes with heavier chalcogenide atoms (S, Se, and Te) are comparatively untapped. The lower electronegativity of heavy chalcogenides means that transition metal clusters of these elements generally exhibit enhanced coupling, delocalization, and redox-flexibility. Leveraging these features in coordination polymers provides these materials with extraordinary properties in catalysis, conductivity, magnetism, and photoactivity. In this perspective, we summarize common transition metal heavy chalcogenide building blocks including polynuclear metal nodes with organothiolate/selenolate or anionic heavy chalcogenide atoms. Based on recent discoveries, we also outline potential challenges and opportunities for applications in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaze Xie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago Chicago Illinois 60637 USA
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago Chicago Illinois 60637 USA
| | - John S Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago Chicago Illinois 60637 USA
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23
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Gadjieva NA, Champsaur AM, Steigerwald ML, Roy X, Nuckolls C. Dimensional Control of Assembling Metal Chalcogenide Clusters. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A. Gadjieva
- Department of Chemistry Columbia University 3000 Broadway 10027 New York New York USA
| | - Anouck M. Champsaur
- Department of Chemistry Columbia University 3000 Broadway 10027 New York New York USA
| | | | - Xavier Roy
- Department of Chemistry Columbia University 3000 Broadway 10027 New York New York USA
| | - Colin Nuckolls
- Department of Chemistry Columbia University 3000 Broadway 10027 New York New York USA
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24
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Telford EJ, Russell JC, Swann JR, Fowler B, Wang X, Lee K, Zangiabadi A, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Nuckolls C, Batail P, Zhu X, Malen JA, Dean CR, Roy X. Doping-Induced Superconductivity in the van der Waals Superatomic Crystal Re 6Se 8Cl 2. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:1718-1724. [PMID: 32065756 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b04891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Superatomic crystals are composed of discrete modular clusters that emulate the role of atoms in traditional atomic solids. Owing to their unique hierarchical structures, these materials are promising candidates to host exotic phenomena, such as doping-induced superconductivity and magnetism. Low-dimensional superatomic crystals in particular hold great potential as electronic components in nanocircuits, but the impact of doping in such compounds remains unexplored. Here we report the electrical transport properties of Re6Se8Cl2, a two-dimensional superatomic semiconductor. We find that this compound can be n-doped in situ through Cl dissociation, drastically altering the transport behavior from semiconducting to metallic and giving rise to superconductivity with a critical temperature of ∼8 K and upper critical field exceeding 30 T. This work is the first example of superconductivity in a van der Waals superatomic crystal; more broadly, it establishes a new chemical strategy to manipulate the electronic properties of van der Waals materials with labile ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan J Telford
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Jake C Russell
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Joshua R Swann
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Brandon Fowler
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Xiaoman Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Kihong Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Amirali Zangiabadi
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044 Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044 Japan
| | - Colin Nuckolls
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Patrick Batail
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
- Laboratoire MOLTECH, CNRS UMR 6200, Université d'Angers, 49045 Angers, France
| | - Xiaoyang Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Jonathan A Malen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Cory R Dean
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Xavier Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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25
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Muñoz-Castro A. Triple 1D[triple bond, length as m-dash]1D superatomic bonding. Au 22(dppo) 6 as a Π 4- and Δ 2-triply bonded cluster based on Au 11 assembled units. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 22:1422-1426. [PMID: 31859297 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp05790k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
δ-Bonds have been intimately related to metal-metal bonds of d-elements since the archetypal d4-d4 [Re2Cl8]2- ion with a σ2π4δ2 bond. Currently, the notion of multiple superatom arrangements as initial steps toward molecular materials within the building-up approach is dominated by P-shell characteristics, as given in the well-described Au25(SR)18 ligand protected cluster. In this work we rationalize the Au22(dppo)6 cluster as a triple-bonded 22-valence electron (ve) supermolecule, featuring a bonding scheme based on 1D + 1D shell combinations, which largely contrasts with the 14-ve Au38(SR)24 with mainly 1P + 1P patterns mimicking a F2 molecule. The resulting Π4Δ2-bonding pattern shows an unprecedented superatomic counterpart of a d-shell based bond inherently related to transition-metal dimers, adding useful key aspects to the understanding of species based on cluster-assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Muñoz-Castro
- Grupo de Química Inorgánica y Materiales Moleculares, Facultad de Ingenieria, Universidad Autonoma de Chile, El Llano Subercaseaux 2801, Santiago, Chile.
