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Sakthivelpathi V, Li T, Qian Z, Lee C, Taylor Z, Chung JH. Advancements and Applications of Micro and Nanostructured Capacitive Sensors: A Review. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS. A, PHYSICAL 2024; 377:115701. [PMID: 39129941 PMCID: PMC11308742 DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2024.115701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Capacitors are essential components in modern electrical systems, functioning primarily to store electrical charges and regulate current flow. Capacitive sensors, developed in the 20th century, have become crucial in various applications, including touchscreens and smart devices, due to their ability to detect both metallic and non-metallic objects with high sensitivity and low energy consumption. The advancement of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and nanotechnology has significantly enhanced the capabilities of capacitive sensors, leading to unprecedented sensitivity, dynamic range, and cost-effectiveness. These sensors are integral to modern devices, enabling precise measurements of proximity, pressure, strain, and other parameters. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the development, fabrication, and integration of micro and nanostructured capacitive sensors. In terms of an electric field, the working and detection principles are discussed with analytical equations and our numerical results. The focus extends to novel fabrication methods using advanced materials to enhance sensitivities for various parameters, such as proximity, force, pressure, strain, temperature, humidity, and liquid sensing. Their applications are demonstrated in wearable devices, human-machine interfaces, biomedical sensing, health monitoring, robotics control, industrial monitoring, and molecular detection. By consolidating existing research, this review offers insights into the advancements and future directions of capacitive sensor technology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tianyi Li
- Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA 98195
| | - Zhongjie Qian
- Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA 98195
| | - Changwoo Lee
- Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA 98195
| | - Zachary Taylor
- Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA 98195
| | - Jae-Hyun Chung
- Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA 98195
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Yang C, Huang W, Lin Y, Cao S, Wang H, Sun Y, Fang T, Wang M, Kong D. Stretchable MXene/Carbon Nanotube Bilayer Strain Sensors with Tunable Sensitivity and Working Ranges. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:30274-30283. [PMID: 38822785 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c04770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Stretchable strain sensors have gained increasing popularity as wearable devices to convert mechanical deformation of the human body into electrical signals. Two-dimensional transition metal carbides (Ti3C2Tx MXene) are promising candidates to achieve excellent sensitivity. However, MXene films have been limited in operating strain ranges due to rapid crack propagation during stretching. In this regard, this study reports MXene/carbon nanotube bilayer films with tunable sensitivity and working ranges. The device is fabricated using a scalable process involving spray deposition of well-dispersed nanomaterial inks. The bilayer sensor's high sensitivity is attributed to the cracks that form in the MXene film, while the compliant carbon nanotube layer extends the working range by maintaining conductive pathways. Moreover, the response of the sensor is easily controlled by tuning the MXene loading, achieving a gauge factor of 9039 within 15% strain at 1.92 mg/cm2 and a gauge factor of 1443 within 108% strain at 0.55 mg/cm2. These tailored properties can precisely match the operation requirements during the wearable application, providing accurate monitoring of various body movements and physiological activities. Additionally, a smart glove with multiple integrated strain sensors is demonstrated as a human-machine interface for the real-time recognition of hand gestures based on a machine-learning algorithm. The design strategy presented here provides a convenient avenue to modulate strain sensors for targeted applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Yang
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Weixi Huang
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yong Lin
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shitai Cao
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hao Wang
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yuping Sun
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ting Fang
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Menglu Wang
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Desheng Kong
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing 210023, China
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Lee JE, Kim SU, Kim JY. Fabrication of a Capacitive 3D Spacer Fabric Pressure Sensor with a Dielectric Constant Change for High Sensitivity. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:3395. [PMID: 38894186 PMCID: PMC11174641 DOI: 10.3390/s24113395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Smart wearable sensors are increasingly integrated into everyday life, interfacing with the human body to enable real-time monitoring of biological signals. This study focuses on creating high-sensitivity capacitive-type sensors by impregnating polyester-based 3D spacer fabric with a Carbon Nanotube (CNT) dispersion. The unique properties of conductive particles lead to nonlinear variations in the dielectric constant when pressure is applied, consequently affecting the gauge factor. The results reveal that while the fabric without CNT particles had a gauge factor of 1.967, the inclusion of 0.04 wt% CNT increased it significantly to 5.210. As sensor sensitivity requirements vary according to the application, identifying the necessary CNT wt% is crucial. Artificial intelligence, particularly the Multilayer Perception (MLP) model, enables nonlinear regression analysis for this purpose. The MLP model created and validated in this research showed a high correlation coefficient of 0.99564 between the model predictions and actual target values, indicating its effectiveness and reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Eun Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Republic of Korea;
| | - Sang-Un Kim
- Department of Smart Wearable Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Republic of Korea;
| | - Joo-Yong Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Republic of Korea;
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Mijit A, Li S, Wang Q, Li M, Tai Y. Silver Nanowire-Based Flexible Strain Sensor for Human Motion Detection. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:3329. [PMID: 38894120 PMCID: PMC11174821 DOI: 10.3390/s24113329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Accurately capturing human movements is a crucial element of health status monitoring and a necessary precondition for realizing future virtual reality/augmented reality applications. Flexible motion sensors with exceptional sensitivity are capable of detecting physical activities by converting them into resistance fluctuations. Silver nanowires (AgNWs) have become a preferred choice for the development of various types of sensors due to their outstanding electrical conductivity, transparency, and flexibility within polymer composites. Herein, we present the design and fabrication of a flexible strain sensor based on silver nanowires. Suitable substrate materials were selected, and the sensor's sensitivity and fatigue properties were characterized and tested, with the sensor maintaining reliability after 5000 deformation cycles. Different sensors were prepared by controlling the concentration of silver nanowires to achieve the collection of motion signals from various parts of the human body. Additionally, we explored potential applications of these sensors in fields such as health monitoring and virtual reality. In summary, this work integrated the acquisition of different human motion signals, demonstrating great potential for future multifunctional wearable electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abduweli Mijit
- School of Material Science and Technology, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China;
- Key Laboratory of Human-Machine Intelligence-Synergy Systems of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, CAS, Shenzhen 518055, China; (S.L.); (Q.W.)
