1
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Bartholomew AK, Stone IB, Steigerwald ML, Lambert TH, Roy X. Highly Twisted Azobenzene Ligand Causes Crystals to Continuously Roll in Sunlight. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:16773-16777. [PMID: 36084324 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Direct conversion of solar energy to mechanical work promises higher efficiency than multistep processes, adding a key tool to the arsenal of energy solutions necessary for our global future. The ideal photomechanical material would convert sunlight into mechanical motion rapidly, without attrition, and proportionally to the stimulus. We describe crystals of a tetrahedral isocyanoazobenzene-copper complex that roll continuously when irradiated with broad spectrum white light, including sunlight. The rolling results from bending and straightening of the crystal due to blue light-driven isomerization of a highly twisted azobenzene ligand. These findings introduce geometrically constrained crystal packing as a strategy for manipulating the electronic properties of chromophores. Furthermore, the continuous, solar-driven motion of the crystals demonstrates direct conversion of solar energy to continuous physical motion using easily accessed molecular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ilana B Stone
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Michael L Steigerwald
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Tristan H Lambert
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Xavier Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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2
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Telford EJ, Dismukes AH, Lee K, Cheng M, Wieteska A, Bartholomew AK, Chen YS, Xu X, Pasupathy AN, Zhu X, Dean CR, Roy X. Layered Antiferromagnetism Induces Large Negative Magnetoresistance in the van der Waals Semiconductor CrSBr. Adv Mater 2022; 34:e2205639. [PMID: 36047736 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202205639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
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3
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Han SY, Mow RK, Bartholomew AK, Ng F, Steigerwald ML, Roy X, Nuckolls C, Wiscons RA. Broad-band Chiral Absorbance of Visible Light. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:5263-5267. [PMID: 35302759 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c01650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The amplification of chiral absorbance and emission is a primary figure of merit for the design of chiral chromophores. However, for dyes to be practically relevant in chiroptical applications, they must also absorb and/or emit chiral light over broad wavelength ranges. We investigate the interplay between molecular symmetry and broad-band chiral absorbance in a series of [6]helicenes. We find that an asymmetric [6]helicene containing two distinct chromophores absorbs chiral light across a much wider wavelength range than the symmetric [6]helicenes investigated here. Chemically reducing the helicenes shifts the absorption edge of the ECD spectra into the near-infrared wavelength range while preserving broad chiral absorption, producing a [6]helicene that absorbs a single handedness of light across the entire visible wavelength range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sae Young Han
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Rachael K Mow
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | | | - Fay Ng
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Michael L Steigerwald
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Xavier Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Colin Nuckolls
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Ren A Wiscons
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002, United States
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4
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Bista D, Aydt AP, Anderton KJ, Paley DW, Betley TA, Reber AC, Chauhan V, Bartholomew AK, Roy X, Khanna SN. High-Spin Superatom Stabilized by Dual Subshell Filling. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:5172-5179. [PMID: 35289175 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c00731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Quantum confinement in small symmetric clusters leads to the bunching of electronic states into closely packed shells, enabling the classification of clusters with well-defined valences as superatoms. Like atoms, superatomic clusters with filled shells exhibit enhanced electronic stability. Here, we show that octahedral transition-metal chalcogenide clusters can achieve filled shell electronic configurations when they have 100 valence electrons in 50 orbitals or 114 valence electrons in 57 orbitals. While these stable clusters are intrinsically diamagnetic, we use our understanding of their electronic structures to theoretically predict that a cluster with 107 valence electrons would uniquely combine high stability and high-spin magnetic moment, attained by filling a majority subshell of 57 electrons and a minority subshell of 50 electrons. We experimentally demonstrate this predicted stability, high-spin magnetic moment (S = 7/2), and fully delocalized electronic structure in a new cluster, [NEt4]5[Fe6S8(CN)6]. This work presents the first computational and experimental demonstration of the importance of dual subshell filling in transition-metal chalcogenide clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Bista
- Department of Physics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23220, United States
| | - Alexander P Aydt
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Kevin J Anderton
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Daniel W Paley
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Theodore A Betley
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Arthur C Reber