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26
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Pham HT, Dang CTP, Trung NT, Ngan VT. Transformation between Hexagonal Prism and Antiprism of the Singly and Doubly Cr-Doped Ge 12 Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:10721-10729. [PMID: 31756105 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b08052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Structural transformation is a unique characteristic of atomic clusters, but it turns out very different from cluster to cluster. This theoretical study proves that the isomeric transformation between hexagonal prism and hexagonal antiprism is found for the doubly doped Cr2Ge12 cluster but not for singly doped CrGe12 cluster. We confirm that the ground state of CrGe12 is the distorted hexagonal prism C2h at the 3Bg triplet state instead of various shapes predicted in the previous studies. Upon comparison between the estimation at the B3P86/6-311+G(d) level of theory and the detachment energies measured by photoelectron spectroscopy, hexagonal antiprismatic shape is identified as the most stable isomer of the Cr2Ge12 cluster and it is easy to transform to the hexagonal prism-a less stable isomer by the rotation of the hexagonal rings. That is the first evidence for the structural transformation between a hexagonal prism and an antiprism of the germanium clusters, referring to the ability of Ge-based clusters in the formation of tubular geometry by doping Cr atoms. All the low-energy isomers of both Cr-doped germanium clusters have high magnetic moments. Interestingly, there is a tuning in magnetic properties of Cr2Ge12 from the ferromagnetism of the lowest-lying hexagonal antiprism to the ferrimagnetism of the higher-energy hexagonal prism. The stronger Cr-Cr bond and stronger interaction between the Cr2 moiety and the antiprism cage are accounted for by the higher stability of the hexagonal antiprismatic isomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung Tan Pham
- Department of Chemistry , KU Leuven , 3000 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Cam-Tu Phan Dang
- Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Modelling (LCCM), Department of Chemistry , Quy Nhon University , 170 An Duong Vuong , Quy Nhon City , Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Tien Trung
- Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Modelling (LCCM), Department of Chemistry , Quy Nhon University , 170 An Duong Vuong , Quy Nhon City , Vietnam
| | - Vu Thi Ngan
- Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Modelling (LCCM), Department of Chemistry , Quy Nhon University , 170 An Duong Vuong , Quy Nhon City , Vietnam
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Ramondo F, Leonzi I, Meloni G. Reducing Properties of Superalkalis on Pyridinic Graphene Surfaces: a Computational Study. Chemphyschem 2019; 20:3251-3258. [PMID: 31609060 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201900789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The hyperlithiated species Li k + 1 F k (k=1, 2, 3, and 4) have been studied by quantum mechanical (QM) methods. Different structures have been localized for each molecule by the CBS-QB3 composite method: all the isomers show superalkali properties and strong tendency to donate an electron to carbon dioxide forming stable Li k + 1 F k · · · CO 2 complexes. With the aim to find molecular systems able to stabilize superalkalis, geometries of complexes between superalkalis and pyridine and superalkalis and graphene surfaces doped with a pyridinic vacancy were calculated. The pyridinic graphene sheets were modeled with two finite molecular systems C69 H21 N3 and C117 H27 N3 . The interaction with one pyridine molecule is quite weak and the superalkali maintains its structure and electron properties. The affinity for graphene sheets is instead stronger and the superalkalis tend to deform their geometry to better interact with the graphene surface. However, the superalkalis continue to show the tendency to transfer electrons to carbon dioxide reducing CO2 , as found in graphene absence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Ramondo
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, I-67100, L'Aquila, Italy.,Department of Chemistry, University of Rome La Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 5, I-00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilenia Leonzi