| | - Shuo Li
- Key Laboratory of Human-Machine Intelligence-Synergy Systems of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, CAS, Shenzhen 518055, China; (S.L.); (Q.W.)
| | - Qiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Human-Machine Intelligence-Synergy Systems of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, CAS, Shenzhen 518055, China; (S.L.); (Q.W.)
| | - Mingzhou Li
- School of Metallurgical Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Yanlong Tai
- Key Laboratory of Human-Machine Intelligence-Synergy Systems of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, CAS, Shenzhen 518055, China; (S.L.); (Q.W.)
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Papani R, Li Y, Wang S. Soft mechanical sensors for wearable and implantable applications. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 16:e1961. [PMID: 38723798 PMCID: PMC11108230 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Wearable and implantable sensing of biomechanical signals such as pressure, strain, shear, and vibration can enable a multitude of human-integrated applications, including on-skin monitoring of vital signs, motion tracking, monitoring of internal organ condition, restoration of lost/impaired mechanoreception, among many others. The mechanical conformability of such sensors to the human skin and tissue is critical to enhancing their biocompatibility and sensing accuracy. As such, in the recent decade, significant efforts have been made in the development of soft mechanical sensors. To satisfy the requirements of different wearable and implantable applications, such sensors have been imparted with various additional properties to make them better suited for the varied contexts of human-integrated applications. In this review, focusing on the four major types of soft mechanical sensors for pressure, strain, shear, and vibration, we discussed the recent material and device design innovations for achieving several important properties, including flexibility and stretchability, bioresorbability and biodegradability, self-healing properties, breathability, transparency, wireless communication capabilities, and high-density integration. We then went on to discuss the current research state of the use of such novel soft mechanical sensors in wearable and implantable applications, based on which future research needs were further discussed. This article is categorized under: Diagnostic Tools > Biosensing Diagnostic Tools > Diagnostic Nanodevices Implantable Materials and Surgical Technologies > Nanomaterials and Implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rithvik Papani
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Yang Li
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sihong Wang
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Nanoscience and Technology Division and Center for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, United States
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Bi X, Yao M, Huang Z, Wang Z, Shen H, Wong CP, Jiang C. Biomimetic Electronic Skin Based on a Stretchable Ionogel Mechanoreceptor Composed of Crumpled Conductive Rubber Electrodes for Synchronous Strain, Pressure, and Temperature Detection. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 38592053 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c01899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Electronic skin (e-skin) is showing a huge potential in human-computer interaction, intelligent robots, human health, motion monitoring, etc. However, it is still challenging for e-skin to realize distinguishable detection of stretching strain, vertical pressure, and temperature through a simple noncoupling structure design. Here, a stretchable multimodal biomimetic e-skin was fabricated by integrating layer-by-layer self-assembled crumpled reduced graphene oxide/multiwalled carbon nanotubes film on natural rubber (RGO/MWCNTs@NR) as stretchable conductive electrodes and polyacrylamide/NaCl ionogel as a dielectric layer into an ionotropic capacitive mechanoreceptor. Unlike natural skin receptors, the sandwich-like stretchable ionogel mechanoreceptor possessed a distinct ionotropic capacitive behavior for strain and pressure detection. The results showed that the biomimetic e-skin displayed a negative capacitance change with superior stretchability (0-300%) and a high gauge factor of 0.27 in 180-300% strain, while exhibiting a normal positive piezo-capacitance behavior in vertical pressure range of 0-15 kPa with a maximal sensitivity of 1.759 kPa-1. Based on this feature, the biomimetic e-skin showed an excellent synchronous detection capability of planar strain and vertical pressure in practical wearable applications such as gesture recognition and grasping movement detection without a complicated mathematical or signal decoupling process. In addition, the biomimetic e-skin exhibited a quantifiable linear responsiveness to temperature from 20-90 °C with a temperature coefficient of 0.55%/°C. These intriguing properties gave the biomimetic e-skin the ability to perform a complete function similar to natural skin but beyond its performance for future wearable devices and artificial intelligence devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Bi
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Manzhao Yao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Zhaoyan Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Zuhao Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Huahao Shen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Ching-Ping Wong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Can Jiang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
