1
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Wang T, Gao Y, Chen B, Crespi VH, van Duin ACT. Prediction of a Novel Electromechanical Response in Polar Polymers with Rigid Backbones: Contrasting Furan-Derived Nanothreads to Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride). NANO LETTERS 2024. [PMID: 39016328 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c01431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Syn furan nanothreads have all oxygen atoms arranged on one side of the thread backbone; these polar threads present intriguing opportunities in electromechanical response owing to their rigid ladder-like backbone. We retrained a C/H/O reactive force field to simulate their response to external electric field for both end-anchored individual threads and bulk nanothread crystals, contrasting the results to those for poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) polymer. Whereas the field induces a length-independent torque in PVDF through backbone rotation about σ bonds, furan-derived nanothreads generate a length-dependent torque by progressively twisting their rigid backbone. This mode of response couples the rotational history of the electric field to axial tension in the anchored thread. In simulations of densely packed syn furan nanothread crystals without anchors, the crystals pole in a field (∼3 GV/m at 300 K) similar to that seen in simulations of PVDF, suggesting that crystals of polar nanothreads can be ferroelectric.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Yawei Gao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Bo Chen
- Donostia International Physics Center, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal, 4, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Vincent H Crespi
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Adri C T van Duin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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2
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Oburn SM, Huss S, Cox J, Gerthoffer MC, Wu S, Biswas A, Murphy M, Crespi VH, Badding JV, Lopez SA, Elacqua E. Photochemically Mediated Polymerization of Molecular Furan and Pyridine: Synthesis of Nanothreads at Reduced Pressures. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:22026-22034. [PMID: 36417898 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c09204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Nanothreads are emerging one-dimensional sp3-hybridized materials with high predicted tensile strength and a tunable band gap. They can be synthesized by compressing aromatic or nonaromatic small molecules to pressures ranging from 15-30 GPa. Recently, new avenues are being sought that reduce the pressure required to afford nanothreads; the focus has been placed on the polymerization of molecules with reduced aromaticity, favorable stacking, and/or the use of higher reaction temperatures. Herein, we report the photochemically mediated polymerization of pyridine and furan aromatic precursors, which achieves nanothread formation at reduced pressures. In the case of pyridine, it was found that a combination of slow compression/decompression with broadband UV light exposure yielded a crystalline product featuring a six-fold diffraction pattern with similar interplanar spacings to previously synthesized pyridine-derived nanothreads at a reduced pressure. When furan is compressed to 8 GPa and exposed to broadband UV light, a crystalline solid is recovered that similarly demonstrates X-ray diffraction with an interplanar spacing akin to that of the high-pressure synthesized furan-derived nanothreads. Our method realizes a 1.9-fold reduction in the maximum pressure required to afford furan-derived nanothreads and a 1.4-fold reduction in pressure required for pyridine-derived nanothreads. Density functional theory and multiconfigurational wavefunction-based computations were used to understand the photochemical activation of furan and subsequent cascade thermal cycloadditions. The reduction of the onset pressure is caused by an initial [4+4] cycloaddition followed by increasingly facile thermal [4+2]-cycloadditions during polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalisa M Oburn
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Steven Huss
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Jordan Cox
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Margaret C Gerthoffer
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Sikai Wu
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Arani Biswas
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Morgan Murphy
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Vincent H Crespi
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States.,Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States.,Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - John V Badding
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States.,Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States.,Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Steven A Lopez
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Elizabeth Elacqua
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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3
