1
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Kolkowski R, Berkhout A, Roscam Abbing SDC, Pal D, Dieleman CD, Geuchies JJ, Houtepen AJ, Ehrler B, Koenderink AF. Temporal Dynamics of Collective Resonances in Periodic Metasurfaces. ACS PHOTONICS 2024; 11:2480-2496. [PMID: 38911846 PMCID: PMC11191746 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.4c00412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Temporal dynamics of confined optical fields can provide valuable insights into light-matter interactions in complex optical systems, going beyond their frequency-domain description. Here, we present a new experimental approach based on interferometric autocorrelation (IAC) that reveals the dynamics of optical near-fields enhanced by collective resonances in periodic metasurfaces. We focus on probing the resonances known as waveguide-plasmon polaritons, which are supported by plasmonic nanoparticle arrays coupled to a slab waveguide. To probe the resonant near-field enhancement, our IAC measurements make use of enhanced two-photon excited luminescence (TPEL) from semiconductor quantum dots deposited on the nanoparticle arrays. Thanks to the incoherent character of TPEL, the measurements are only sensitive to the fundamental optical fields and therefore can reveal clear signatures of their coherent temporal dynamics. In particular, we show that the excitation of a high-Q collective resonance gives rise to interference fringes at time delays as large as 500 fs, much greater than the incident pulse duration (150 fs). Based on these signatures, the basic characteristics of the resonances can be determined, including their Q factors, which are found to exceed 200. Furthermore, the measurements also reveal temporal beating between two different resonances, providing information on their frequencies and their relative contribution to the field enhancement. Finally, we present an approach to enhance the visibility of the resonances hidden in the IAC curves by converting them into spectrograms, which greatly facilitates the analysis and interpretation of the results. Our findings open up new perspectives on time-resolved studies of collective resonances in metasurfaces and other multiresonant systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radoslaw Kolkowski
- Department
of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box 13500, Aalto FI-00076, Finland
- Department
of Physics of Information in Matter and Center for Nanophotonics, NWO-I Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, Amsterdam 1098 XG, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie Berkhout
- Department
of Physics of Information in Matter and Center for Nanophotonics, NWO-I Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, Amsterdam 1098 XG, The Netherlands
| | - Sylvianne D. C. Roscam Abbing
- Department
of Physics of Information in Matter and Center for Nanophotonics, NWO-I Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, Amsterdam 1098 XG, The Netherlands
- Advanced
Research Center for Nanolithography (ARCNL), Science Park 106, Amsterdam 1098 XG, The Netherlands
| | - Debapriya Pal
- Department
of Physics of Information in Matter and Center for Nanophotonics, NWO-I Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, Amsterdam 1098 XG, The Netherlands
| | - Christian D. Dieleman
- Advanced
Research Center for Nanolithography (ARCNL), Science Park 106, Amsterdam 1098 XG, The Netherlands
- Department
of Sustainable Energy Materials and Center for Nanophotonics, NWO-I Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, Amsterdam 1098 XG, The Netherlands
| | - Jaco J. Geuchies
- Optoelectronic
Materials Section, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, Delft 2629 HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan J. Houtepen
- Optoelectronic
Materials Section, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, Delft 2629 HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno Ehrler
- Department
of Sustainable Energy Materials and Center for Nanophotonics, NWO-I Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, Amsterdam 1098 XG, The Netherlands
| | - A. Femius Koenderink
- Department
of Physics of Information in Matter and Center for Nanophotonics, NWO-I Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, Amsterdam 1098 XG, The Netherlands
- Institute
of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
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2
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Sharma DK, Agreda A, Dell'Ova F, Malchow K, Colas des Francs G, Dujardin E, Bouhelier A. Memristive Control of Plasmon-Mediated Nonlinear Photoluminescence in Au Nanowires. ACS NANO 2024; 18:15905-15914. [PMID: 38829860 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c03276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Nonlinear photoluminescence (N-PL) is a broadband photon emission arising from a nonequilibrium heated electron distribution generated at the surface of metallic nanostructures by ultrafast pulsed laser illumination. N-PL is sensitive to surface morphology, local electromagnetic field strength, and electronic band structure, making it relevant to probe optically excited nanoscale plasmonic systems. It also has been key to accessing the complex multiscale time dynamics ruling electron thermalization. Here, we show that plasmon-mediated N-PL emitted by a gold nanowire can be modified by an electrical architecture featuring a nanogap. Upon voltage activation, we observe that N-PL becomes dependent on the electrical transport dynamics and can thus be locally modulated. This finding brings an electrical leverage to externally control the photoluminescence generated from metal nanostructures and constitutes an asset for the development of emerging nanoscale interface devices managing photons and electrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak K Sharma