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Okada K, Horii T, Yamaguchi Y, Son K, Hosoya N, Maeda S, Fujie T. Ultraconformable Capacitive Strain Sensor Utilizing Network Structure of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Wireless Body Sensing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:10427-10438. [PMID: 38375854 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c19320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Capture and real-time recording of precise body movements using strain sensors provide personal information for healthcare monitoring and management. To acquire this information, a sensor that conforms to curved irregular surfaces, including biological tissue, is desired to record complex body movements while acting like a second skin to avoid interference with the movements. In this study, we developed a thin-film-type capacitive strain sensor that is flexible and stretchable on the surface of a living body. We fabricated conductive polymeric ultrathin films ("nanosheets") comprising polystyrene-block-polybutadiene (SB) elastomers and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) (i.e., SWCNT-SB nanosheets) via gravure coating; the SWCNT-SB-coated nanosheets were used as the flexible electrode in a capacitive strain sensor. The dielectric (DE) layer was then prepared using the silicone elastomer Ecoflex 00-30 because its Young's modulus is comparable to that of the epidermis. The normalized capacitance changes (ΔC/C0) in the sensor increased with increasing tensile strain over a range from 0-100%, indicating that the proposed sensor can measure the strain of biological movements, including those of skin and blood vessels. To improve sensor conformability further, the effect of sensor thickness on the gauge factor (GF) was investigated using thinner DE layers by focusing on their flexural rigidity. As a result, the GF increased from 0.64 to 1.13 as the DE layer thickness decreased from 260 to 40 μm. Finally, we evaluated the fabricated sensor's signal stability and mechanical durability, including during wireless sensing when applied to human skin and a vascular model. The ΔC/C0 values varied in response to the bending motion of a finger, dilation of a blood vessel, and the swallowing movement of the throat. These results indicate that our capacitive strain sensor is conformable and functional on biological tissue to enable monitoring of dynamic biological movements (e.g., pulse rate and arterial dilation) without wearer discomfort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Okada
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, B-50, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiro Horii
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, B-50, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Yuya Yamaguchi
- Mechanical Dynamics Laboratory, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 3-7-5, Toyosu, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8548, Japan
| | - Kon Son
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, B-50, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Naoki Hosoya
- Mechanical Dynamics Laboratory, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 3-7-5, Toyosu, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8548, Japan
| | - Shingo Maeda
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
- Living Systems Materialogy (LiSM) Research Group, International Research Frontiers Initiative (IRFI), Tokyo Institute of Technology, R3-23, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Toshinori Fujie
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, B-50, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
- Living Systems Materialogy (LiSM) Research Group, International Research Frontiers Initiative (IRFI), Tokyo Institute of Technology, R3-23, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
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Zhao Q, Fan L, Zhao N, He H, Zhang L, Tan Q. Synergistic advancements in high-performance flexible capacitive pressure sensors: structural modifications, AI integration, and diverse applications. NANOSCALE 2024. [PMID: 38415750 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr05155b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
The development of flexible pressure sensors for monitoring human motion and physiological signals has attracted extensive scientific research. However, achieving low monitoring limits, a wide detection range, large bending stresses, and excellent mechanical stability simultaneously remains a serious challenge. With the aim of developing a high-performance capacitive pressure sensor (CPS), this paper introduces the successful preparation of a single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT)/polydimethylsiloxane (S-PDMS) composite dielectric with a foam-like structure (high permittivity and low elasticity modulus) and MXene/SWNT (S-MXene) composite film electrodes with a micro-crumpled structure. The above structurally modified CPS (SMCPS) demonstrated an excellent response output during pressure loading, achieving a wide pressure detection range (up to 700 kPa), a low detection limit (16.55 Pa), fast response/recovery characteristics (48/60 ms), enhanced sensitivity across a wide pressure range, long-term stability under repeated heavy loading and unloading (40 kPa, >2000 cycles), and reliable performance under various temperature and humidity conditions. The SMCPS demonstrated a precise and stable capacitive response in monitoring subtle physiological signals and detecting motion, owing to its unique electrode structure. The flexible device was integrated with an Internet of Things module to create a smart glove system that enables real-time tracking of dynamic gestures. This system demonstrates exceptional performance in gesture recognition and prediction with artificial intelligence analysis, highlighting the potential of the SMCPS in human-machine interface applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science & Dynamic Measurement, Ministry of Education, North University of China, Tai Yuan 030051, China.