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, I-67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Giovanni Meloni
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, I-67100, L'Aquila, Italy.,Department of Chemistry, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94117, USA
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28
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Doud EA, Butler CJ, Paley DW, Roy X. Nickel Phosphinidene Molecular Clusters from Organocyclophosphine Precursors. Chemistry 2019; 25:10840-10844. [PMID: 31276601 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We report a new family of nickel phosphinidene molecular clusters synthesized from the reaction of bis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)nickel(0) ([Ni(cod)2 ]) with organocyclophosphine and trialkylphosphine. We found that [Ni(cod)2 ] cleaves the organocyclophosphine P-P bonds to generate phosphinidene groups, establishing the cyclic molecules as valuable precursors for making charge-neutral molecular clusters passivated by two-electron donor capping ligands. The formation of the cluster core structure is controlled by the bulkiness of the precursor and of the capping ligand. As a demonstration of this new cluster-forming reaction, we describe three clusters with different core nuclearity and degree of ligation: Ni12 (PMe)10 (PEt3 )8 , Ni8 (PMe)6 (PMe3 )8 , and Ni8 (PiPr)6 (PMe3 )6 . In addition, we show that the larger cluster, Ni12 (PMe)10 (PEt3 )8 , can be used as a low temperature single-source molecular precursor to the catalytically active nickel phosphide phase Ni2 P.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan A Doud
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Chiara J Butler
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Daniel W Paley
- Columbia Nano Initiative, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Xavier Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, NY, 10027, USA
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29
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Wang J, Zhao Y, Li J, Huang HC, Chen J, Cheng SB. Unveiling the electronic structures and ligation effect of the superatom-polymeric zirconium oxide clusters: a computational study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:14865-14872. [PMID: 31232409 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp01870k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Discovering the non-noble ZrO cluster as an analog of the noble metal catalyst Pd is of significance toward designing functional materials with fine-tuned properties using the superatom concept. The effect of gradually assembling the ZrO superatomic unit on the electronic structures and chemical bonding of larger ZrO-polymeric clusters, however, is unclear. Herein, by using density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the lowest-energy structures and low-lying isomers of the (ZrO)n-/0 (n = 2-5) clusters were optimized, in which every O atom in these clusters tends to connect its adjacent two Zr atoms forming metal oxygen bridge bonds. Insights into the electronic characteristics of these clusters were obtained by analyzing their molecular orbitals (MOs) and density of states (DOS). More importantly, our studies on the CO (electron acceptor) and PH3 (electron donor) ligated Zr3O3 clusters unveil that the ligation process can substantially alter the electronic properties of the clusters by tuning the HOMO and LUMO states, which may have potential applications in photovoltaics. Strikingly, the successive attachment of PH3 on Zr3O3 dramatically lowers the adiabatic ionization potential (AIP) of the ligated clusters, resulting in the formation of stable superalkali clusters with large HOMO-LUMO gaps. Furthermore, the potential of constructing the superalkali Zr3O3(PH3)5 based 1-D cluster assembled material was also examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yang Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jun Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hai-Cai Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jing Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China. and Suzhou Institute of Shandong University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Shi-Bo Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China.