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, UMR 6303 CNRS, Université de Bourgogne, 9 Avenue Alain Savary, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Adrian Agreda
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, UMR 6303 CNRS, Université de Bourgogne, 9 Avenue Alain Savary, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Florian Dell'Ova
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, UMR 6303 CNRS, Université de Bourgogne, 9 Avenue Alain Savary, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Konstantin Malchow
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, UMR 6303 CNRS, Université de Bourgogne, 9 Avenue Alain Savary, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Gérard Colas des Francs
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, UMR 6303 CNRS, Université de Bourgogne, 9 Avenue Alain Savary, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Erik Dujardin
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, UMR 6303 CNRS, Université de Bourgogne, 9 Avenue Alain Savary, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Alexandre Bouhelier
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, UMR 6303 CNRS, Université de Bourgogne, 9 Avenue Alain Savary, 21000 Dijon, France
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3
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Lemasters R, Manjare M, Freeman R, Wang F, Pierce LG, Hua G, Urazhdin S, Harutyunyan H. Non-thermal emission in gap-mode plasmon photoluminescence. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4468. [PMID: 38796475 PMCID: PMC11127923 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48928-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Photoluminescence from spatially inhomogeneous plasmonic nanostructures exhibits fascinating wavelength-dependent nonlinear behaviors due to the intraband recombination of hot electrons excited into the conduction band of the metal. The properties of the excited carrier distribution and the role of localized plasmonic modes are subjects of debate. In this work, we use plasmonic gap-mode resonators with precise nanometer-scale confinement to show that the nonlinear photoluminescence behavior can become dominated by non-thermal contributions produced by the excited carrier population that strongly deviates from the Fermi-Dirac distribution due to the confinement-induced large-momentum free carrier absorption beyond the dipole approximation. These findings open new pathways for controllable light conversion using nonequilibrium electron states at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Lemasters
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Manoj Manjare
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Ryan Freeman
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Luka Guy Pierce
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Gordon Hua
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Sergei Urazhdin
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Hayk Harutyunyan
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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4
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Sivan Y, Un IW, Kalyan I, Lin KQ, Lupton JM, Bange S. Crossover from Nonthermal to Thermal Photoluminescence from Metals Excited by Ultrashort Light Pulses. ACS NANO 2023. [PMID: 37289597 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c01016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Photoluminescence from metal nanostructures following intense ultrashort illumination is a fundamental aspect of light-matter interactions. Surprisingly, many of its basic characteristics are under ongoing debate. Here, we resolve many of these debates by providing a comprehensive theoretical framework that describes this phenomenon and support it by an experimental confirmation. Specifically, we identify aspects of the emission that are characteristic to either nonthermal or thermal emission, in particular, differences in the spectral and electric field dependence of these two contributions to the emission. Overall, nonthermal emission is characteristic of the early stages of light emission, while the later stages show thermal characteristics. The former dominate only for moderately high illumination intensities for which the electron temperature reached after thermalization remains close to room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonatan Sivan
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Ieng Wai Un
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Imon Kalyan
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Kai-Qiang Lin
- Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University, 361005 Xiamen, China
| | - John M Lupton
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Universität Regensburg, 93051 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bange
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Universität Regensburg, 93051 Regensburg, Germany
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5