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Wang T, Xu ES, Chen B, Hoffmann R, Crespi VH. Theory of Borazine-Derived Nanothreads: Enumeration, Reaction Pathways, and Piezoelectricity. ACS NANO 2022; 16:15884-15893. [PMID: 36166474 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c02778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nanothreads are one-dimensional macromolecules formed by pressure-induced polymerization along stacks of multiply unsaturated (or highly strained) molecules such as benzene (or cubane). Borazine is isoelectronic to benzene yet with substantial bond polarity, thus motivating a theoretical examination of borazine-derived nanothreads with degrees of saturation of 2, 4, and 6 (defined as the number of four-coordinated boron and nitrogen atoms per borazine formula unit). The energy increases upon going from molecular borazine to degree-2 borazine-derived threads and then decreases for degree-4 and degree-6 nanothreads as more σ bonds are formed. With the constraint of no more than two borazine formula units within the repeat unit of the framework's bonding topology, there are only 13 fully saturated (i.e., degree-6) borazine-derived nanothreads that avoid energetically costly homopolar bonds (as compared to more than 50 such candidates for benzene-derived threads). Only two of these are more stable than borazine. Hypothetical pathways from molecular borazine to these two degree-6 borazine-derived nanothreads are discussed. This relative paucity of outcomes may assist in kinetic control of reaction products. Beyond the high mechanical strength also predicted for carbon-based threads, properties such as piezoelectricity and flexoelectricity may be accessible to the polar lattice of borazine-derived nanothreads, with intriguing prospects for expression in these extremely thin yet rigid objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - En-Shi Xu
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- School of Physics and Electronics, Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun 558000, P.R. China
| | - Bo Chen
- Donostia International Physics Center, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Roald Hoffmann
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Baker Laboratory, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
| | - Vincent H Crespi
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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4
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Li F, Xu J, Wang Y, Zheng H, Li K. Pressure-Induced Polymerization: Addition and Condensation Reactions. Molecules 2021; 26:7581. [PMID: 34946665 PMCID: PMC8704508 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Under pressure of 1-100 GPa, unsaturated organic molecules tend to form covalent bond to each other for a negative enthalpy change, which often produces polymeric materials with extended carbon skeleton. The polymerization reactions typically happen in crystal, which promotes the topochemical process. This review summarized the topochemical polymerization processes of several alkynes, aromatics, and alkynylphenyl compounds, including the critical crystal structures before the reaction, bonding process, and the structure of the products. Secondly, this review also summarized the condensation reaction identified in the polymerization process, including the elimination of small molecules such as NH3, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yajie Wang
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Beijing 100094, China; (F.L.); (J.X.)
| | - Haiyan Zheng
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Beijing 100094, China; (F.L.); (J.X.)
| | - Kuo Li
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Beijing 100094, China; (F.L.); (J.X.)
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5
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Demingos PG, Pagnussatti RA, Muniz AR. Strain-Tunable Carbon Nanothread-Derived Membranes for Water Desalination. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:7311-7319. [PMID: 34170692 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c03839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanothread-derived nanomeshes are highly flexible two-dimensional (2D) structures with tunable pore size and shape, which allows fine control of their transport properties when applied as membranes. In this work, we use molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the performance of several nanomesh structures as membranes for water desalination through reverse osmosis. Results show that these membranes can operate in a wide range of water flow rate, with an optimal point that yields 100% NaCl rejection and water permeability as high as 106 L·cm-2·day-1·MPa-1, higher than other nanoporous 2D materials reported in the literature. This promising performance is partially due to the elliptical pores of strained nanomeshes, which allow the passage of rotated water molecules while rejecting hydrated salt ions. Our results show that carbon nanothread-derived nanomeshes have great potential for application in water desalination processes and emphasize the importance of engineering pore shape in 2D materials when applied as reverse osmosis membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro G Demingos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Luiz Englert s/n, 90040-040 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafaela A Pagnussatti
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Luiz Englert s/n, 90040-040 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Andre R Muniz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Luiz Englert s/n, 90040-040 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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6