- Science and Technology on Electronic Test and Measurement Laboratory, North University of China, Tai Yuan 030051, China
| | - Lei Fan
- Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science & Dynamic Measurement, Ministry of Education, North University of China, Tai Yuan 030051, China.
- Science and Technology on Electronic Test and Measurement Laboratory, North University of China, Tai Yuan 030051, China
| | - Nan Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Haoyun He
- Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science & Dynamic Measurement, Ministry of Education, North University of China, Tai Yuan 030051, China.
- Science and Technology on Electronic Test and Measurement Laboratory, North University of China, Tai Yuan 030051, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science & Dynamic Measurement, Ministry of Education, North University of China, Tai Yuan 030051, China.
- Science and Technology on Electronic Test and Measurement Laboratory, North University of China, Tai Yuan 030051, China
| | - Qiulin Tan
- Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science & Dynamic Measurement, Ministry of Education, North University of China, Tai Yuan 030051, China.
- Science and Technology on Electronic Test and Measurement Laboratory, North University of China, Tai Yuan 030051, China
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Das GS, Tripathi VK, Dwivedi J, Jangir LK, Tripathi KM. Nanocarbon-based sensors for the structural health monitoring of smart biocomposites. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:1490-1525. [PMID: 38186362 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr05522a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Structural health monitoring (SHM) is a critical aspect of ensuring the safety and durability of smart biocomposite materials used as multifunctional materials. Smart biocomposites are composed of renewable or biodegradable materials and have emerged as eco-friendly alternatives of traditional non-biodegradable glass fiber-based composite materials. Although biocomposites exhibit fascinating properties and many desirable traits, real-time and early stage SHM is the most challenging issue to enable their long-term use. Smart biocomposites are integrated with sensors for in situ identification of the progress of damage and composite failure. The sensitivity of such smart biocomposites is a key functionality, which can be tuned by the introduction of an appropriate filler. In particular, nanocarbons hold promising potential to be incorporated in SHM applications of biocomposites. This review focused on the potential applications of nanocarbons in SHM of biocomposites. The aspects related to fabrication techniques and working mechanism of sensors are comprehensively discussed. Furthermore, their unique mechanical and electrical properties and sustainable nature ensure seamless integration into biocomposites, allowing for real-time monitoring without compromising the material's properties. These sensors offer multi-parameter sensing capabilities, such as strain, pressure, humidity, temperature, and chemical exposure, allowing a comprehensive assessment of biocomposite health. Additionally, their durability and longevity in harsh conditions, along with wireless connectivity options, provide cost-effective and sustainable SHM solutions. As research in this field advances, ongoing efforts seek to enhance the sensitivity and selectivity of these sensors, optimizing their performance for real-world applications. This review highlights the significant advances, ongoing efforts to enhance the sensitivity and selectivity, and performance optimization of nanocarbon-based sensors along with their working mechanism in the field of SHM for smart biocomposites. The key challenges and future research perspectives facing the conversion of nanocarbons to smart biocomposites are also displayed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gouri Sankar Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Petroleum and Energy, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, 530003, India. kumud@
| | - Vijayendra Kumar Tripathi
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, Rajasthan-304022, India
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, UP, India
| | - Jaya Dwivedi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, UP, India
| | - Lokesh Kumar Jangir
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology BHU, Varanasi-221005, India.