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Safiabadi Tali SA, Mudiyanselage RRHH, Qian Y, Smith NWG, Zhao Y, Morral A, Song J, Nie M, Magill BA, Khodaparast GA, Zhou W. Dual-Modal Nanoplasmonic Light Upconversion through Anti-Stokes Photoluminescence and Second-Harmonic Generation from Broadband Multiresonant Metal Nanocavities. ACS NANO 2023. [PMID: 37154668 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c00559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Metal nanocavities can generate plasmon-enhanced light upconversion signals under ultrashort pulse excitations through anti-Stokes photoluminescence (ASPL) or nonlinear harmonic generation processes, offering various applications in bioimaging, sensing, interfacial science, nanothermometry, and integrated photonics. However, achieving broadband multiresonant enhancement of both ASPL and harmonic generation processes within the same metal nanocavities remains challenging, impeding applications based on dual-modal or wavelength-multiplexed operations. Here, we report a combined experimental and theoretical study on dual-modal plasmon-enhanced light upconversion through both ASPL and second-harmonic generation (SHG) from broadband multiresonant metal nanocavities in two-tier Ag/SiO2/Ag nanolaminate plasmonic crystals (NLPCs) that can support multiple hybridized plasmons with high spatial mode overlaps. Our measurements reveal the distinctions and correlations between the plasmon-enhanced ASPL and SHG processes under different modal and ultrashort pulsed laser excitation conditions, including incident fluence, wavelength, and polarization. To analyze the observed effects of the excitation and modal conditions on the ASPL and SHG emissions, we developed a time-domain modeling framework that simultaneously captures the mode coupling-enhancement characteristics, quantum excitation-emission transitions, and hot carrier population statistical mechanics. Notably, ASPL and SHG from the same metal nanocavities exhibit distinct plasmon-enhanced emission behaviors due to the intrinsic differences between the incoherent hot carrier-mediated ASPL sources with temporally evolving energy and spatial distributions and instantaneous SHG emitters. Mechanistic understanding of ASPL and SHG emissions from broadband multiresonant plasmonic nanocavities marks a milestone toward creating multimodal or wavelength-multiplexed upconversion nanoplasmonic devices for bioimaging, sensing, interfacial monitoring, and integrated photonics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seied Ali Safiabadi Tali
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | | | - Yizhou Qian
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | | | - Yuming Zhao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Ada Morral
- Department of Physics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Junyeob Song
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Meitong Nie
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Brenden A Magill
- Department of Physics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Giti A Khodaparast
- Department of Physics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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6
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Lee SA, Kuhs CT, Searles EK, Everitt HO, Landes CF, Link S. d-Band Hole Dynamics in Gold Nanoparticles Measured with Time-Resolved Emission Upconversion Microscopy. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:3501-3506. [PMID: 37023287 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c00622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The performance of photocatalysts and photovoltaic devices can be enhanced by energetic charge carriers produced from plasmon decay, and the lifetime of these energetic carriers greatly affects overall efficiencies. Although hot electron lifetimes in plasmonic gold nanoparticles have been investigated, hot hole lifetimes have not been as thoroughly studied in plasmonic systems. Here, we demonstrate time-resolved emission upconversion microscopy and use it to resolve the lifetime and energy-dependent cooling of d-band holes formed in gold nanoparticles by plasmon excitation and by following plasmon decay into interband and then intraband electron-hole pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Christopher T Kuhs
- U.S. Army DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory-South, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Emily K Searles
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Henry O Everitt
- U.S. Army DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory-South, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Christy F Landes
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Stephan Link
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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7
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Zhao Y, Xiao C, Mejia E, Garg A, Song J, Agrawal A, Zhou W. Voltage Modulation of Nanoplasmonic Metal Luminescence from Nano-Optoelectrodes in Electrolytes. ACS NANO 2023; 17:8634-8645. [PMID: 37093562 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c01491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Metallic nanostructures supporting surface plasmon modes can concentrate optical fields and enhance luminescence processes from the metal surface at plasmonic hotspots. Such nanoplasmonic metal luminescence contributes to the spectral background in surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) measurements and is helpful in bioimaging, nanothermometry and chemical reaction monitoring applications. Although there is growing interest in nanoplasmonic metal luminescence, its dependence