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Li X, Wang Z, Lei Z, Ding W, Shi X, Yan J, Ku J. Magnetic characterization techniques and micromagnetic simulations of magnetic nanostructures: from zero to three dimensions. NANOSCALE 2023. [PMID: 37981862 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr04493a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
The investigation of the magnetic characteristics of magnetic nanostructures (MNs) in various dimensions is a crucial direction of research in nanomagnetism, with MNs belonging to various dimensions exhibiting magnetic properties related to their geometry. A better understanding of these magnetic properties is required for MN manipulation. The primary tools for researching MNs are magnetic characterisation techniques with great spatial resolution and spin sensitivity. Micromagnetic simulation is another technique that minimises experimental costs, while providing information on the magnetic structure and magnetic behaviour, and has enormous potential for predicting, validating, and extending the magnetic characterisation results. This review first looks at the progress of research into quantitatively characterising the magnetic properties of low-dimensional (including 0D, 1D, and 2D) and 3D MNs in two directions: magnetic characterisation techniques and micromagnetic simulations, with a particular emphasis on the potential for future applications of these techniques. Single magnetic characterization techniques, single micromagnetic simulations, or a mix of both are utilised in these research studies to investigate MNs in a variety of dimensions. How the magnetic characterisation techniques and micromagnetic simulations can be better applied to MNs in various dimensions is then outlined. This discussion has significant application potential for low-dimensional and 3D MNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Zijin School of Geology and Mining, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China.
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Green Extraction and High-value Utilization of Energy Metals, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Zhaolian Wang
- Shandong Huate Magnet Technology Co., Ltd, Weifang 261000, China
| | - Zhongyun Lei
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Wei Ding
- Zijin School of Geology and Mining, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China.
| | - Xiao Shi
- Zijin School of Geology and Mining, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China.
| | - Jujian Yan
- Zijin School of Geology and Mining, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China.
| | - Jiangang Ku
- Zijin School of Geology and Mining, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China.
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Green Extraction and High-value Utilization of Energy Metals, Fuzhou 350116, China
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Gareeva Z, Shulga N, Doroshenko R, Zvezdin A. Electric field control of magnetic states in ferromagnetic-multiferroic nanostructures. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:22380-22387. [PMID: 37581207 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp02913a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Multiferroic oxides are considered as key elements of energy-consuming devices required for the development of scalable logic and information storage technologies. In this regard, understanding the mechanisms of magnetoelectric switching and finding the optimal way to switch magnetization by an electric field is of crucial importance. In this study, we develop a model for studying magnetic states in a nanoscale exchange-coupled ferromagnetic-multiferroic heterostructure subjected to the action of an electric field. Based on bias effects emerging due to the coupling between a ferromagnetic subsystem and an antiferromagnetically ordered multiferroic material, we explore the magnetic textures and the magnetization reversal processes in a ferromagnet. As the multiferroic material, we consider BiFeO3, where magnetic ordering and ferroelectric ordering are determined by the mutually perpendicular antiferromagnetic (L), weak ferromagnetic (M) and polarization (P) vectors. Application of an electric voltage removes degeneration from eight energetically equivalent positions of P|| 〈111〉, allocates the definite directions of vectors P, M, and L and as a consequence the unidirectional magnetic anisotropy axis in the reference ferromagnetic layer. Our study reveals the features of the magnetic configurations in systems of different geometries, with varying exchange and magnetic anisotropy, necessary to determine the optimal conditions for switching magnetic states in a multiferroic bi-layer by an electric field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zukhra Gareeva
- Institute of Molecule and Crystal Physics, Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 450075, Ufa, Russia.
| | - Nikolai Shulga
- Institute of Molecule and Crystal Physics, Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 450075, Ufa, Russia.
| | - Rurik Doroshenko
- Institute of Molecule and Crystal Physics, Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 450075, Ufa, Russia.
| | - Anatoly Zvezdin
- HSE University, 101000, Moscow, Russia.