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Matsuura BS, Huss S, Zheng Z, Yuan S, Wang T, Chen B, Badding JV, Trauner D, Elacqua E, van Duin ACT, Crespi VH, Schmidt-Rohr K. Perfect and Defective 13C-Furan-Derived Nanothreads from Modest-Pressure Synthesis Analyzed by 13C NMR. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:9529-9542. [PMID: 34130458 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c03671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The molecular structure of nanothreads produced by the slow compression of 13C4-furan was studied by advanced solid-state NMR. Spectral editing showed that >95% of carbon atoms were bonded to one hydrogen (C-H) and that there were 2-4% CH2, 0.6% C═O, and <0.3% CH3 groups. Alkenes accounted for 18% of the CH moieties, while trapped, unreacted furan made up 7%. Two-dimensional (2D) 13C-13C and 1H-13C NMR identified 12% of all carbon in asymmetric O-CH═CH-CH-CH- and 24% in symmetric O-CH-CH═CH-CH- rings. While the former represented defects or chain ends, some of the latter appeared to form repeating thread segments. Around 10% of carbon atoms were found in highly ordered, fully saturated nanothread segments. Unusually slow 13C spin-exchange with sites outside the perfect thread segments documented a length of at least 14 bonds; the small width of the perfect-thread signals also implied a fairly long, regular structure. Carbons in the perfect threads underwent relatively slow spin-lattice relaxation, indicating slow spin exchange with other threads and smaller amplitude motions. Through partial inversion recovery, the signals of the perfect threads were observed and analyzed selectively. Previously considered syn-threads with four different C-H bond orientations were ruled out by centerband-only detection of exchange NMR, which was, on the contrary, consistent with anti-threads. The observed 13C chemical shifts were matched well by quantum-chemical calculations for anti-threads but not for more complex structures like syn/anti-threads. These observations represent the first direct determination of the atomic-level structure of fully saturated nanothreads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan S Matsuura
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Steven Huss
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Zhaoxi Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02453, United States
| | - Shichen Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02453, United States
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Bo Chen
- Donostia International Physics Center, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal, 4, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - John V Badding
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Dirk Trauner
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, United States
- NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Elizabeth Elacqua
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Adri C T van Duin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Vincent H Crespi
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Klaus Schmidt-Rohr
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02453, United States
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7
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Demingos PG, Balzaretti NM, Muniz AR. First-principles study of carbon nanothreads derived from five-membered heterocyclic rings: thiophene, furan and pyrrole. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:2055-2062. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp05847e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Structural, mechanical and electronic properties of carbon nanothreads derived from five-membered ring heterocyclic compounds are presented and discussed, demonstrating their enhanced stability and promising set of features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro G. Demingos
- Graduate Program in Materials Science
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
- Porto Alegre
- Brazil
| | - Naira M. Balzaretti
- Graduate Program in Materials Science
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
- Porto Alegre
- Brazil
- Institute of Physics
| | - André R. Muniz
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
- Porto Alegre 90040-060
- Brazil
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8
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Friedrich A, Collings IE, Dziubek KF, Fanetti S, Radacki K, Ruiz-Fuertes J, Pellicer-Porres J, Hanfland M, Sieh D, Bini R, Clark SJ, Marder TB. Pressure-Induced Polymerization of Polycyclic Arene-Perfluoroarene Cocrystals: Single Crystal X-ray Diffraction Studies, Reaction Kinetics, and Design of Columnar Hydrofluorocarbons. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:18907-18923. [PMID: 33095990 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c09021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Pressure-induced polymerization of aromatic compounds leads to novel materials containing sp3 carbon-bonded networks. The choice of the molecular species and the control of their arrangement in the crystal structures via intermolecular interactions, such as the arene-perfluoroarene interaction, can enable the design of target polymers. We have investigated the crystal structure compression and pressure-induced polymerization reaction kinetics of two polycyclic 1:1 arene-perfluoroarene cocrystals, naphthalene/octafluoronaphthalene (NOFN) and anthracene/octafluoronaphthalene (AOFN), up to 25 and 30 GPa, respectively, using single-crystal synchrotron X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, and theoretical computations based on density-functional theory. Our study shows the remarkable pressure stability of the parallel arene-perfluoroarene π-stacking arrangement and a reduction of the interplanar π-stacking separations by ca. 19-22% before the critical reaction distance is reached. A further strong, discontinuous, and irreversible reduction along the stacking direction at 20 GPa in NOFN (18.8%) and 25 GPa in AOFN (8.7%) indicates the pressure-induced breakdown of π-stacking by formation of σ-bonded polymers. The association of the structural distortion with the occurrence of a chemical reaction is confirmed by a high-pressure kinetic study using infrared spectroscopy, indicating one-dimensional polymer growth. Structural predictions for the fully polymerized high-pressure phases consisting of highly ordered rods of hydrofluorocarbons are presented based on theoretical computations, which are in excellent agreement with the experimentally determined unit-cell parameters. We show that the polymerization takes place along the arene-perfluoroarene π-stacking direction and that the lateral extension of the columns depends on the extension of the arene and perfluoroarene molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Friedrich
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ines E Collings
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Kamil F Dziubek
- LENS, European Laboratory for Nonlinear Spectroscopy, Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Samuele Fanetti
- LENS, European Laboratory for Nonlinear Spectroscopy, Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.,ICCOM-CNR, Institute of Chemistry of OrganoMetallic Compounds, National Research Council of Italy, Via Madonna del Piano 10, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Krzysztof Radacki
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Javier Ruiz-Fuertes
- MALTA Consolider Team, Departamento Física Aplicada-ICMUV, Universitat de València, C/Doctor Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Spain.,DCITIMAC, MALTA Consolider Team, Universidad de Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain
| | - Julio Pellicer-Porres
- MALTA Consolider Team, Departamento Física Aplicada-ICMUV, Universitat de València, C/Doctor Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Michael Hanfland
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Daniel Sieh
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Roberto Bini
- LENS, European Laboratory for Nonlinear Spectroscopy, Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.,ICCOM-CNR, Institute of Chemistry of OrganoMetallic Compounds, National Research Council of Italy, Via Madonna del Piano 10, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.,Dipartimento di Chimica "Ugo Schiff" dell'Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Stewart J Clark
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, Science Laboratories, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Todd B Marder
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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9
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Fu Y, Xu K, Wu J, Zhang Z, He J. The effects of morphology and temperature on the tensile characteristics of carbon nitride nanothreads. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:12462-12475. [PMID: 32495792 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr03206a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Very recently synthesized carbon nitride nanothreads (CNNTs) by compressing crystalline pyridine show outperform diamond nanothreads in chemical and physical properties. Here, using first-principles-based ReaxFF molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, a comprehensive investigation on the mechanical characteristics of seven experimentally synthesized CNNTs has been performed. All CNNTs exhibit unique tensile properties that change with molecular morphology, atomic arrangement and the distribution of nitrogen in the skeleton. The CNNTs with more effective covalent bonds at cross-sections are more mechanically robust. Surprisingly, a tiny CNNT with periodic unit structures of 5462-cage shows extreme ductility because of the formation of a linear polymer via 4-step dissociation-and-reformation of bonds at extremely low temperatures in the range of 1-15 K; however, it shows brittle failure at one cross-section with low ductility at higher temperatures similar to other CNNTs at different temperatures; this offers a feasible way to design a kind of lightweight material that can be used in ultra-low temperature conditions, for example, the harsh deep space environment. The results also show that temperature significantly affects the fracture stress and rupture strain but not the effective stiffness. The analysis of atomic bond orders and bond lengthening reveals that the unique nonlinear elasticity of CNNTs is attributed to the occurrence of local bond transformations. This study provides physical insights into the tensile characteristics of CNNTs for the design and application of CNNT-based nanostructures as multifunctional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuequn Fu
- NTNU Nanomechanical Lab, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim 7491, Norway.
