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Maity K, Dayen JF, Doudin B, Gumeniuk R, Kundys B. Single Wavelength Operating Neuromorphic Device Based on a Graphene-Ferroelectric Transistor. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:55948-55956. [PMID: 37983566 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c10010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
As global data generation continues to rise, there is an increasing demand for revolutionary in-memory computing methodologies and efficient machine learning solutions. Despite recent progress in electrical and electro-optical simulations of machine learning devices, the all-optical nonthermal function remains challenging, with single wavelength operation still elusive. Here we report on an optical and monochromatic way of neuromorphic signal processing for brain-inspired functions, eliminating the need for electrical pulses. Multilevel synaptic potentiation-depression cycles are successfully achieved optically by leveraging photovoltaic charge generation and polarization within the photoferroelectric substrate interfaced with the graphene sensor. Furthermore, the demonstrated low-power prototype device is able to reproduce exact signal profile of brain tissues yet with more than 2 orders of magnitude faster response. The reported properties should trigger all-optical and low power artificial neuromorphic development based on photoferroelectric structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Maity
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504, 23 rue du Loess, Strasbourg F-67000, France
| | - Jean-François Dayen
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504, 23 rue du Loess, Strasbourg F-67000, France
| | - Bernard Doudin
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504, 23 rue du Loess, Strasbourg F-67000, France
| | - Roman Gumeniuk
- Institut für Experimentelle Physik, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Str. 23, Freiberg 09596, Germany
| | - Bohdan Kundys
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504, 23 rue du Loess, Strasbourg F-67000, France
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2
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Rasmussen TP, Rodríguez Echarri A, García de Abajo FJ, Cox JD. Nonlocal and cascaded effects in nonlinear graphene nanoplasmonics. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:3150-3158. [PMID: 36648761 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr06286k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The ability of plasmons to focus light on nanometer length scales opens a wide range of enticing applications in optics and photonics, among which the enhancement of nonlinear light-matter interactions for all-optical modulation and spectral diversification emerges as a prominent theme. However, the subwavelength plasmonic near-field enhancement in good plasmonic materials such as noble metals is hindered by large ohmic losses, while conventional phase-matching of fields in bulk nonlinear crystals is not suitable for realizing nonlinear optical phenomena on the nanoscale. In contrast, anharmonic electron motion of free charge carriers in highly-doped graphene, which supports long-lived, highly-confined, and actively-tunable plasmons, renders the carbon monolayer an excellent platform for both plasmonics and nonlinear optics. Here we theoretically explore the enhancement in nonlinear response that can be achieved by interfacing multiple graphene nanostructures in close proximity to trigger nonlocal effects associated with large gradients in the electromagnetic near field. Focusing on second- and third-harmonic generation, we introduce a semianalytical formalism to describe interacting graphene nanoribbons with independent width, location, and electrical doping, so as to realize configurations in which plasmonic resonances may simultaneously enhance both the fundamental optical excitation frequency and harmonic intermediary and/or output frequencies. Our findings reveal the importance of both passive and active tuning in the design of atomically-thin nanostructures for nonlinear optical applications, and in particular emphasize the role played by nonlocal effects in generating an even-ordered nonlinear response that may contribute to other nonlinear optical processes through a cascaded interaction. We anticipate that our findings can aid in the design of actively-tunable nonlinear plasmonic resonators and metasurfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theis P Rasmussen
- POLIMA-Center for Polariton-driven Light-Matter Interactions, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark.
| | - A Rodríguez Echarri
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - F Javier García de Abajo
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joel D Cox
- POLIMA-Center for Polariton-driven Light-Matter Interactions, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark.