- Department of Physics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23220, United States
| | - Vikas Chauhan
- Department of Physics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23220, United States
| | | | - Xavier Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Shiv N Khanna
- Department of Physics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23220, United States
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5
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Bartholomew AK, Meirzadeh E, Stone IB, Koay CS, Nuckolls C, Steigerwald ML, Crowther AC, Roy X. Superatom Regiochemistry Dictates the Assembly and Surface Reactivity of a Two-Dimensional Material. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:1119-1124. [PMID: 35020382 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c12072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The area of two-dimensional (2D) materials research would benefit greatly from the development of synthetically tunable van der Waals (vdW) materials. While the bottom-up synthesis of 2D frameworks from nanoscale building blocks holds great promise in this quest, there are many remaining hurdles, including the design of building blocks that reliably produce 2D lattices and the growth of macroscopic crystals that can be exfoliated to produce 2D materials. Here we report the regioselective synthesis of the cluster [trans-Co6Se8(CN)4(CO)2]3-/4-, a "superatomic" building block designed to polymerize and assemble into a 2D cyanometalate lattice whose surfaces are chemically addressable. The resulting vdW material, [Co(py)4]2[trans-Co6Se8(CN)4(CO)2], grows as bulk single crystals that can be mechanically exfoliated to produce flakes as thin as bilayers, with photolabile CO ligands on the exfoliated surface. As a proof of concept, we show that these surface CO ligands can be replaced by 4-isocyanoazobenzene under blue light irradiation. This work demonstrates that the bottom-up assembly of layered vdW materials from superatoms is a promising and versatile approach to create 2D materials with tunable physical and chemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena Meirzadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Ilana B Stone
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Christie S Koay
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Colin Nuckolls
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Michael L Steigerwald
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Andrew C Crowther
- Department of Chemistry, Barnard College, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Xavier Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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6
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He S, Evans AM, Meirzadeh E, Han SY, Russell JC, Wiscons RA, Bartholomew AK, Reed DA, Zangiabadi A, Steigerwald ML, Nuckolls C, Roy X. Site-Selective Surface Modification of 2D Superatomic Re 6Se 8. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:74-79. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c10833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shoushou He
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Austin M. Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Elena Meirzadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Sae Young Han
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Jake C. Russell
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Ren A. Wiscons
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | | | - Douglas A. Reed
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Amirali Zangiabadi
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | | | - Colin Nuckolls
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Xavier Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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7
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Reed DA, Hochuli TJ, Gadjieva NA, He S, Wiscons RA, Bartholomew AK, Champsaur AM, Steigerwald ML, Roy X, Nuckolls C. Controlling Ligand Coordination Spheres and Cluster Fusion in Superatoms. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 144:306-313. [PMID: 34937334 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c09901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We show that reaction pathways from a single superatom motif can be controlled through subtle electronic modification of the outer ligand spheres. Chevrel-type [Co6Se8L6] (L = PR3, CO) superatoms are used to form carbene-terminated clusters, the reactivity of which can be influenced through the electronic effects of the surrounding ligands. This carbene provides new routes for ligand substitution chemistry, which is used to selectively install cyanide or pyridine ligands which were previously inaccessible in these cobalt-based clusters. The surrounding ligands also impact the ability of this carbene to create larger fused clusters of the type [Co12Se16L10], providing underlying information for cluster fusion mechanisms. We use this information to develop methods of creating dimeric clusters with functionalized surface ligands with site specificity, putting new ligands in specific positions on this anisotropic core. Finally, adjusting the carbene intermediates can also be used to perturb the geometry of the [Co6Se8] core itself, as we demonstrate with a multicarbene adduct that displays a substantially anisotropic core. These additional levels of synthetic control could prove instrumental for using superatomic clusters for many applications including catalysis, electronic devices, and creating novel extended structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas A Reed
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Taylor J Hochuli
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Natalia A Gadjieva
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Shoushou He
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Ren A Wiscons
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | | | - Anouck M Champsaur
