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Seidel M, Yang Y, Schumacher T, Huo Y, Covre da Silva SF, Rodt S, Rastelli A, Reitzenstein S, Lippitz M. Intermediate Field Coupling of Single Epitaxial Quantum Dots to Plasmonic Waveguides. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:10532-10537. [PMID: 37917860 PMCID: PMC10683061 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c03442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Key requirements for quantum plasmonic nanocircuits are reliable single-photon sources, high coupling efficiency to the plasmonic structures, and low propagation losses. Self-assembled epitaxially grown GaAs quantum dots are close to ideal as stable, bright, and narrowband single-photon emitters. Likewise, wet-chemically grown monocrystalline silver nanowires are among the best plasmonic waveguides. However, large propagation losses of surface plasmons on the high-index GaAs substrate prevent their direct combination. Here, we show by experiment and simulation that the best overall performance of the quantum plasmonic nanocircuit based on these building blocks is achieved in the intermediate field regime with an additional spacer layer between the quantum dot and the plasmonic waveguide. High-resolution cathodoluminescence measurements allow a precise determination of the coupling distance and support a simple analytical model to explain the overall performance. The coupling efficiency is increased up to four times by standing wave interference near the end of the waveguide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Seidel
- Experimental
Physics III, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth 95447, Germany
| | - Yuhui Yang
- Institute
of Solid State Physics, Technische Universität
Berlin, Berlin 10623, Germany
| | | | - Yongheng Huo
- Institute
of Semiconductor and Solid State Physics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstraße 69, A-4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Saimon Filipe Covre da Silva
- Institute
of Semiconductor and Solid State Physics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstraße 69, A-4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Sven Rodt
- Institute
of Solid State Physics, Technische Universität
Berlin, Berlin 10623, Germany
| | - Armando Rastelli
- Institute
of Semiconductor and Solid State Physics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstraße 69, A-4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Stephan Reitzenstein
- Institute
of Solid State Physics, Technische Universität
Berlin, Berlin 10623, Germany
| | - Markus Lippitz
- Experimental
Physics III, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth 95447, Germany
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2
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Meng Y, Cheng G, Man Z, Xu Y, Zhou S, Bian J, Lu Z, Zhang W. Deterministic Assembly of Single Sub-20 nm Functional Nanoparticles Using a Thermally Modified Template with a Scanning Nanoprobe. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2005979. [PMID: 33180357 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202005979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A deterministic assembly technique for single sub-20 nm functional nanoparticles is developed based on nanostructured templates fabricated by hot scanning nanoprobes. With this technique, single nanoparticles including quantum dots, polystyrene fluorescent nanobeads, and gold nanoparticles are successfully assembled into 2D arrays with high yields. Experimental and theoretical analyses show that the key for the high yields is the hot-probe-based template fabrication technique, which creates geometrical nanotraps and modifies their surface energy simultaneously. In addition to single nanoparticle patterning, further experiments demonstrate that this technique is also capable of building complex nanostructures, such as nanoparticle clusters with well-defined shapes and heterogeneously integrated nanostructures consisting of quantum dots and silver nanowires. It opens the door to many important applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Meng
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, MOE Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Gang Cheng
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, MOE Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Zaiqin Man
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, MOE Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Ya Xu
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, MOE Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Shuang Zhou
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, MOE Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Jie Bian
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, MOE Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Zhenda Lu
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, MOE Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Weihua Zhang
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, MOE Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
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Xia J, Tang J, Bao F, Sun Y, Fang M, Cao G, Evans J, He S. Turning a hot spot into a cold spot: polarization-controlled Fano-shaped local-field responses probed by a quantum dot. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2020; 9:166. [PMID: 33024554 PMCID: PMC7505841 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-020-00398-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Optical nanoantennas can convert propagating light to local fields. The local-field responses can be engineered to exhibit nontrivial features in spatial, spectral and temporal domains, where local-field interferences play a key role. Here, we design nearly fully controllable local-field interferences in the nanogap of a nanoantenna, and experimentally demonstrate that in the nanogap, the spectral dispersion of the local-field response can exhibit tuneable Fano lineshapes with nearly vanishing Fano dips. A single quantum dot is precisely positioned in the nanogap to probe the spectral dispersions of the local-field responses. By controlling the excitation polarization, the asymmetry parameter q of the probed Fano lineshapes can be tuned from negative to positive values, and correspondingly, the Fano dips can be tuned across a broad spectral range. Notably, at the Fano dips, the local-field intensity is strongly suppressed by up to ~50-fold, implying that the hot spot in the nanogap can be turned into a cold spot. The results may inspire diverse designs of local-field responses with novel spatial distributions, spectral dispersions and temporal dynamics, and expand the available toolbox for nanoscopy, spectroscopy, nano-optical quantum control and nanolithography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Xia
- Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, National Engineering Research Center for Optical Instrumentation, JORCEP, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianwei Tang
- Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, National Engineering Research Center for Optical Instrumentation, JORCEP, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China
- School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, China
| | - Fanglin Bao
- Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, ZJU-SCNU Joint Center of Photonics, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, 510006 Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongcheng Sun
- Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, ZJU-SCNU Joint Center of Photonics, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, 510006 Guangzhou, China
| | - Maodong Fang
- Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, ZJU-SCNU Joint Center of Photonics, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, 510006 Guangzhou, China
| | - Guanjun Cao
- Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, ZJU-SCNU Joint Center of Photonics, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, 510006 Guangzhou, China
| | - Julian Evans
- Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, National Engineering Research Center for Optical Instrumentation, JORCEP, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China
| | - Sailing He
- Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, National Engineering Research Center for Optical Instrumentation, JORCEP, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China
- Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, ZJU-SCNU Joint Center of Photonics, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, 510006 Guangzhou, China
- Department of Electromagnetic Engineering, School of Electrical Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology, S-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
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Schörner C, Lippitz M. Single Molecule Nonlinearity in a Plasmonic Waveguide. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:2152-2156. [PMID: 32077703 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic waveguides offer the unique possibility to confine light far below the diffraction limit. Past room temperature experiments focused on efficient generation of single waveguide plasmons by a quantum emitter. However, only the simultaneous interaction of the emitter with multiple plasmonic fields would lead to functionality in a plasmonic circuit. Here, we demonstrate the nonlinear optical interaction of a single molecule and propagating plasmons. An individual terrylene diimide (TDI) molecule is placed in the nanogap between two single-crystalline silver nanowires. A visible wavelength pump pulse and a red-shifted depletion pulse travel along the waveguide, leading to stimulated emission depletion (STED) in the observed fluorescence. The efficiency increases by up to a factor of 50 compared to far-field excitation. Our study thus demonstrates remote nonlinear four-wave mixing at a single molecule with propagating plasmons. It paves the way toward functional quantum plasmonic circuits and improved nonlinear single-molecule spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schörner
- Experimental Physics III, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany D-95447
| | - Markus Lippitz
- Experimental Physics III, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany D-95447
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Zhu A, Gao R, Zhao X, Zhang F, Zhang X, Yang J, Zhang Y, Chen L, Wang Y. Site-selective growth of Ag nanoparticles controlled by localized surface plasmon resonance of nanobowl arrays. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:6576-6583. [PMID: 30644964 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr10277e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Hexagonal Ag nanoparticle arrays are exclusively grown on top of the interstices of Au nanobowl arrays. The photoinduced effect of the enhanced electromagnetic field between Au nanobowls accelerated the chemical reaction and is responsible for Ag growth in defined local positions. The enhanced electric field of the Au nanobowl array induced a photoreaction, which resulted in Ag growth in the hot area. Interestingly, the sizes and positions of the Ag nanoparticles distributed in the strong electric field of the Au nanobowl array are easily controlled. A six-axis symmetric pattern of Ag nanoparticle growth is realized based on the use of vertically incident circularly polarized light. Furthermore, a three-axis symmetric nanoperiodic structure is obtained through the use of linearly polarized oblique waves with specific incidence angles. This research shows that an electric field can be used to control a chemical reaction at the nanometer level, enabling the control and design of a wide variety of nanoperiodic structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aonan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Physics, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130103, P.R. China.
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Zhang L, Zhang Y, Guo Y, Wang Y, Liu R, Chen B, Zhong H, Zou B. Growth of CdS nanotubes and their strong optical microcavity effects. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:5325-5329. [PMID: 30843552 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr10323b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Nanotubes are often formed by the folding of one-layer or multilayer compounds under microscopic catalytic growth conditions. Here, CdS nanotubes with tunable wall sizes and optical microcavities were prepared via a simple thermal evaporation co-deposition technique with Sn metal nanowire templating and ejection. Compared to core-shell Sn/CdS nanowires, which have poor microcavity quality, the hollow/CdS nanotubes have a higher quality factor (Q) that can reach approximately 400 in the spectral range of 550-800 nm when excited by a continuous-wave 405 nm laser. This high Q factor leads to low-threshold lasing and line-width narrowing due to the mode selection, which are important in many fields, including lasers, sensors, communications, and optical storage. A theoretical mode analysis of the hollow/CdS nanotubes with different thicknesses addressed their microcavity mode confinement and enhancements. This technique provides a new way to prepare semiconductor nanotubes for new photonic devices and photoelectric applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Beijing Key Lab of Nanophotonics and Ultrafine Optoelectronic Systems, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
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Gao L, Chen L, Wei H, Xu H. Lithographically fabricated gold nanowire waveguides for plasmonic routers and logic gates. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:11923-11929. [PMID: 29901054 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr01827h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Fabricating plasmonic nanowire waveguides and circuits by lithographic fabrication methods is highly desired for nanophotonic circuitry applications. Here we report an approach for fabricating metal nanowire networks by using electron beam lithography and metal film deposition techniques. The gold nanowire structures are fabricated on quartz substrates without using any adhesion layer but coated with a thin layer of Al2O3 film for immobilization. The thermal annealing during the Al2O3 deposition process decreases the surface plasmon loss. In a Y-shaped gold nanowire network, the surface plasmons can be routed to different branches by controlling the polarization of the excitation light, and the routing behavior is dependent on the length of the main nanowire. Simulated electric field distributions show that the zigzag distribution of the electric field in the nanowire network determines the surface plasmon routing. By using two laser beams to excite surface plasmons in a Y-shaped nanowire network, the output intensity can be modulated by the interference of surface plasmons, which can be used to design Boolean logic gates. We experimentally demonstrate that AND, OR, XOR and NOT gates can be realized in three-terminal nanowire networks, and NAND, NOR and XNOR gates can be realized in four-terminal nanowire networks. This work takes a step toward the fabrication of on-chip integrated plasmonic circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
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