- Danish Institute for Advanced Study, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
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Aguillon F, Borisov AG. Atomic-Scale Defects Might Determine the Second Harmonic Generation from Plasmonic Graphene Nanostructures. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:238-244. [PMID: 36594888 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we theoretically investigate the impact of the atomic scale lattice imperfections of graphene nanoflakes on their nonlinear response enhanced by the resonance between an incident electromagnetic field and localized plasmon. As a case study, we address the second harmonic generation from graphene plasmonic nanoantennas of different symmetries with missing carbon atom vacancy defects in the honeycomb lattice. Using the many-body time-dependent density matrix approach, we find that one defect in the nanoflake comprising over five thousand carbon atoms can strongly impact the nonlinear hyperpolarizability and override the symmetry constraints. The effect reported here cannot be captured using the relaxation time approximation within the quantum or classical framework. Results obtained in this work have thus important implications for the design of nonlinear graphene devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Aguillon
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay, UMR 8214, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 520, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Andrei G Borisov
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay, UMR 8214, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 520, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
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Alonso Calafell I, Rozema LA, Alcaraz Iranzo D, Trenti A, Jenke PK, Cox JD, Kumar A, Bieliaiev H, Nanot S, Peng C, Efetov DK, Hong JY, Kong J, Englund DR, García de Abajo FJ, Koppens FHL, Walther P. Giant enhancement of third-harmonic generation in graphene-metal heterostructures. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 16:318-324. [PMID: 33318642 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-020-00808-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Nonlinear nanophotonics leverages engineered nanostructures to funnel light into small volumes and intensify nonlinear optical processes with spectral and spatial control. Owing to its intrinsically large and electrically tunable nonlinear optical response, graphene is an especially promising nanomaterial for nonlinear optoelectronic applications. Here we report on exceptionally strong optical nonlinearities in graphene-insulator-metal heterostructures, which demonstrate an enhancement by three orders of magnitude in the third-harmonic signal compared with that of bare graphene. Furthermore, by increasing the graphene Fermi energy through an external gate voltage, we find that graphene plasmons mediate the optical nonlinearity and modify the third-harmonic signal. Our findings show that graphene-insulator-metal is a promising heterostructure for optically controlled and electrically tunable nano-optoelectronic components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irati Alonso Calafell
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Lee A Rozema
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - David Alcaraz Iranzo
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Spain
| | - Alessandro Trenti
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp K Jenke
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Joel D Cox
- Center for Nano Optics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Danish Institute for Advanced Study, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Avinash Kumar
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Spain
| | - Hlib Bieliaiev
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sébastien Nanot
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Spain
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb (L2C), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Cheng Peng
- Quantum Photonics Group, RLE, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Dmitri K Efetov
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Spain
| | - Jin-Yong Hong
- Quantum Photonics Group, RLE, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jing Kong
- Quantum Photonics Group, RLE, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Dirk R Englund
- Quantum Photonics Group, RLE, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - F Javier García de Abajo
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Spain
- ICREA-Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avancats, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Frank H L Koppens
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Spain
- ICREA-Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avancats, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Philip Walther
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Dai Z, Hu G, Ou Q, Zhang L, Xia F, Garcia-Vidal FJ, Qiu CW, Bao Q. Artificial Metaphotonics Born Naturally in Two Dimensions. Chem Rev 2020; 120:6197-6246. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhigao Dai
- Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan 430074, P.R. China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies (FLEET), Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Guangwei Hu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Qingdong Ou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies (FLEET), Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education and Shaanxi Key Lab of Information Photonic Technique, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, P.R. China
| | - Fengnian Xia
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Francisco J. Garcia-Vidal
- Departamento de Fisica Teorica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia−San Sebastian E-20018, Spain
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Qiaoliang Bao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies (FLEET), Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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Guo J, Wang H, Dai X, Xiang Y, Tang D. Enhanced nonlinear optical responses of graphene in multi-frequency topological edge modes. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:32746-32763. [PMID: 31684481 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.032746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We propose a hybrid structure where graphene is inserted to the interface of two one-dimensional photonic crystals (1D PCs). The two PCs are designed to have opposite topological properties, and at the interface, topological edge modes exist. The edge modes exist at both the fundamental frequency (FF) and the third harmonic (TH) frequency. This double resonant structure will enhance the nonlinear responses of graphene greatly, including Kerr nonlinearity and TH generation. We discuss these two kinds of nonlinearities both at terahertz (THz) and near-infrared (NIR) frequencies. The influence of Kerr nonlinearity on the resonant frequencies is considered, when we calculate the TH generation. At THz frequency, low-threshold bistability (about 8MW/cm2) is obtained and the TH generation efficiency of 2.5% is achieved with incident intensity of 10MW/cm2. At NIR frequency, the nonlinear conductivities of graphene are about 7 orders lower. Bistability is unlikely to happen with incident intensity below 1GW/cm2. The TH generation efficiency is only about 5×10-6 with incident intensity of 25MW/cm2. The proposed structure is more suitable to work as a low-threshold saturable absorber at NIR frequency. These results may be helpful both for a better understanding of graphene's nonlinear responses in a double resonant structure and for potential applications in THz nonlinear devices and NIR nanophotonics.