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Michael L Steigerwald
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Xavier Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Colin Nuckolls
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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8
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Bartholomew AK, Musgrave RA, Anderton KJ, Juda CE, Dong Y, Bu W, Wang SY, Chen YS, Betley TA. Revealing redox isomerism in trichromium imides by anomalous diffraction. Chem Sci 2021; 12:15739-15749. [PMID: 35003606 PMCID: PMC8654065 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04819h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In polynuclear biological active sites, multiple electrons are needed for turnover, and the distribution of these electrons among the metal sites is affected by the structure of the active site. However, the study of the interplay between structure and redox distribution is difficult not only in biological systems but also in synthetic polynuclear clusters since most redox changes produce only one thermodynamically stable product. Here, the unusual chemistry of a sterically hindered trichromium complex allowed us to probe the relationship between structural and redox isomerism. Two structurally isomeric trichromium imides were isolated: asymmetric terminal imide (tbsL)Cr3(NDipp) and symmetric, μ3-bridging imide (tbsL)Cr3(μ3–NBn) ((tbsL)6− = (1,3,5-C6H9(NC6H4-o-NSitBuMe2)3)6−). Along with the homovalent isocyanide adduct (tbsL)Cr3(CNBn) and the bisimide (tbsL)Cr3(μ3–NPh)(NPh), both imide isomers were examined by multiple-wavelength anomalous diffraction (MAD) to determine the redox load distribution by the free refinement of atomic scattering factors. Despite their compositional similarities, the bridging imide shows uniform oxidation of all three Cr sites while the terminal imide shows oxidation at only two Cr sites. Further oxidation from the bridging imide to the bisimide is only borne at the Cr site bound to the second, terminal imido fragment. Thus, depending on the structural motifs present in each [Cr3] complex, MAD revealed complete localization of oxidation, partial localization, and complete delocalization, all supported by the same hexadentate ligand scaffold. Application of high-resolution Multiwavelength Anomalous Diffraction (MAD) allows the assignment of localized, partly delocalized, and fully delocalized oxidation in a series of trichromium imide isomers.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rebecca A Musgrave
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Kevin J Anderton
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Cristin E Juda
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Yuyang Dong
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Wei Bu
- ChemMatCARS, The University of Chicago Argonne Illinois 60439 USA
| | - Su-Yin Wang
- ChemMatCARS, The University of Chicago Argonne Illinois 60439 USA
| | - Yu-Sheng Chen
- ChemMatCARS, The University of Chicago Argonne Illinois 60439 USA
| | - Theodore A Betley
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University Cambridge MA 02139 USA
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9
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Gadjieva NA, Szirmai P, Sági O, Alemany P, Bartholomew AK, Stone I, Conejeros S, Paley DW, Hernández Sánchez R, Fowler B, Peurifoy SR, Náfrádi B, Forró L, Roy X, Batail P, Canadell E, Steigerwald ML, Nuckolls C. Intermolecular Resonance Correlates Electron Pairs Down a Supermolecular Chain: Antiferromagnetism in K-Doped p-Terphenyl. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:20624-20630. [PMID: 33236891 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c05606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent interest in potassium-doped p-terphenyl has been fueled by reports of superconductivity at Tc values surprisingly high for organic compounds. Despite these interesting properties, studies of the structure-function relationships within these materials have been scarce. Here, we isolate a phase-pure crystal of potassium-doped p-terphenyl: [K(222)]2[p-terphenyl3]. Emerging antiferromagnetism in the anisotropic structure is studied in depth by magnetometry and electron spin resonance. Combining these experimental results with density functional theory calculations, we describe the antiferromagnetic coupling in this system that occurs in all 3 crystallographic directions. The strongest coupling was found along the ends of the terphenyls, where the additional electron on neighboring p-terphenyls antiferromagnetically couple. This delocalized bonding interaction is reminiscent of the doubly degenerate resonance structure depiction of polyacetylene. These findings hint toward magnetic fluctuation-induced superconductivity in potassium-doped p-terphenyl, which has a close analogy with high Tc cuprate superconductors. The new approach described here is very versatile as shown by the preparation of two additional salts through systematic changing of the building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A Gadjieva
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | | | | | - Pere Alemany
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física and Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | | | - Ilana Stone
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Sergio Conejeros
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Católica del Norte, Avenida Angamos 0610, Antofagasta 124000, Chile
| | - Daniel W Paley
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Raúl Hernández Sánchez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Brandon Fowler
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Samuel R Peurifoy
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | | | | | - Xavier Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Patrick Batail
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States.,MOLTECH-Anjou, UMR 6200, CNRS, Universite d'Angers, 49045 Angers, France
| | - Enric Canadell