| | - Kumud Malika Tripathi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Petroleum and Energy, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, 530003, India. kumud@
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Abstract
Efforts to design devices emulating complex cognitive abilities and response processes of biological systems have long been a coveted goal. Recent advancements in flexible electronics, mirroring human tissue's mechanical properties, hold significant promise. Artificial neuron devices, hinging on flexible artificial synapses, bioinspired sensors, and actuators, are meticulously engineered to mimic the biological systems. However, this field is in its infancy, requiring substantial groundwork to achieve autonomous systems with intelligent feedback, adaptability, and tangible problem-solving capabilities. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in artificial neuron devices. It starts with fundamental principles of artificial synaptic devices and explores artificial sensory systems, integrating artificial synapses and bioinspired sensors to replicate all five human senses. A systematic presentation of artificial nervous systems follows, designed to emulate fundamental human nervous system functions. The review also discusses potential applications and outlines existing challenges, offering insights into future prospects. We aim for this review to illuminate the burgeoning field of artificial neuron devices, inspiring further innovation in this captivating area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke He
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Cong Wang
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Yongli He
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Jiangtao Su
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- Institute for Digital Molecular Analytics and Science (IDMxS), Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921, Singapore
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Xu Y, Chen M, Yu S, Zhou H. High-performance flexible strain sensors based on silver film wrinkles modulated by liquid PDMS substrates. RSC Adv 2023; 13:33697-33706. [PMID: 38020005 PMCID: PMC10654890 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra06020a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Flexible strain sensors based on controllable surface microstructures in film-substrate systems can be extensively applied in high-tech fields such as human-machine interfaces, electronic skins, and soft robots. However, the rigid functional films are susceptible to structural destruction and interfacial failure under large strains or high loading speeds, limiting the stability and durability of the sensors. Here we report on a facile technique to prepare high-performance flexible strain sensors based on controllable wrinkles by depositing silver films on liquid polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrates. The silver atoms can penetrate into the surface of liquid PDMS to form an interlocking layer during deposition, enhancing the interfacial adhesion greatly. After deposition, the liquid PDMS is spontaneously solidified to stabilize the film microstructures. The surface patterns are well modulated by changing film thickness, prepolymer-to-crosslinker ratio of liquid PDMS, and strain value. The flexible strain sensors based on the silver film/liquid PDMS system show high sensitivity (above 4000), wide sensing range (∼80%), quick response speed (∼80 ms), and good stability (above 6000 cycles), and have a broad application prospect in the fields of health monitoring and motion tracking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Quality Big Data Tracing and Analysis of Zhejiang Province, College of Science, China Jiliang University Hangzhou 310018 P.R. China
| | - Miaogen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Quality Big Data Tracing and Analysis of Zhejiang Province, College of Science, China Jiliang University Hangzhou 310018 P.R. China
| | - Senjiang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Novel Materials for Sensor of Zhejiang Province, College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University Hangzhou 310018 P.R. China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Quality Big Data Tracing and Analysis of Zhejiang Province, College of Science, China Jiliang University Hangzhou 310018 P.R. China
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12
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Xin Y, Zhou X, Bark H, Lee PS. The Role of 3D Printing Technologies in Soft Grippers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2307963. [PMID: 37971199 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202307963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Soft grippers are essential for precise and gentle handling of delicate, fragile, and easy-to-break objects, such as glassware, electronic components, food items, and biological samples, without causing any damage or deformation. This is especially important in industries such as healthcare, manufacturing, agriculture, food handling, and biomedical, where accuracy, safety, and preservation of the objects being handled are critical. This article reviews the use of 3D printing technologies in soft grippers, including those made of functional materials, nonfunctional materials, and those with sensors. 3D printing processes that can be used to fabricate each class of soft grippers are discussed. Available 3D printing technologies that are often used in soft grippers are primarily extrusion-based printing (fused deposition modeling and direct ink writing), jet-based printing (polymer jet), and immersion printing (stereolithography and digital light processing). The materials selected for fabricating soft grippers include thermoplastic polymers, UV-curable polymers, polymer gels, soft conductive composites, and hydrogels. It is conclude that 3D printing technologies revolutionize the way soft grippers are being fabricated, expanding their application domains and reducing the difficulties in customization, fabrication, and production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Xin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- Singapore-HUJ Alliance for Research and Enterprise (SHARE), Smart Grippers for Soft Robotics (SGSR), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), Singapore, 138602, Singapore
| | - Xinran Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- Singapore-HUJ Alliance for Research and Enterprise (SHARE), Smart Grippers for Soft Robotics (SGSR), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), Singapore, 138602, Singapore
| | - Hyunwoo Bark
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Pooi See Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- Singapore-HUJ Alliance for Research and Enterprise (SHARE), Smart Grippers for Soft Robotics (SGSR), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), Singapore, 138602, Singapore
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13
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Park D, Lee D, Moghaddam MH, Kim DS. Trench Formation under the Tunable Nanogap: Its Depth Depends on Maximum Strain and Periodicity. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1991. [PMID: 38004848 PMCID: PMC10673380 DOI: 10.3390/mi14111991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Metallic nanogaps have been studied for many years in the context of a significant amount of field enhancements. Nanogaps of macroscopic lengths for long-wave applications have attracted much interest, and recently one dimensional tunable nanogaps have been demonstrated using flexible PET substrates. For nanogaps on flexible substrates with applied tensile strain, large stress is expected in the vicinity of the gap, and it has been confirmed that several hundred nanometer-deep trenches form beneath the position of the nanogap because of this stress singularity. Here, we studied trench formation under nanogap structures using COMSOL Multiphysics 6.1. We constructed a 2D nanogap unit cell, consisting of gold film with a crack on a PDMS substrate containing a trench beneath the crack. Then, we calculated the von Mises stress at the bottom of the trench for various depths and spatial periods. Based on it, we derived the dependence of the trench depth on the strain and periodicity for various yield strengths. It was revealed that as the maximum tensile strain increases, the trench deepens and then diverges. Moreover, longer periods lead to larger depths for the given maximum strain and larger gap widths. These results could be applied to roughly estimate achievable gap widths and trench depths for stretchable zerogap devices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dai-Sik Kim
- Department of Physics, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea; (D.P.); (D.L.); (M.H.M.)