on voltage modulation has received limited attention in research investigations. Also, the hyphenated electrochemical surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (EC-SERS) technique typically ignores voltage-dependent spectral background information associated with nanoplasmonic metal luminescence due to limited mechanistic understanding and poor measurement reproducibility. Here, we report a combined experiment and theory study on dynamic voltage-modulated nanoplasmonic metal luminescence from hotspots at the electrode-electrolyte interface using multiresonant nanolaminate nano-optoelectrode arrays. Our EC-SERS measurements under 785 nm continuous wavelength laser excitation demonstrate that short-wavenumber nanoplasmonic metal luminescence associated with plasmon-enhanced electronic Raman scattering (PE-ERS) exhibits a negative voltage modulation slope (up to ≈30% V-1) in physiological ionic solutions. Furthermore, we have developed a phenomenological model to intuitively capture the plasmonic, electronic, and ionic characteristics at the metal-electrolyte interface to understand the observed dependence of the PE-ERS voltage modulation slope on voltage polarization and ionic strength. The current work represents a critical step toward the general application of nanoplasmonic metal luminescence signals in optical voltage biosensing, hybrid optical-electrical signal transduction, and interfacial electrochemical monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuming Zhao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Chuan Xiao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Elieser Mejia
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Aditya Garg
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Junyeob Song
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Amit Agrawal
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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8
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Dell'Ova F, Shakirova D, Brulé Y, Moreaud L, Colas-des-Francs G, Dujardin E, Bouhelier A. Coherent two-beam steering of delocalized nonlinear photoluminescence in a plasmon cavity. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:17517-17528. [PMID: 36221572 DOI: 10.1364/oe.456599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We aim at controlling the spatial distribution of nonlinear photoluminescence in a shaped micrometer-size crystalline gold flake. Interestingly, the underlying surface plasmon modal landscape sustained by this mesoscopic structure can be advantageously used to generate nonlinear photoluminescence (nPL) in remote locations away from the excitation spot. By controlling the modal pattern, we show that the delocalized nonlinear photoluminescence intensity can be redistributed spatially. This is first accomplished by changing the polarization orientation of the pulsed laser excitation in order to select a subset of available surface plasmon modes within a continuum. We then propose a second approach to redistribute the nPL within the structure by implementing a phase control of the plasmon interference pattern arising from a coherent two-beam excitation. Control and engineering of the nonlinear photoluminescence spatial extension is a prerequisite for deploying the next generation of plasmonic-enabled integrated devices relying on hot carriers.
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9
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Schmidheini L, Tiefenauer RF, Gatterdam V, Frutiger A, Sannomiya T, Aramesh M. Self-Assembly of Nanodiamonds and Plasmonic Nanoparticles for Nanoscopy. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12030148. [PMID: 35323419 PMCID: PMC8946096 DOI: 10.3390/bios12030148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Nanodiamonds have emerged as promising agents for sensing and imaging due to their exceptional photostability and sensitivity to the local nanoscale environment. Here, we introduce a hybrid system composed of a nanodiamond containing nitrogen-vacancy center that is paired to a gold nanoparticle via DNA hybridization. Using multiphoton optical studies, we demonstrate that the harmonic mode emission generated in gold nanoparticles induces a coupled fluorescence emission in nanodiamonds. We show that the flickering of harmonic emission in gold nanoparticles directly influences the nanodiamonds' emissions, resulting in stochastic blinking. By utilizing the stochastic emission fluctuations, we present a proof-of-principle experiment to demonstrate the potential application of the hybrid system for super-resolution microscopy. The introduced system may find applications in intracellular biosensing and bioimaging due to the DNA-based coupling mechanism and also the attractive characteristics of harmonic generation, such as low power, low background and tissue transparency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Schmidheini
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland; (L.S.); (R.F.T.); (V.G.); (A.F.)
| | - Raphael F. Tiefenauer
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland; (L.S.); (R.F.T.); (V.G.); (A.F.)
| | - Volker Gatterdam
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland; (L.S.); (R.F.T.); (V.G.); (A.F.)
| | - Andreas Frutiger
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland; (L.S.); (R.F.T.); (V.G.); (A.F.)
| | - Takumi Sannomiya
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan;
| | - Morteza Aramesh
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland; (L.S.); (R.F.T.); (V.G.); (A.F.)