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus de la UAB, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
| | - Michael L Steigerwald
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Colin Nuckolls
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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10
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Chen J, Vibbert HB, Yao C, Bartholomew AK, Aydt AP, Jockusch S, Norton JR, Hammond M, Rauch M. Synthesis, Characterization, and Catalytic Activity of Bimetallic Ti/Cr Complexes. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Hunter B. Vibbert
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Chengbo Yao
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Amymarie K. Bartholomew
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Alexander P. Aydt
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Steffen Jockusch
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Jack R. Norton
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Matthew Hammond
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Michael Rauch
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, United States
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11
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Gunasekaran S, Reed DA, Paley DW, Bartholomew AK, Venkataraman L, Steigerwald ML, Roy X, Nuckolls C. Single-Electron Currents in Designer Single-Cluster Devices. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:14924-14932. [PMID: 32809814 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c04970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Atomically precise clusters can be used to create single-electron devices wherein a single redox-active cluster is connected to two macroscopic electrodes via anchoring ligands. Unlike single-electron devices comprising nanocrystals, these cluster-based devices can be fabricated with atomic precision. This affords an unprecedented level of control over the device properties. Herein, we design a series of cobalt chalcogenide clusters with varying ligand geometries and core nuclearities to control their current-voltage (I-V) characteristics in a scanning tunneling microscope-based break junction (STM-BJ) device. First, the device geometry is modified by precisely positioning junction-anchoring ligands on the surface of the cluster. We show that the I-V characteristics are independent of ligand placement, confirming a sequential, single-electron tunneling mechanism. Next, we chemically fuse two clusters to realize a larger cluster dimer that behaves as a single electronic unit, possessing a smaller reorganization energy and more accessible redox states than the monomeric analogues. As a result, dimer-based devices exhibit significantly higher currents and can even be pushed to current saturation at high bias. Owing to these controllable properties, single-cluster junctions serve as an excellent platform for exploring incoherent charge transport processes at the nanoscale. With this understanding, as well as properties such as nonlinear I-V characteristics and rectification, these molecular clusters may function as conductive inorganic nodes in new devices and materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Gunasekaran
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Douglas A Reed
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Daniel W Paley
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | | | - Latha Venkataraman
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States.,Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Michael L Steigerwald
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Xavier Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Colin Nuckolls
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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12
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Telford EJ, Dismukes AH, Lee K, Cheng M, Wieteska A, Bartholomew AK, Chen YS, Xu X, Pasupathy AN, Zhu X, Dean CR, Roy X. Layered Antiferromagnetism Induces Large Negative Magnetoresistance in the van der Waals Semiconductor CrSBr. Adv Mater 2020; 32:e2003240. [PMID: 32776373 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202003240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The recent discovery of magnetism within the family of exfoliatable van der Waals (vdW) compounds has attracted considerable interest in these materials for both fundamental research and technological applications. However, current vdW magnets are limited by their extreme sensitivity to air, low ordering temperatures, and poor charge transport properties. Here the magnetic and electronic properties of CrSBr are reported, an air-stable vdW antiferromagnetic semiconductor that readily cleaves perpendicular to the stacking axis. Below its Néel temperature, TN = 132 ± 1 K, CrSBr adopts an A-type antiferromagnetic structure with each individual layer ferromagnetically ordered internally and the layers coupled antiferromagnetically along the stacking direction. Scanning tunneling spectroscopy and photoluminescence (PL) reveal that the electronic gap is ΔE = 1.5 ± 0.2 eV with a corresponding PL peak centered at 1.25 ± 0.07 eV. Using magnetotransport measurements, strong coupling between magnetic order and transport properties in CrSBr is demonstrated, leading to a large negative magnetoresistance response that is unique among vdW materials. These findings establish CrSBr as a promising material platform for increasing the applicability of vdW magnets to the field of spin-based electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan J Telford
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Avalon H Dismukes
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Kihong Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Minghao Cheng
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Andrew Wieteska
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | | | - Yu-Sheng Chen
- NSF's ChemMatCARS, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Xiaodong Xu