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14
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Huang X, Liu L, Lin YH, Feng R, Shen Y, Chang Y, Zhao H. High-stretchability and low-hysteresis strain sensors using origami-inspired 3D mesostructures. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadh9799. [PMID: 37624897 PMCID: PMC10456843 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh9799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable strain sensors are essential for various applications such as wearable electronics, prosthetics, and soft robotics. Strain sensors with high strain range, minimal hysteresis, and fast response speed are highly desirable for accurate measurements of large and dynamic deformations of soft bodies. Current stretchable strain sensors mostly rely on deformable conducting materials, which often have difficulties in achieving these properties simultaneously. In this study, we introduce capacitive strain sensor concepts based on origami-inspired three-dimensional mesoscale electrodes formed by a mechanically guided assembly process. These sensors exhibit up to 200% stretchability with 1.2% degree of hysteresis, <22 ms response time, small sensing area (~5 mm2), and directional strain responses. To showcase potential applications, we demonstrate the use of distributed strain sensors for measuring multimodal deformations of a soft continuum arm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghao Huang
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Liangshu Liu
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Yung Hsin Lin
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Rui Feng
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Yiyang Shen
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Yuanning Chang
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Hangbo Zhao
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Alfred E. Mann Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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15
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Choi YK, Kim TH, Song JH, Jung BK, Kim W, Bae JH, Choi HJ, Kwak J, Shim JW, Oh SJ. Charge transport transition of PEDOT:PSS thin films for temperature-insensitive wearable strain sensors. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:7980-7990. [PMID: 37067237 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr05688g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a temperature-insensitive strain sensor that detects only the strain without responding to the temperature was designed. The transport mechanism and associated temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) of a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) thin film were modified through secondary doping with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Upon DMSO-doping, the carrier transport mechanism of the PEDOT:PSS thin film transitioned from hopping to band-like transport, with a morphological change. At the DMSO doping level, which caused the critical point of the transport transition, the resistance of the thin film was maintained with a change in temperature. Consequently, the TCR of the optimized PEDOT:PSS thin film was less than 9 × 10-5 K-1, which is 102 times lower than that of the as-prepared films. The carrier mobility of the PEDOT:PSS thin film was effectively improved with the morphological change due to DMSO doping and was investigated through combinational analysis. Ultimately, the wearable strain sensor prepared using the optimized PEDOT:PSS thin film responded stably to the applied strain with a gauge factor of 2 and exhibited excellent temperature anti-interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Kyun Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro Seongbuk-gu Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Tae Hyuk Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro Seongbuk-gu Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeong Han Song
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-university Semiconductor Research Center, and Soft Foundry Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Byung Ku Jung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro Seongbuk-gu Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Woosik Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro Seongbuk-gu Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jung Ho Bae
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro Seongbuk-gu Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyung Jin Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro Seongbuk-gu Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeonghun Kwak
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-university Semiconductor Research Center, and Soft Foundry Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Won Shim
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro Seongbuk-gu Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Soong Ju Oh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro Seongbuk-gu Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Cuthbert TJ, Hannigan BC, Roberjot P, Shokurov AV, Menon C. HACS: Helical Auxetic Yarn Capacitive Strain Sensors with Sensitivity Beyond the Theoretical Limit. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2209321. [PMID: 36504252 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202209321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The development of flexible strain sensors over the past decade has focused on accessing high strain percentages and high sensitivity (i.e., gauge factors). Strain sensors that employ capacitance as the electrical signal to correlate to strain are typically restricted in sensitivity because of the Poisson effect. By employing auxetic structures, the limits of sensitivity for capacitive sensors have been exceeded, which has improved the competitiveness of this modality of sensing. In this work, the first employment of helical auxetic yarns as capacitive sensors is presented. It is found that the response of the helical auxetic yarn capacitive sensors (termed as HACS) is dependent on the two main fabrication variables-the ratio of diameters and the helical wrapping length. Depending on these variables, sensors that respond to strain with increasing or decreasing capacitance values can be obtained. A greater auxetic character results in larger sensitivities accessible at smaller strains-a characteristic that is not commonly found when accessing high gauge factors. In addition, the highest sensitivity for auxetic capacitive sensors reported thus far is obtained. A mechanism of sensor response that explains both the variable capacitance response and the high gauge factors obtained experimentally is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Cuthbert