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30
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Pham HT, Muya JT, Buendía F, Ceulemans A, Nguyen MT. Formation of the quasi-planar B 50 boron cluster: topological path from B 10 and disk aromaticity. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:7039-7044. [PMID: 30874278 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp00735k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The lowest-lying isomer of the B50 boron cluster is confirmed to have a quasi-planar shape with two hexagonal holes. By applying a topological (leap-frog) dual operation followed by boron capping, we demonstrated that such a quasi-planar structure actually comes from the smallest elongated B102-, and its high thermodynamic stability is due to its inherent disk aromaticity arising from its 32 valent π electrons that fully occupy a disk configuration of [(1σ)2(1π)4(1δ)4(2σ)2(1φ)4(2π)4(1γ)4(2δ)4(1η)4]. The aromatic character of the quasi-planar B50 is further supported by a strong diatropic magnetic current flow. The sudden appearance of a quasi-planar B50 again points out that the growth pattern of pure boron clusters is still far from being completely understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung Tan Pham
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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31
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Geometry and bonding of small binary boron-aluminum clusters BnAln (n = 1–7): Electron donation and interlocking aromaticity. Chem Phys Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2018.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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32
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Jin S, Zou X, Xiong L, Du W, Wang S, Pei Y, Zhu M. Bonding of Two 8‐Electron Superatom Clusters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:16768-16772. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201810718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shan Jin
- Institute of Physical Science and Information TechnologyAnhui University Hefei Anhui 230601 P. R. China
| | - Xuejuan Zou
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced MaterialsAnHui ProvinceKey Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized MaterialsAnhui University Hefei Anhui 230601 P. R. China
| | - Lin Xiong
- Department of ChemistryKey Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of EducationXiangtan University Hunan Province China 411105 P. R. China
| | - Wenjun Du
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced MaterialsAnHui ProvinceKey Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized MaterialsAnhui University Hefei Anhui 230601 P. R. China
| | - Shuxin Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced MaterialsAnHui ProvinceKey Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized MaterialsAnhui University Hefei Anhui 230601 P. R. China
| | - Yong Pei
- Department of ChemistryKey Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of EducationXiangtan University Hunan Province China 411105 P. R. China
| | - Manzhou Zhu
- Institute of Physical Science and Information TechnologyAnhui University Hefei Anhui 230601 P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced MaterialsAnHui ProvinceKey Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized MaterialsAnhui University Hefei Anhui 230601 P. R. China
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33
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Jin S, Zou X, Xiong L, Du W, Wang S, Pei Y, Zhu M. Bonding of Two 8‐Electron Superatom Clusters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201810718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shan Jin
- Institute of Physical Science and Information TechnologyAnhui University Hefei Anhui 230601 P. R. China
| | - Xuejuan Zou
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced MaterialsAnHui ProvinceKey Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized MaterialsAnhui University Hefei Anhui 230601 P. R. China
| | - Lin Xiong
- Department of ChemistryKey Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of EducationXiangtan University Hunan Province China 411105 P. R. China
| | - Wenjun Du
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced MaterialsAnHui ProvinceKey Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized MaterialsAnhui University Hefei Anhui 230601 P. R. China
| | - Shuxin Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced MaterialsAnHui ProvinceKey Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized MaterialsAnhui University Hefei Anhui 230601 P. R. China
| | - Yong Pei
- Department of ChemistryKey Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of EducationXiangtan University Hunan Province China 411105 P. R. China
| | - Manzhou Zhu
- Institute of Physical Science and Information TechnologyAnhui University Hefei Anhui 230601 P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced MaterialsAnHui ProvinceKey Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized MaterialsAnhui University Hefei Anhui 230601 P. R. China
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34
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Liu G, Pinkard A, Ciborowski SM, Chauhan V, Zhu Z, Aydt AP, Khanna SN, Roy X, Bowen KH. Tuning the electronic properties of hexanuclear cobalt sulfide superatoms via ligand substitution. Chem Sci 2018; 10:1760-1766. [PMID: 30842842 PMCID: PMC6369407 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc03862g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The electronic properties of the Co6S8L8 superatom can be tuned by changing its ligand composition while maintaining its electron count and closed shell.