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Abhay N Pasupathy
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Xiaoyang Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Cory R Dean
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Xavier Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
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13
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Bartholomew AK, Juda CE, Nessralla JN, Lin B, Wang SG, Chen Y, Betley TA. Ligand‐Based Control of Single‐Site vs. Multi‐Site Reactivity by a Trichromium Cluster. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201901599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Cristin E. Juda
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Harvard University 12 Oxford St. Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | | | - Benjamin Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Harvard University 12 Oxford St. Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - SuYin Grass Wang
- ChemMatCARS Beamline The University of Chicago Advanced Photon Source Argonne IL 60429 USA
| | - Yu‐Sheng Chen
- ChemMatCARS Beamline The University of Chicago Advanced Photon Source Argonne IL 60429 USA
| | - Theodore A. Betley
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Harvard University 12 Oxford St. Cambridge MA 02138 USA
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Bartholomew AK, Juda CE, Nessralla JN, Lin B, Wang SG, Chen YS, Betley TA. Ligand-Based Control of Single-Site vs. Multi-Site Reactivity by a Trichromium Cluster. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:5687-5691. [PMID: 30828957 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201901599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The trichromium cluster (tbs L)Cr3 (thf) ([tbs L]6- =[1,3,5-C6 H9 (NC6 H4 -o-NSit BuMe2 )3 ]6- ) exhibits steric- and solvation-controlled reactivity with organic azides to form three distinct products: reaction of (tbs L)Cr3 (thf) with benzyl azide forms a symmetrized bridging imido complex (tbs L)Cr3 (μ3 -NBn); reaction with mesityl azide in benzene affords a terminally bound imido complex (tbs L)Cr3 (μ1 -NMes); whereas the reaction with mesityl azide in THF leads to terminal N-atom excision from the azide to yield the nitride complex (tbs L)Cr3 (μ3 -N). The reactivity of this complex demonstrates the ability of the cluster-templating ligand to produce a well-defined polynuclear transition metal cluster that can access distinct single-site and cooperative reactivity controlled by either substrate steric demands or reaction media.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cristin E Juda
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford St., Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Jonathon N Nessralla
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Benjamin Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford St., Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - SuYin Grass Wang
- ChemMatCARS Beamline, The University of Chicago, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne, IL, 60429, USA
| | - Yu-Sheng Chen
- ChemMatCARS Beamline, The University of Chicago, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne, IL, 60429, USA
| | - Theodore A Betley
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford St., Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
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Abstract
The one-electron reduction of ((tbs)L)Fe₃(thf)¹ furnishes [M][((tbs)L)Fe₃] ([M]⁺ = [(18-C-6)K(thf)₂]⁺ (1, 76%) or [(crypt-222)K]⁺ (2, 54%)). Upon reduction, the ligand (tbs)L⁶⁻ rearranges around the triiron core to adopt an almost ideal C₃-symmetry. Accompanying the ((tbs)L) ligand rearrangement, the THF bound to the neutral starting material is expelled, and the Fe-Fe distances within the trinuclear cluster contract by ∼0.13 Å in 1. Variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility data indicates a well-isolated S = 11/2 spin ground state that persists to room temperature. Slow magnetic relaxation is observed at low temperature as evidenced by the out-of-phase (χ(M)″) component of the alternating current (ac) magnetic susceptibility data and by the appearance of hyperfine splitting in the zero-field ⁵⁷Fe Mössbauer spectra at 4.2 K. Analysis of the ac magnetic susceptibility yields an effective spin reversal barrier (U(eff)) of 22.6(2) cm⁻¹, nearly matching the theoretical barrier of 38.7 cm⁻¹ calculated from the axial zero-field splitting parameter (D = -1.29 cm⁻¹) extracted from the reduced magnetization data. A polycrystalline sample of 1 displays three sextets in the Mössbauer spectrum at 4.2 K (H(ext) = 0) which converge to a single six-line pattern in a frozen 2-MeTHF glass sample, indicating a unique iron environment and thus strong electron delocalization. The spin ground state and ligand rearrangement are discussed within the framework of a fully delocalized cluster exhibiting strong double and direct exchange interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Hernández Sánchez
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Amymarie K. Bartholomew
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | | | | | - Theodore A. Betley
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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Abstract
The preparation and characterisation of two Mg coordination compounds supported by the tris(1-pyrazolyl)phosphine (P(pz)3) ligand, [{P(pz)3}Mg(MeCN)3](I)2 and [Mg{P(pz)3}2](I)2, is described. This is the first time this ligand has been coordinated to Mg or any other s-block metal and the complexes are the first examples of crystallographically characterised P(pz)3 complexes on any metal. The structures of the new Mg complexes are compared with related species with the more common tridentate facial ligands, tris(pyrazolyl)hydroborate (Tp), tris(pyrazolyl)methane (Tpm), and tris(pyrazolyl)methanide (Tpmd).
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