- Biomedical and Mobile Health Technology Lab, ETH Zürich, Lengghalde 5, Zürich, 8008, Switzerland
| | - Brett C Hannigan
- Biomedical and Mobile Health Technology Lab, ETH Zürich, Lengghalde 5, Zürich, 8008, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Roberjot
- Biomedical and Mobile Health Technology Lab, ETH Zürich, Lengghalde 5, Zürich, 8008, Switzerland
- UFR Sciences and Properties of Matter, University of Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, 35042, France
- Nanoscience, Nanomaterials, and Nanotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Wieniawskiego 1, Poznań, 61-712, Poland
| | - Alexander V Shokurov
- Biomedical and Mobile Health Technology Lab, ETH Zürich, Lengghalde 5, Zürich, 8008, Switzerland
| | - Carlo Menon
- Biomedical and Mobile Health Technology Lab, ETH Zürich, Lengghalde 5, Zürich, 8008, Switzerland
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17
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Lee JH, Kim SH, Heo JS, Kwak JY, Park CW, Kim I, Lee M, Park HH, Kim YH, Lee SJ, Park SK. Heterogeneous Structure Omnidirectional Strain Sensor Arrays With Cognitively Learned Neural Networks. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2208184. [PMID: 36601963 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202208184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Mechanically stretchable strain sensors gain tremendous attention for bioinspired skin sensation systems and artificially intelligent tactile sensors. However, high-accuracy detection of both strain intensity and direction with simple device/array structures is still insufficient. To overcome this limitation, an omnidirectional strain perception platform utilizing a stretchable strain sensor array with triangular-sensor-assembly (three sensors tilted by 45°) coupled with machine learning (ML) -based neural network classification algorithm, is proposed. The strain sensor, which is constructed with strain-insensitive electrode regions and strain-sensitive channel region, can minimize the undesirable electrical intrusion from the electrodes by strain, leading to a heterogeneous surface structure for more reliable strain sensing characteristics. The strain sensor exhibits decent sensitivity with gauge factor (GF) of ≈8, a moderate sensing range (≈0-35%), and relatively good reliability (3000 stretching cycles). More importantly, by employing a multiclass-multioutput behavior-learned cognition algorithm, the stretchable sensor array with triangular-sensor-assembly exhibits highly accurate recognition of both direction and intensity of an arbitrary strain by interpretating the correlated signals from the three-unit sensors. The omnidirectional strain perception platform with its neural network algorithm exhibits overall strain intensity and direction accuracy around 98% ± 2% over a strain range of ≈0-30% in various surface stimuli environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ho Lee
- School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06980, Korea
| | - Seong Hyun Kim
- Flexible Electronics Research Section, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Daejeon, 34129, Korea
| | - Jae Sang Heo
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Korea
- IT Project Team, Mobile Display Business, Samsung Display, 1 Samsung-ro, Giheung-Gu, Yongin-Si, 17113, Korea
| | - Jee Young Kwak
- School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06980, Korea
| | - Chan Woo Park
- Flexible Electronics Research Section, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Daejeon, 34129, Korea
| | - Insoo Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Minhyeok Lee
- School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06980, Korea
| | - Ho-Hyun Park
- School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06980, Korea
| | - Yong-Hoon Kim
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Korea
| | - Su Jae Lee
- Flexible Electronics Research Section, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Daejeon, 34129, Korea
| | - Sung Kyu Park
- School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06980, Korea
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18
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Kight A, Pirozzi I, Liang X, McElhinney DB, Han AK, Dual SA, Cutkosky M. Decoupling Transmission and Transduction for Improved Durability of Highly Stretchable, Soft Strain Sensing: Applications in Human Health Monitoring. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:1955. [PMID: 36850551 PMCID: PMC9967534 DOI: 10.3390/s23041955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This work presents a modular approach to the development of strain sensors for large deformations. The proposed method separates the extension and signal transduction mechanisms using a soft, elastomeric transmission and a high-sensitivity microelectromechanical system (MEMS) transducer. By separating the transmission and transduction, they can be optimized independently for application-specific mechanical and electrical performance. This work investigates the potential of this approach for human health monitoring as an implantable cardiac strain sensor for measuring global longitudinal strain (GLS). The durability of the sensor was evaluated by conducting cyclic loading tests over one million cycles, and the results showed negligible drift. To account for hysteresis and frequency-dependent effects, a lumped-parameter model was developed to represent the viscoelastic behavior of the sensor. Multiple model orders were considered and compared using validation and test data sets that mimic physiologically relevant dynamics. Results support the choice of a second-order model, which reduces error by 73% compared to a linear calibration. In addition, we evaluated the suitability of this sensor for the proposed application by demonstrating its ability to operate on compliant, curved surfaces. The effects of friction and boundary conditions are also empirically assessed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Kight