Molecular clusters are attractive superatomic building blocks for creating materials with tailored properties due to their unique combination of atomic precision, tunability and functionality. The ligands passivating these superatomic clusters offer an exciting opportunity to control their electronic properties while preserving their closed shells and electron counts, which is not achievable in conventional atoms. Here we demonstrate this concept by measuring the anion photoelectron spectra of a series of hexanuclear cobalt sulfide superatomic clusters with different ratios of electron-donating and electron-withdrawing ligands, Co6S8(PEt3)6–x(CO)x (x = 0–3). We find that Co6S8(PEt3)6 has a low electron affinity (EA) of 1.1 eV, and that the successive replacement of PEt3 ligands with CO gradually shifts its electronic spectrum to lower energy and increases its EA to 1.8 eV. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the increase of EA results from a monotonic lowering of the cluster highest occupied and lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (HOMO and LUMO). Our work provides unique insights into the electronic structure and tunability of superatomic building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoxiang Liu
- Department of Chemistry , Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , Maryland 21218 , USA .
| | - Andrew Pinkard
- Department of Chemistry , Columbia University , New York , New York 10027 , USA .
| | - Sandra M Ciborowski
- Department of Chemistry , Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , Maryland 21218 , USA .
| | - Vikas Chauhan
- Department of Physics , Virginia Commonwealth University , 701 W. Grace St. , Richmond , Virginia 23284 , USA .
| | - Zhaoguo Zhu
- Department of Chemistry , Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , Maryland 21218 , USA .
| | - Alexander P Aydt
- Department of Chemistry , Columbia University , New York , New York 10027 , USA .
| | - Shiv N Khanna
- Department of Physics , Virginia Commonwealth University , 701 W. Grace St. , Richmond , Virginia 23284 , USA .
| | - Xavier Roy
- Department of Chemistry , Columbia University , New York , New York 10027 , USA .
| | - Kit H Bowen
- Department of Chemistry , Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , Maryland 21218 , USA .
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35
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McSkimming A, Suess DLM. Selective Synthesis of Site-Differentiated Fe 4S 4 and Fe 6S 6 Clusters. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:14904-14912. [PMID: 30418746 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b02684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Obtaining rational control over the structure and nuclearity of metalloclusters is an ongoing challenge in synthetic Fe-S cluster chemistry. We report a new family of tridentate imidazolin-2-imine ligands L(NImR)3 that can bind [Fe4S4]2+ or [Fe6S6]3+ clusters, depending on the steric profile of the ligand and the reaction stoichiometry. A high-yielding synthetic route to L(NImR)3 ligands (where R is the imidazolyl N substituents) from trianiline and 2-chloroimidazolium precursors is described. For L(NImMe)3 (tris(1,3,5-(3-( N, N-dimethyl-4,5-diphenylimidazolin-2-imino)phenylmethyl))benzene), metalation with 1 equiv of [Ph4P]2[Fe4S4Cl4] and 3 equiv of NaBPh4 furnishes a mixture of products, but adjusting the stoichiometry to 1.5 equiv of [Ph4P]2[Fe4S4Cl4] provides (L(NImMe)3)Fe6S6Cl6 in high yield. Formation of an [Fe6S6]3+ cluster using L(NImTol)3 (tris(1,3,5-(3-( N, N-bis(4-methylphenyl)-4,5-diphenylimidazolin-2-imino)phenylmethyl))benzene) is not observed; instead, the [Fe4S4]2+ cluster [(L(NImTol)3)(Fe4S4Cl)][BPh4] is cleanly generated when 1 equiv of [Ph4P]2[Fe4S4Cl4] is employed. The selectivity for cluster nuclearity is rationalized by the orientation of the imidazolyl rings whereby long N-imidazolyl substituents preclude formation of [Fe6S6]3+ clusters but not [Fe4S4]2+ clusters. Thus, the structure and nuclearity of L(NImR)3-bound Fe-S clusters may be selectively controlled through rational modification the ligand's substituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex McSkimming
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Daniel L M Suess
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
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36
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Hernández Sánchez R, Champsaur AM, Choi B, Wang SG, Bu W, Roy X, Chen Y, Steigerwald ML, Nuckolls C, Paley DW. Electron Cartography in Clusters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201806426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bonnie Choi
- Department of Chemistry Columbia University New York NY 10027 USA
| | | | - Wei Bu
- ChemMatCARS The University of Chicago Argonne IL 60439 USA
| | - Xavier Roy
- Department of Chemistry Columbia University New York NY 10027 USA
| | - Yu‐Sheng Chen
- ChemMatCARS The University of Chicago Argonne IL 60439 USA
| | | | - Colin Nuckolls
- Department of Chemistry Columbia University New York NY 10027 USA
| | - Daniel W. Paley
- Department of Chemistry Columbia University New York NY 10027 USA
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37
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38