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991, Moscow, Russia
- "New spintronic technologies" Limited Liability Company, 121205, Skolkovo, Moscow, Russia
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Guan X, Zhang Y, Long X, Zhu GJ, Cao J. Tuning magnetocrystalline anisotropy by controlling the orbital electronic configuration of two-dimensional magnetic materials. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:2501-2507. [PMID: 37143799 PMCID: PMC10153100 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00003f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
A suitable magnetic anisotropy energy (MAE) is a key factor for magnetic materials. However, an effective MAE control method has not yet been achieved. In this study, we propose a novel strategy to manipulate MAE by rearranging the d-orbitals of metal atoms with oxygen functionalized metallophthalocyanine (MPc) by first-principles calculations. By the dual regulation of electric field and atomic adsorption, we have achieved a substantial amplification of the single regulation method. The use of O atoms to modify the metallophthalocyanine (MPc) sheets effectively adjusts the orbital arrangement of the electronic configuration in the d-orbitals of the transition metal near the Fermi level, thereby modulating the MAE of the structure. More importantly, the electric field amplifies the effect of electric-field regulation by adjusting the distance between the O atom and metal atom. Our results demonstrate a new approach to modulating the MAE of two-dimensional magnetic films for practical application in information storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Guan
- Department of Physics, Hunan Institute of Advanced Sensing and Information Technology, Xiangtan University Hunan 411105 China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Department of Physics and Information Technology, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences Baoji 721016 China
| | - Xia Long
- Department of Physics, Hunan Institute of Advanced Sensing and Information Technology, Xiangtan University Hunan 411105 China
| | - Guo-Jun Zhu
- Department of Physics, Hunan Institute of Advanced Sensing and Information Technology, Xiangtan University Hunan 411105 China
- Key Laboratory for Computational Physical Sciences (MOE), State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Department of Physics, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Juexian Cao
- Department of Physics, Hunan Institute of Advanced Sensing and Information Technology, Xiangtan University Hunan 411105 China
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Wang J, Yang T, Wang B, Rzchowski MS, Eom C, Chen L. Strain‐Induced Interlayer Parallel‐to‐Antiparallel Magnetic Transitions of Twisted Bilayers. ADVANCED THEORY AND SIMULATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.202000215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian‐Jun Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering The Pennsylvania State University University Park, PA, 16802 USA
| | - Tian‐Nan Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering The Pennsylvania State University University Park, PA, 16802 USA
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering The Pennsylvania State University University Park, PA, 16802 USA
| | - Mark S. Rzchowski
- Department of Physics University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Chang‐Beom Eom
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Long‐Qing Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering The Pennsylvania State University University Park, PA, 16802 USA
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Gradauskaite E, Meisenheimer P, Müller M, Heron J, Trassin M. Multiferroic heterostructures for spintronics. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2019-0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AbstractFor next-generation technology, magnetic systems are of interest due to the natural ability to store information and, through spin transport, propagate this information for logic functions. Controlling the magnetization state through currents has proven energy inefficient. Multiferroic thin-film heterostructures, combining ferroelectric and ferromagnetic orders, hold promise for energy efficient electronics. The electric field control of magnetic order is expected to reduce energy dissipation by 2–3 orders of magnitude relative to the current state-of-the-art. The coupling between electrical and magnetic orders in multiferroic and magnetoelectric thin-film heterostructures relies on interfacial coupling though magnetic exchange or mechanical strain and the correlation between domains in adjacent functional ferroic layers. We review the recent developments in electrical control of magnetism through artificial magnetoelectric heterostructures, domain imprint, emergent physics and device paradigms for magnetoelectric logic, neuromorphic devices, and hybrid magnetoelectric/spin-current-based applications. Finally, we conclude with a discussion of experiments that probe the crucial dynamics of the magnetoelectric switching and optical tuning of ferroelectric states towards all-optical control of magnetoelectric switching events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elzbieta Gradauskaite
- Department of Materials , ETH Zurich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4 , Zurich , 8093 Switzerland
| | - Peter Meisenheimer
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI 48109 USA
| | - Marvin Müller
- Department of Materials , ETH Zurich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4 , Zurich , 8093 Switzerland
| | - John Heron
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI 48109 USA
| | - Morgan Trassin
- Department of Materials , ETH Zurich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4 , Zurich , 8093 Switzerland