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Uppsala University, 751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
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10
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Zhu S, Deng B, Liu F, Li J, Lin L, Ye J. Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Bioimaging with an Ultrahigh Signal-to-Background Ratio under Ambient Light. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:8876-8887. [PMID: 35157434 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c01063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) nanoprobes have attracted particular interests in the field of bioimaging owing to their high sensitivity and specificity of the fingerprint spectrum. However, the limited signal-to-background ratio (SBR) in SERS imaging and the requirement to perform imaging in a dark environment have largely hindered its biomedical application. To circumvent this, we have developed a type of bio-orthogonal nanoprobes for SERS imaging with an ultrahigh SBR and ambient light anti-interference ability. The core-shell nanoprobes exhibit strongly enhanced Raman signals and depress the background from photoluminescence of metallic nanoparticles by off-resonance excitation and from the Raman scattering and auto-fluorescence of tissues by near-infrared laser excitation. Such nanoprobes have achieved an SBR of over 100 in SERS bioimaging, 5 times higher than the traditional on-resonant nanoprobes, and their bio-orthogonal signal in the Raman-silent region renders the anti-interference capability under ambient light. The development of these SERS probes opens up a new era for the future applications of Raman imaging in clinical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, P. R. China
| | - Binge Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, P. R. China
| | - Fugang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, P. R. China
| | - Jin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, P. R. China
| | - Li Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, P. R. China
| | - Jian Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, P. R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, P. R. China
- Institute of Medical Robotics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, P. R. China
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11
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Cai YY, Tauzin LJ, Ostovar B, Lee S, Link S. Light emission from plasmonic nanostructures. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:060901. [PMID: 34391373 DOI: 10.1063/5.0053320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of light emission from metallic nanoparticles has been a subject of debate in recent years. Photoluminescence and electronic Raman scattering mechanisms have both been proposed to explain the observed emission from plasmonic nanostructures. Recent results from Stokes and anti-Stokes emission spectroscopy of single gold nanorods using continuous wave laser excitation carried out in our laboratory are summarized here. We show that varying excitation wavelength and power change the energy distribution of hot carriers and impact the emission spectral lineshape. We then examine the role of interband and intraband transitions in the emission lineshape by varying the particle size. We establish a relationship between the single particle emission quantum yield and its corresponding plasmonic resonance quality factor, which we also tune through nanorod crystallinity. Finally, based on anti-Stokes emission, we extract electron temperatures that further suggest a hot carrier based mechanism. The central role of hot carriers in our systematic study on gold nanorods as a model system supports a Purcell effect enhanced hot carrier photoluminescence mechanism. We end with a discussion on the impact of understanding the light emission mechanism on fields utilizing hot carrier distributions, such as photocatalysis and nanothermometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Yu Cai
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Lawrence J Tauzin
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Behnaz Ostovar
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Stephen Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Stephan Link
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
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12
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Abstract
We provide a complete quantitative theory for light emission from Drude metals under continuous wave illumination, based on our recently derived steady-state nonequilibrium electron distribution. We show that the electronic contribution to the emission exhibits a dependence on the emission frequency which is very similar to the energy dependence of the nonequilibrium distribution, and characterize different scenarios determining the measurable emission line shape. This enables the identification of experimentally relevant situations, where the emission lineshapes deviate significantly from predictions based on the standard theory (namely, on the photonic density of states), and enables the differentiation between cases where the emission scales with the metal object surface or with its volume. We also provide an analytic description (which is absent from the literature) of the (polynomial) dependence of the metal emission on the electric field, its dependence on the pump laser frequency, and its nontrivial exponential dependence on the electron temperature, both for the Stokes and anti-Stokes regimes. Our results imply that the emission does not originate from either Fermion statistics (due to e-e interactions), and even though one could have expected the emission to follow boson statistics due to involvement of photons (as in Planck's Black Body emission), it turns out that it deviates from that form as well. Finally, we resolve the arguments associated with the effects of electron and lattice temperatures on the emission, and which of them can be extracted from the anti-Stokes emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonatan Sivan
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er sheva, Israel 8410501
| | - Yonatan Dubi
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er sheva, Israel 8410501
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Agreda A, Sharma DK, Colas des Francs G, Kumar GVP, Bouhelier A. Modal and wavelength conversions in plasmonic nanowires. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:15366-15381. [PMID: 33985237 DOI: 10.1364/oe.421183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We show that plasmonic nanowire-nanoparticle systems can perform nonlinear wavelength and modal conversions and potentially serve as building blocks for signal multiplexing and novel trafficking modalities. When a surface plasmon excited by a pulsed laser beam propagates in a nanowire, it generates a localized broadband nonlinear continuum at the nanowire surface as well as at active locations defined by sites where nanoparticles are absorbed (enhancement sites). The local response may couple to new sets of propagating modes enabling a complex routing of optical signals through modal and spectral conversions. Different aspects influencing the optical signal conversions are presented, including the parameters defining the local formation of the continuum and the subsequent modal routing in the nanowire.