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Champsaur AM, Hochuli TJ, Paley DW, Nuckolls C, Steigerwald ML. Superatom Fusion and the Nature of Quantum Confinement. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:4564-4569. [PMID: 29877705 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b01824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Quantum confinement endows colloidal semiconducting nanoparticles with many fascinating and useful properties, yet a critical limitation has been the lack of atomic precision in their size and shape. We demonstrate the emergence of quantum confined behavior for the first time in atomically defined Co6Se8(PEt3)6 superatoms by dimerizing [Co6Se8] units through direct fusion. To accomplish this dimerization, we install a reactive carbene on the [Co6Se8] core to create a latent fusion site. Then we transform the reactive carbene intermediate into a material with an expanded core, [Co12Se16], that exhibits electronic and optical properties distinct from the parent monomer. The chemical transformation presented herein allows for precise synthetic control over the ligands and size of these clusters. We show by cyclic voltammetry, infrared spectroscopy, single crystal X-ray diffraction, and density functional theory calculations that the resulting fused [Co12Se16] material exhibits strong electronic coupling and electron delocalization. We observe a bandgap reduction upon expanding the cluster core, suggesting that we have isolated a new intermediate in route to extended solids. These results are further corroborated with electronic structure calculations of a monomer, fused dimer, trimer, and tetramer species. These reactions will allow for the synthesis of extended highly delocalized wires, sheets, and cages.
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39
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Chauhan V, Khanna SN. Strong Effect of Organic Ligands on the Electronic Structure of Metal-Chalcogenide Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:6014-6020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b03355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Chauhan
- Department of Physics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2000, United States
| | - Shiv N. Khanna
- Department of Physics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2000, United States
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40
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Jena P, Sun Q. Super Atomic Clusters: Design Rules and Potential for Building Blocks of Materials. Chem Rev 2018; 118:5755-5870. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Puru Jena
- Physics Department, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2000, United States
| | - Qiang Sun
- Physics Department, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2000, United States
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41
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Pinkard A, Champsaur AM, Roy X. Molecular Clusters: Nanoscale Building Blocks for Solid-State Materials. Acc Chem Res 2018; 51:919-929. [PMID: 29605996 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The programmed assembly of nanoscale building blocks into multicomponent hierarchical structures is a powerful strategy for the bottom-up construction of functional materials. To develop this concept, our team has explored the use of molecular clusters as superatomic building blocks to fabricate new classes of materials. The library of molecular clusters is rich with exciting properties, including diverse functionalization, redox activity, and magnetic ordering, so the resulting cluster-assembled solids, which we term superatomic crystals (SACs), hold the promise of high tunability, atomic precision, and robust architectures among a diverse range of other material properties. Molecular clusters have only seldom been used as precursors for functional materials. Our team has been at the forefront of new developments in this exciting research area, and this Account focuses on our progress toward designing materials from cluster-based precursors. In particular, this Account discusses (1) the design and synthesis of molecular cluster superatomic building blocks, (2) their self-assembly into SACs, and (3) their resulting collective properties. The set of molecular clusters discussed herein is diverse, with different cluster cores and ligand arrangements to create an impressive array of solids. The cluster cores include octahedral M6E8 and cubane M4E4 (M = metal; E = chalcogen), which are typically passivated by a shell of supporting ligands, a feature upon which we have expanded upon by designing and synthesizing more exotic ligands that can be used to direct solid-state assembly. Building from this library, we have designed whole families of binary SACs where the building blocks are held together through electrostatic, covalent, or van der Waals interactions. Using single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD) to determine the atomic structure, a remarkable range of compositional variability is accessible. We can also use this technique, in tandem with vibrational spectroscopy, to ascertain features about the constituent superatomic building blocks, such as the charge of the