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Burns SR, Paull O, Juraszek J, Nagarajan V, Sando D. The Experimentalist's Guide to the Cycloid, or Noncollinear Antiferromagnetism in Epitaxial BiFeO 3. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2003711. [PMID: 32954556 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202003711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bismuth ferrite (BiFeO3 ) is one of the most widely studied multiferroics. The coexistence of ferroelectricity and antiferromagnetism in this compound has driven an intense search for electric-field control of the magnetic order. Such efforts require a complete understanding of the various exchange interactions that underpin the magnetic behavior. An important characteristic of BiFeO3 is its noncollinear magnetic order; namely, a long-period incommensurate spin cycloid. Here, the progress in understanding this fascinating aspect of BiFeO3 is reviewed, with a focus on epitaxial films. The advances made in developing the theory used to capture the complexities of the cycloid are first chronicled, followed by a description of the various experimental techniques employed to probe the magnetic order. To help the reader fully grasp the nuances associated with thin films, a detailed description of the spin cycloid in the bulk is provided. The effects of various perturbations on the cycloid are then described: magnetic and electric fields, doping, epitaxial strain, finite size effects, and temperature. To conclude, an outlook on possible device applications exploiting noncollinear magnetism in BiFeO3 films is presented. It is hoped that this work will act as a comprehensive experimentalist's guide to the spin cycloid in BiFeO3 thin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart R Burns
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW Sydney, High Street, Kensington, Sydney, 2052, Australia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Oliver Paull
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW Sydney, High Street, Kensington, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Jean Juraszek
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, GPM, Rouen, 76000, France
| | - Valanoor Nagarajan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW Sydney, High Street, Kensington, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Daniel Sando
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW Sydney, High Street, Kensington, Sydney, 2052, Australia
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, UNSW Sydney, High Street, Kensington, Sydney, 2052, Australia
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Misra S, Li L, Gao X, Jian J, Qi Z, Zemlyanov D, Wang H. Tunable physical properties in BiAl 1-x Mn x O 3 thin films with novel layered supercell structures. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2020; 2:315-322. [PMID: 36134002 PMCID: PMC9417154 DOI: 10.1039/c9na00566h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Morphological control in oxide nanocomposites presents enormous opportunities for tailoring the physical properties. Here, we demonstrate the strong tunability of the magnetic and optical properties of Bi-based layered supercell (LSC) multiferroic structures, i.e., BiAl1-x Mn x O3, by varying the Al : Mn molar ratio. The microstructure of the LSC structure evolves from a supercell structure to Al-rich pillars in the supercell structure as the Al molar ratio increases. The LSC structures present excellent multiferroic properties with preferred in-plane magnetic anisotropy, a tunable band gap and anisotropic dielectric permittivity, all attributed to the microstructure evolution and their anisotropic microstructure. Three different strain relaxation mechanisms are identified that are active during thin film growth. This study provides opportunities for microstructure and physical property tuning which can also be explored in other Bi-based LSC materials with tailorable multiferroic and optical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikhar Misra
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana 47907 USA
| | - Leigang Li
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana 47907 USA
| | - Xingyao Gao
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana 47907 USA
| | - Jie Jian
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana 47907 USA
| | - Zhimin Qi
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana 47907 USA
| | - Dmitry Zemlyanov
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana 47907 USA
| | - Haiyan Wang
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana 47907 USA
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana 47907 USA
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Yin L, Mi W. Progress in BiFeO 3-based heterostructures: materials, properties and applications. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:477-523. [PMID: 31850428 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr08800h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BiFeO3-based heterostructures have attracted much attention for potential applications due to their room-temperature multiferroic properties, proper band gaps and ultrahigh ferroelectric polarization of BiFeO3, such as data storage, optical utilization in visible light regions and synapse-like function. Here, this work aims to offer a systematic review on the progress of BiFeO3-based heterostructures. In the first part, the optical, electric, magnetic, and valley properties and their interactions in BiFeO3-based heterostructures are briefly reviewed. In the second part, the morphologies of BiFeO3 and medium materials in the heterostructures are discussed. Particularly, in the third part, the physical properties and underlying mechanism in BiFeO3-based heterostructures are discussed thoroughly, such as the photovoltaic effect, electric field control of magnetism, resistance switching, and two-dimensional electron gas and valley characteristics. The fourth part illustrates the applications of BiFeO3-based heterostructures based on the materials and physical properties discussed in the second and third parts. This review also includes a future prospect, which can provide guidance for exploring novel physical properties and designing multifunctional devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yin
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Materials Physics and Preparation Technology, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China.