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10
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Xue J, Xie Y, Peng Q, Chen Y. Thermal transports of one-dimensional ultrathin carbon structures. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 30:475401. [PMID: 31430722 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab3ce7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Carbon atomic chain, linear benzene polymers, and carbon nanothreads are all one-dimensional (1D) ultrathin carbon structures. They possess excellent electronic and mechanical properties; however, their thermal transport properties have been rarely explored. Here, we systematically study their thermal conductance by combining the nonequilibrium Green's function and force field methods. The thermal conductance varies from 0.24 to 1.00 nW K-1 at 300 K, and phonon transport in the linear benzene polymers and carbon nanothreads is strongly dependent on the connectivity styles between the benzene rings. We propose a simple 1D model, namely force-constant model, that explains the complicated transport processes in these structures. Our study not only reveals intrinsic mechanisms of phonon transport in these carbon structures, but also provides an effective method to analyze thermal properties of other 1D ultrathin structures made of only several atomic chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xue
- School of Physics and Optoelectronics, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, Hunan, People's Republic of China. Faculty of Science, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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11
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Biswas A, Ward MD, Wang T, Zhu L, Huang HT, Badding JV, Crespi VH, Strobel TA. Evidence for Orientational Order in Nanothreads Derived from Thiophene. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:7164-7171. [PMID: 31601100 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b02546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nanothreads are one-dimensional sp3 hydrocarbons that pack within pseudohexagonal crystalline lattices. They are believed to lack long-range order along the thread axis and also lack interthread registry. Here we investigate the phase behavior of thiophene up to 35 GPa and establish a pressure-induced phase transition sequence that mirrors previous observations in low-temperature studies. Slow compression to 35 GPa results in the formation of a recoverable saturated product with a 2D monoclinic diffraction pattern along (0001) that agrees closely with atomistic simulations for single crystals of thiophene-derived nanothreads. Paradoxically, this lower-symmetry packing signals a higher degree of structural order since it must arise from constituents with a consistent azimuthal orientation about their shared axis. The simplicity of thiophene reaction pathways (with only four carbon atoms per ring) apparently yields the first nanothreads with orientational order, a striking outcome considering that a single point defect in a 1D system can disrupt long-range structural order.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew D Ward
- Geophysical Laboratory , Carnegie Institution for Science , 5251 Broad Branch Road NW , Washington , D.C. 20015 , United States
| | | | - Li Zhu
- Geophysical Laboratory , Carnegie Institution for Science , 5251 Broad Branch Road NW , Washington , D.C. 20015 , United States
| | | | | | | | - Timothy A Strobel
- Geophysical Laboratory , Carnegie Institution for Science , 5251 Broad Branch Road NW , Washington , D.C. 20015 , United States
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12
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Ward MD, Tang WS, Zhu L, Popov D, Cody GD, Strobel TA. Controlled Single-Crystalline Polymerization of C10H8·C10F8 under Pressure. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. Ward
- Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, 5251 Broad Branch Road Northwest, Washington, D.C. 20015, United States
| | - Wan Si Tang
- Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, 5251 Broad Branch Road Northwest, Washington, D.C. 20015, United States
| | - Li Zhu
- Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, 5251 Broad Branch Road Northwest, Washington, D.C. 20015, United States
| | - Dmitry Popov
- High Pressure Collaborative Access Team (HPCAT), Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - George D. Cody
- Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, 5251 Broad Branch Road Northwest, Washington, D.C. 20015, United States
| | - Timothy A. Strobel
- Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, 5251 Broad Branch Road Northwest, Washington, D.C. 20015, United States
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Silveira JF, Muniz AR. Flexible carbon nanothread-based membranes with strain-dependent gas transport properties. J Memb Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Juhl SJ, Wang T, Vermilyea B, Li X, Crespi VH, Badding JV, Alem N. Local Structure and Bonding of Carbon Nanothreads Probed by High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:6937-6945. [PMID: 30951295 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b13405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Carbon nanothreads are a new one-dimensional sp3-bonded nanomaterial of CH stoichiometry synthesized from benzene at high pressure and room temperature by slow solid-state polymerization. The resulting threads assume crystalline packing hundreds of micrometers across. We show high-resolution electron microscopy (HREM) images of hexagonal arrays of well-aligned thread columns that traverse the 80-100 nm thickness of the prepared sample. Diffuse scattering in electron diffraction reveals that nanothreads are packed with axial and/or azimuthal disregistry between them. Layer lines in diffraction from annealed nanothreads provide the first evidence of translational order along their length, indicating that this solid-state reaction proceeds with some regularity. HREM also reveals bends and defects in nanothread crystals that can contribute to the broadening of their diffraction spots, and electron energy-loss spectroscopy confirms them to be primarily sp3-hybridized, with less than 27% sp2 carbon, most likely associated with partially saturated "degree-4" threads.
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