cluster cores, by analysis of bond distances from the SCXRD data. The combination of atomic precision and intercluster interactions in these SACs produces novel collective properties, including tunable electrical transport, crystalline thermal conductivity, and ferromagnetism. In addition, we have developed a synthetic strategy to insert redox-active guests into the superstructure of SACs via single-crystal-to-single-crystal intercalation. This intercalation process allows us to tune the optical and electrical transport properties of the superatomic crystal host. These properties are explored using a host of techniques, including Raman spectroscopy, SQUID magnetometry, electrical transport measurements, electronic absorption spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and frequency-domain thermoreflectance. Superatomic crystals have proven to be both robust and tunable, representing a new method of materials design and architecture. This Account demonstrates how precisely controlling the structure and properties of nanoscale building blocks is key in developing the next generation of functional materials; several examples are discussed and detailed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Pinkard
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Anouck M. Champsaur
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Xavier Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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42
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Voevodin A, Campos LM, Roy X. Multifunctional Vesicles from a Self-assembled Cluster-Containing Diblock Copolymer. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:5607-5611. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b02041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Voevodin
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Luis M. Campos
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Xavier Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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43
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Wang ZY, Wang MQ, Li YL, Luo P, Jia TT, Huang RW, Zang SQ, Mak TCW. Atomically Precise Site-Specific Tailoring and Directional Assembly of Superatomic Silver Nanoclusters. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:1069-1076. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b11338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Yang Wang
- College
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Meng-Qi Wang
- College
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yan-Ling Li
- College
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Peng Luo
- College
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Tong-Tong Jia
- College
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Ren-Wu Huang
- College
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shuang-Quan Zang
- College
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Thomas C. W. Mak
- College
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Department
of Chemistry and Center of Novel Functional Molecules, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories Hong Kong SAR, China
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Champsaur AM, Yu J, Roy X, Paley DW, Steigerwald ML, Nuckolls C, Bejger CM. Two-Dimensional Nanosheets from Redox-Active Superatoms. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2017; 3:1050-1055. [PMID: 28979947 PMCID: PMC5620970 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.7b00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We describe a new approach to synthesize two-dimensional (2D) nanosheets from the bottom-up. We functionalize redox-active superatoms with groups that can direct their assembly into multidimensional solids. We synthesized Co6Se8[PEt2(4-C6H4COOH)]6 and found that it forms a crystalline assembly. The solid-state structure is a three-dimensional (3D) network in which the carboxylic acids form intercluster hydrogen bonds. We modify the self-assembly by replacing the reversible hydrogen bonds that hold the superatoms together with zinc carboxylate bonds via the solvothermal reaction of Co6Se8[PEt2(4-C6H4COOH)]6 with Zn(NO3)2. We obtain two types of crystalline materials using this approach: one is a 3D solid and the other consists of stacked layers of 2D sheets. The dimensionality is controlled by subtle changes in reaction conditions. These 2D sheets can be chemically exfoliated, and the exfoliated, ultrathin 2D layers are soluble. After they are deposited on a substrate, they can be imaged. We cast them onto an electrode surface and show that they retain the redox activity of the superatom building blocks due to the porosity in the sheets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouck M. Champsaur
- Department of Chemistry, and Columbia Nano Initiative, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Jaeeun Yu
- Department of Chemistry, and Columbia Nano Initiative, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Xavier Roy
- Department of Chemistry, and Columbia Nano Initiative, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Daniel W. Paley
- Department of Chemistry, and Columbia Nano Initiative, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Michael L. Steigerwald