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Liu T, Wei X, Cao J. Modulation of magnetocrystalline anisotropy in FePt/PbTiO 3 heterostructures by ferroelectric polarization. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2019; 31:395801. [PMID: 31239422 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ab2cb7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Reducing the power consumption required for magnetization reversal is an urgent problem for spin storage device. Electric-field control of the magnetic anisotropy energy (MAE) using multiferroics materials is a promising method to solve this problem. Based on density functional theory, we investigated the effects of the ferroelectric polarization on MAE of FePt/PbTiO3 multiferroic heterostructures. The MAEs of FePt monolayer with different polarization intensity are calculated. Our results indicated that the interfaces coupling between ferroelectric terminals and ferromagnetic terminals have a very large impact on the MAE of FePt monolayer. Moreover, with the reversal of the polarization orientation of ferroelectric PbTiO3 films, the MAE of ferromagnetic FePt monolayer has a monotonous but non-linear change. We demonstrated that the reversal of the polarization orientation results in a redistribution of charge density at the interface, thus resulting in a monotonic change in MAE with polarization intensity. It is provided an effective way to modulate the MAE by controlling the polarization intensity of ferroelectric layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Liu
- School of Physics and Optoelectronics, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, People's Republic of China. Hunan Institute of Advanced Sensing and Information Technology, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, People's Republic of China
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Chang SJ, Chung MH, Kao MY, Lee SF, Yu YH, Kaun CC, Nakamura T, Sasabe N, Chu SJ, Tseng YC. GdFe 0.8Ni 0.2O 3: A Multiferroic Material for Low-Power Spintronic Devices with High Storage Capacity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:31562-31572. [PMID: 31373787 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b11767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Multiferroic materials are strong candidates for reducing the energy consumption of voltage-controlled spintronic devices because of the coexistence of ferroelectric (FE) and magnetic orders in a single phase. In this article, we present a new multiferroic perovskite, GdNixFe1-xO3 (GFNO), produced via sputtering on a SrTiO3 substrate. The proposed GFNO is FE and canted antiferromagnetic (AFM) within a monoclinic framework at room temperature. The FE polarization of the GFNO is up to 37 μC/cm2. When capped with a Co layer, the resulting heterostructure exhibits voltage-controlled magnetism (VCM). The heterostructured device exhibits two distinct features. First, its VCM depends on the magnitude as well as the polarity of the applied bias, thereby doubling the number of available magnetic readout states under a fixed voltage. Furthermore, the magnetic order of the device can be controlled very effectively within ±1 V. These two characteristics satisfy the requirements for low-power and high-storage technology. Theoretical analysis and experimental results indicate the importance of Ni dopant in regulating the polarity-dependent multiferroicity of this gadolinium ferrite system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Tetsuya Nakamura
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI) , 1-1-1 Kouto , Sayo , Hyogo 679-5198 , Japan
| | - Norimasa Sasabe
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI) , 1-1-1 Kouto , Sayo , Hyogo 679-5198 , Japan
| | - Shang-Jui Chu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center , Hsinchu 30076 , Taiwan
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