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14
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Inagaki M, Motobayashi K, Ikeda K. In situ surface-enhanced electronic and vibrational Raman scattering spectroscopy at metal/molecule interfaces. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:22988-22994. [PMID: 33007058 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr06150f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
SERS signals from nanostructured surfaces of Au, covered with thiol monolayers, were monitored under application of various electrochemical potentials over a wide Raman-shift range of both the Stokes and anti-Stokes branches. The background continuum in the SERS spectra varied in intensity with apparent correlations with breaking of Au-S bond or evolution of Au-O. This clearly indicates that the origin of the background can be ascribed to non-resonant electronic Raman scattering, which is sensitive to the electronic density at the surface. Using the property of the electronic Raman scattering, full information on the electric double layer at both sides of the metal/dielectric interface was analysed. In the low Raman-shift region below 200 cm-1, moreover, the evolution and disappearance of collective motions of thiol assembly was able to be monitored in situ, which is hardly obtainable with other vibrational absorption spectroscopies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoharu Inagaki
- Department of Physical Science and Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan.
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15
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Nam W, Zhao Y, Song J, Tali SAS, Kang S, Zhu W, Lezec HJ, Agrawal A, Vikesland PJ, Zhou W. Plasmonic Electronic Raman Scattering as Internal Standard for Spatial and Temporal Calibration in Quantitative Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:9543-9551. [PMID: 33115232 PMCID: PMC8141369 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c03056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasensitive surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) still faces difficulties in quantitative analysis because of its susceptibility to local optical field variations at plasmonic hotspots in metallo-dielectric nanostructures. Current SERS calibration approaches using Raman tags have inherent limitations due to spatial occupation competition with analyte molecules, spectral interference with analyte Raman peaks, and photodegradation. Herein, we report that plasmon-enhanced electronic Raman scattering (ERS) signals from metal can serve as an internal standard for spatial and temporal calibration of molecular Raman scattering (MRS) signals from analyte molecules at the same hotspots, enabling rigorous quantitative SERS analysis. We observe a linear dependence between ERS and MRS signal intensities upon spatial and temporal variations of excitation optical fields, manifesting the |E|4 enhancements for both ERS and MRS processes at the same hotspots in agreement with our theoretical prediction. Furthermore, we find that the ERS calibration's performance limit can result from orientation variations of analyte molecules at hotspots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonil Nam
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
| | - Yuming Zhao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
| | - Junyeob Song
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - Seied Ali Safiabadi Tali
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
| | - Seju Kang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Critical Technology and Applied Science Sustainable Nanotechnology Center, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061, USA
| | - Wenqi Zhu
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - Henri J. Lezec
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - Amit Agrawal
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics and Maryland NanoCenter, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Peter J. Vikesland
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Critical Technology and Applied Science Sustainable Nanotechnology Center, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061, USA
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
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16
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Inagaki M, Isogai T, Motobayashi K, Lin KQ, Ren B, Ikeda K. Electronic and vibrational surface-enhanced Raman scattering: from atomically defined Au(111) and (100) to roughened Au. Chem Sci 2020; 11:9807-9817. [PMID: 34094241 PMCID: PMC8162194 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc02976a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In surface-enhanced Raman spectra, vibrational peaks are superimposed on a background continuum, which is known as one major experimental anomaly. This is problematic in assessing vibrational information especially in the low Raman-shift region below 200 cm−1, where the background signals dominate. Herein, we present a rigorous comparison of normal Raman and surface-enhanced Raman spectra for atomically defined surfaces of Au(111) or Au(100) with and without molecular adsorbates. It is clearly shown that the origin of the background continuum is well explained by a local field enhancement of electronic Raman scattering in the conduction band of Au. In the low Raman-shift region, electronic Raman scattering gains additional intensity, probably due to a relaxation in the conservation of momentum rule through momentum transfer from surface roughness. Based on the mechanism for generation of the spectral background, we also present a practical method to extract electronic and vibrational information at the metal/dielectric interface from the measured raw spectra by reducing the thermal factor, the scattering efficiency factor and the Purcell factor over wide ranges in both the Stokes and the anti-Stokes branches. This method enables us not only to analyse concealed vibrational features in the low Raman-shift region but also to estimate more reliable local temperatures from surface-enhanced Raman spectra. Both electronic and vibrational information at the metal/dielectric interface were explicitly extracted from surface-enhanced Raman spectra.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoharu Inagaki