- Department of Chemistry, and Columbia Nano Initiative, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Colin Nuckolls
- Department of Chemistry, and Columbia Nano Initiative, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Christopher M. Bejger
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, United States
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Shott JL, Freeman MB, Saleh NA, Jones DS, Paley DW, Bejger C. Ball and Socket Assembly of Binary Superatomic Solids Containing Trinuclear Nickel Cluster Cations and Fulleride Anions. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:10984-10990. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b01259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Shott
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Boulevard, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, United States
| | - Matthew B. Freeman
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Boulevard, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, United States
| | - Nemah-Allah Saleh
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Boulevard, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, United States
| | - Daniel S. Jones
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Boulevard, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, United States
| | | | - Christopher Bejger
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Boulevard, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, United States
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Champsaur AM, Mézière C, Allain M, Paley DW, Steigerwald ML, Nuckolls C, Batail P. Weaving Nanoscale Cloth through Electrostatic Templating. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:11718-11721. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b07279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anouck M. Champsaur
- Department
of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Cécile Mézière
- Laboratoire
MOLTECH, CNRS UMR 6200, Université d’Angers, 49045 Angers, France
| | - Magali Allain
- Laboratoire
MOLTECH, CNRS UMR 6200, Université d’Angers, 49045 Angers, France
| | - Daniel W. Paley
- Department
of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
- Columbia
Nano Initiative, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | | | - Colin Nuckolls
- Department
of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Patrick Batail
- Department
of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
- Laboratoire
MOLTECH, CNRS UMR 6200, Université d’Angers, 49045 Angers, France
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Grover CJ, Reber AC, Khanna SN. Ionic versus metallic bonding in AlnNam and AlnMgm (m ≤ 3, n + m ≤ 15) clusters. J Chem Phys 2017; 146:224301. [PMID: 29166082 DOI: 10.1063/1.4985093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cameron J. Grover
- Department of Physics, Virginia Commonwealth University, 701 West Grace Street, Richmond, Virginia 23220, USA
| | - Arthur C. Reber
- Department of Physics, Virginia Commonwealth University, 701 West Grace Street, Richmond, Virginia 23220, USA
| | - Shiv N. Khanna
- Department of Physics, Virginia Commonwealth University, 701 West Grace Street, Richmond, Virginia 23220, USA
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Hagmann JA, Le ST, Schneemeyer LF, Stroscio JA, Besara T, Sun J, Singh DJ, Siegrist T, Seiler DG, Richter CA. Interacting nanoscale magnetic superatom cluster arrays in molybdenum oxide bronzes. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:7922-7929. [PMID: 28569301 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr01087g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we examine several reduced ternary molybdates in the family of yellow rare earth molybdenum bronzes produced by electrochemical synthesis with composition LnMo16O44. These compounds contain an array of electrically isolated but magnetically interacting multi-atom clusters with composition Mo8O36. These arrayed superatom clusters support a single hole shared among the eight molybdenum atoms in the unit, corresponding to a net spin moment of 1μB, and exhibit magnetic exchange between the units via the MoO4 tetrahedra (containing Mo6+ ions) and the LnO8 cubes (containing Ln3+ ions). The findings presented here expand on the physics of the unusual collective properties of multi-atom clusters and extend the discussion of such assemblages to the rich structural chemistry of molybdenum bronzes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Hagmann
- Engineering Physics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
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Chauhan V, Reber AC, Khanna SN. Metal Chalcogenide Clusters with Closed Electronic Shells and the Electronic Properties of Alkalis and Halogens. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:1871-1877. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b09416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Chauhan
- Department of Physics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States
| | - Arthur C. Reber
- Department of Physics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States
| | - Shiv N. Khanna
- Department of Physics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States
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