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Abstract
Nonlinear optics is limited by the weak nonlinear response of available materials, a problem that is generally circumvented by relying on macroscopic structures in which light propagates over many optical cycles, thus giving rise to accumulated unity-order nonlinear effects. While this strategy cannot be extended to subwavelength optics, such as in nanophotonic structures, one can alternatively use localized optical resonances with high quality factors to increase light-matter interaction times, although this approach is limited by inelastic losses partly associated with the nonlinear response. Plasmons-the collective oscillations of electrons in conducting media-offer the means to concentrate light into nanometric volumes, well below the light-wavelength-scale limit imposed by diffraction, amplifying the electromagnetic fields upon which nonlinear optical phenomena depend. Due to their abundant supply of free electrons, noble metals are the traditional material platform for plasmonics and have thus dominated research in nanophotonics over the past several decades, despite exhibiting large ohmic losses and inherent difficulties to actively modulate plasmon resonances, which are primarily determined by size, composition, and morphology. Highly doped graphene has recently emerged as an appealing platform for plasmonics due to its unique optoelectronic properties, which give rise to relatively long-lived, highly confined, and actively tunable plasmon resonances that mainly appear in the infrared and terahertz frequency regimes. Efforts to extend graphene plasmonics to the near-infrared and visible ranges involve patterning of graphene into nanostructured elements, thus facilitating the optical excitation of localized resonances that can be blue-shifted through geometrical confinement while maintaining electrical tunability. Besides these appealing plasmonic attributes, the conical electronic dispersion relation of graphene renders its charge carrier motion in response to light intrinsically anharmonic, resulting in a comparatively intense nonlinear optical response. The combined synergy of extreme plasmonic field enhancement and large intrinsic optical nonlinearity are now motivating intensive research efforts in nonlinear graphene plasmonics, the recent progress of which we discuss in this Account. We start with a description of the appealing properties of plasmons in graphene nanostructures down to molecular sizes, followed by a discussion of the unprecedented level of intrinsic optical nonlinearity in graphene, its enhancement by resonant coupling to its highly confined plasmons to yield intense high harmonic generation and Kerr nonlinearities, the extraordinary thermo-optical capabilities of this material enabling large nonlinear optical switching down to the single-photon level, and its strong interaction with quantum emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel D. Cox
- Center for Nano Optics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
- Danish Institute for Advanced Study, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - F. Javier García de Abajo
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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Kislyakov IM, Nunzi JM, Zhang X, Xie Y, Bocharov VN, Wang J. Stimulated Brillouin scattering in dispersed graphene. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:34346-34365. [PMID: 30650858 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.034346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We explored the Stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) behavior of a transparent liquid containing a low concentration of strongly absorbing nanoparticles. We measured SBS energies in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) and water at 532 nm-wavelength. The previously unknown NMP Brillouin gain factor is gB = 18.6 ± 1.8 cm⋅GW-1. Graphene nanoflakes suspended in liquids strongly quench SBS. Linear dependence of the SBS-threshold on the graphene absorption coefficient (concentration) makes it suitable for the detection of small nanoparticles quantities in water, with a minimal detectable concentration of 5⋅10-8 g⋅cm-3. The effect is interpreted as an antagonism between electrostriction and thermal expansion, which is induced by the formation of carbon vapor bubbles. It is very sensitive to changes in density, refractive index and acoustic absorption coefficient, which parameters can be determined in the SBS method, including access to the bubbling nanosecond dynamics. SBS suppression may find applications in laser technologies and optical telecommunication networks.
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Cox JD, García de Abajo FJ. Nonlinear Atom-Plasmon Interactions Enabled by Nanostructured Graphene. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:257403. [PMID: 30608798 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.257403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Electrically tunable graphene plasmons are anticipated to enable strong light-matter interactions with resonant quantum emitters. However, plasmon resonances in graphene are typically limited to infrared frequencies, below those of optical excitations in robust quantum light sources and many biologically interesting molecules. Here we propose to utilize near fields generated by the plasmon-assisted nonlinear optical response of nanostructured graphene to resonantly couple with proximal quantum emitters operating in the near infrared. We show that the nonlinear near field produced by a graphene nanodisk can strongly excite and coherently control quantum states in two- and three-level atomic systems when the third harmonic of its plasmon resonance is tuned to a particular electronic transition. In the present scheme, emitter and plasmon resonances are nondegenerate, circumventing strong enhancement of spontaneous emission. We envision potential applications for the proposed nonlinear plasmonic coupling scheme in sensing and temporal quantum control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel D Cox
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - F Javier García de Abajo
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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Autere A, Jussila H, Dai Y, Wang Y, Lipsanen H, Sun Z. Nonlinear Optics with 2D Layered Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1705963. [PMID: 29575171 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201705963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
2D layered materials (2DLMs) are a subject of intense research for a wide variety of applications (e.g., electronics, photonics, and optoelectronics) due to their unique physical properties. Most recently, increasing research efforts on 2DLMs are projected toward the nonlinear optical properties of 2DLMs, which are not only fascinating from the fundamental science point of view but also intriguing for various potential applications. Here, the current state of the art in the field of nonlinear optics based on 2DLMs and their hybrid structures (e.g., mixed-dimensional heterostructures, plasmonic structures, and silicon/fiber integrated structures) is reviewed. Several potential perspectives and possible future research directions of these promising nanomaterials for nonlinear optics are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Autere
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Tietotie 3, FI-02150, Finland
| | - Henri Jussila
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Tietotie 3, FI-02150, Finland
| | - Yunyun Dai
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Tietotie 3, FI-02150, Finland
| | - Yadong Wang
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Tietotie 3, FI-02150, Finland
| | - Harri Lipsanen
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Tietotie 3, FI-02150, Finland
| | - Zhipei Sun
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Tietotie 3, FI-02150, Finland
- QTF Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Aalto, FI-00076, Finland
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