- Department of Physical Science and Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso, Showa Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
| | - Taichi Isogai
- Department of Physical Science and Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso, Showa Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
| | - Kenta Motobayashi
- Department of Physical Science and Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso, Showa Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
| | - Kai-Qiang Lin
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Universität Regensburg Regensburg Germany
| | - Bin Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Katsuyoshi Ikeda
- Department of Physical Science and Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso, Showa Nagoya 466-8555 Japan .,Frontier Research Institute for Materials Science (FRIMS), Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso, Showa Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
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17
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Cai YY, Sung E, Zhang R, Tauzin LJ, Liu JG, Ostovar B, Zhang Y, Chang WS, Nordlander P, Link S. Anti-Stokes Emission from Hot Carriers in Gold Nanorods. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:1067-1073. [PMID: 30657694 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b04359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The origin of light emission from plasmonic nanoparticles has been strongly debated lately. It is present as the background of surface-enhanced Raman scattering and, despite the low yield, has been used for novel sensing and imaging applications because of its photostability. Although the role of surface plasmons as an enhancing antenna is widely accepted, the main controversy regarding the mechanism of the emission is its assignment to either radiative recombination of hot carriers (photoluminescence) or electronic Raman scattering (inelastic light scattering). We have previously interpreted the Stokes-shifted emission from gold nanorods as the Purcell effect enhanced radiative recombination of hot carriers. Here we specifically focused on the anti-Stokes emission from single gold nanorods of varying aspect ratios with excitation wavelengths below and above the interband transition threshold while still employing continuous wave lasers. Analysis of the intensity ratios between Stokes and anti-Stokes emission yields temperatures that can only be interpreted as originating from the excited electron distribution and not a thermally equilibrated phonon population despite not using pulsed laser excitation. Consistent with this result as well as previous emission studies using ultrafast lasers, the power-dependence of the upconverted emission is nonlinear and gives the average number of participating photons as a function of emission wavelength. Our findings thus show that hot carriers and photoluminescence play a major role in the upconverted emission.
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18
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Olesiak-Banska J, Waszkielewicz M, Obstarczyk P, Samoc M. Two-photon absorption and photoluminescence of colloidal gold nanoparticles and nanoclusters. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:4087-4117. [PMID: 31292567 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00849c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This review provides a comprehensive description of nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of gold nanoparticles, which can be used in biological applications. The main focus is placed on two-photon absorption (2PA) and two-photon excited photoluminescence (2PEL) - the processes crucial for multiphoton microscopy, which allows deeper imaging of the material and causes less damage to the biological samples in comparison to conventional (one-photon) microscopy. We present the basics of 2PA measurement techniques and a summary of recent achievements in the understanding of multiphoton excitation and the resulting photoluminescence in gold nanoparticles, both plasmonic ones and small nanoclusters with molecule-like properties. The examples of 2PA applications in bioimaging are also presented, with a comment on future challenges and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Olesiak-Banska
- Advanced Materials Engineering and Modelling Group, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland.
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19
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Molinaro C, Marguet S, Douillard L, Charra F, Fiorini-Debuisschert C. From plasmon-induced luminescence enhancement in gold nanorods to plasmon-induced luminescence turn-off: a way to control reshaping. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:12295-12302. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp00867a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Photo-induced nanorod reshaping due to high-energy density illumination at their longitudinal plasmon resonance, as followed by two-photon luminescence measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Molinaro
- SPEC, CEA, CNRS, UMR 3680, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay
- 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex
- France
| | - Sylvie Marguet
- NIMBE, CEA, CNRS, UMR 3685, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay
- 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex
- France
| | - Ludovic Douillard
- SPEC, CEA, CNRS, UMR 3680, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay
- 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex
- France
| | - Fabrice Charra
- SPEC, CEA, CNRS, UMR 3680, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay
- 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex
- France
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