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ileana Pirozzi
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Xinyi Liang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Doff B. McElhinney
- Department of Cardiology, Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Amy Kyungwon Han
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seraina A. Dual
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 11428 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mark Cutkosky
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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19
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Kim D, Chhetry A, Zahed MA, Sharma S, Jeong S, Song H, Park JY. Highly Sensitive and Reliable Piezoresistive Strain Sensor Based on Cobalt Nanoporous Carbon-Incorporated Laser-Induced Graphene for Smart Healthcare Wearables. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:1475-1485. [PMID: 36571793 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c15500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The development of highly sensitive, reliable, and cost-effective strain sensors is a big challenge for wearable smart electronics and healthcare applications, such as soft robotics, point-of-care systems, and electronic skins. In this study, we newly fabricated a highly sensitive and reliable piezoresistive strain sensor based on polyhedral cobalt nanoporous carbon (Co-NPC)-incorporated laser-induced graphene (LIG) for wearable smart healthcare applications. The synergistic integration of Co-NPC and LIG enables the performance improvement of the strain sensor by providing an additional conductive pathway and robust mechanical properties with a high surface area of Co-NPC nanoparticles. The proposed porous graphene nanosheets exploited with Co-NPC nanoparticles demonstrated an outstanding sensitivity of 1,177 up to a strain of 18%, which increased to 39,548 beyond 18%. Additionally, the fabricated sensor exhibited an ultralow limit of detection (0.02%) and excellent stability over 20,000 cycles even under high strain conditions (10%). Finally, we successfully demonstrated and evaluated the sensor performance for practical use in healthcare wearables by monitoring wrist pulse, neck pulse, and joint flexion movement. Owing to the outstanding performance of the sensor, the fabricated sensor has great potential in electronic skins, human-machine interactions, and soft robotics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongkyun Kim
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Ashok Chhetry
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Abu Zahed
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Sudeep Sharma
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonghoon Jeong
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyesu Song
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Yeong Park
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul01897, Republic of Korea
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20
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Wu Y, Liu J, Chen Z, Chen Y, Chen W, Li H, Liu H. High Multi-Environmental Mechanical Stability and Adhesive Transparent Ionic Conductive Hydrogels Used as Smart Wearable Devices. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14235316. [PMID: 36501708 PMCID: PMC9739927 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionic conductive hydrogels used as flexible wearable sensor devices have attracted considerable attention because of their easy preparation, biocompatibility, and macro/micro mechanosensitive properties. However, developing an integrated conductive hydrogel that combines high mechanical stability, strong adhesion, and excellent mechanosensitive properties to meet practical requirements remains a great challenge owing to the incompatibility of properties. Herein, we prepare a multifunctional ionic conductive hydrogel by introducing high-modulus bacterial cellulose (BC) to form the skeleton of double networks, which exhibit great mechanical properties in both tensile (83.4 kPa, 1235.9% strain) and compressive (207.2 kPa, 79.9% strain) stress-strain tests. Besides, the fabricated hydrogels containing high-concentration Ca2+ show excellent anti-freezing (high ionic conductivities of 1.92 and 0.36 S/m at room temperature and -35 ∘C, respectively) properties. Furthermore, the sensing mechanism based on the conductive units and applied voltage are investigated to the benefit of the practical applications of prepared hydrogels. Therefore, the designed and fabricated hydrogels provide a novel strategy and can serve as candidates in the fields of sensors, ionic skins, and soft robots.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yujie Chen
- Correspondence: (Y.C.); (H.L.); Tel.: +86-21-34202549 (Y.C.); +86-21-34202546 (H.L.)
| | | | | | - Hezhou Liu
- Correspondence: (Y.C.); (H.L.); Tel.: +86-21-34202549 (Y.C.); +86-21-34202546 (H.L.)
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21
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Cheng Y, Zhou Y, Wang R, Chan KH, Liu Y, Ding T, Wang XQ, Li T, Ho GW. An Elastic and Damage-Tolerant Dry Epidermal Patch with Robust Skin Adhesion for Bioelectronic Interfacing. ACS NANO 2022; 16:18608-18620. [PMID: 36318185 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c07097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
On-skin patches that record biopotential and biomechanical signals are essential for wearable healthcare monitoring, clinical treatment, and human-machine interaction. To acquire wearing comfort and high-quality signals, patches with tissue-like softness, elastic recovery, damage tolerance, and robust bioelectronic interface are highly desired yet challenging to achieve. Here, we report a dry epidermal patch made from a supramolecular polymer (SESA) and an in situ transferred carbon nanotubes' percolation network. The polymer possesses a hybrid structure of copolymerized permanent scaffold permeated by multiple dynamic interactions, which imparts a desired mechanical response transition from elastic recoil to energy dissipation with increased elongation. Such SESA-based patches are soft (Young's modulus ∼0.1 MPa) and elastic within physiologically relevant strain levels (97% elastic recovery at 50% tensile strain), intrinsically mechanical-electrical damage-resilient (∼90% restoration from damage after 5 min), and interference-immune in dynamic signal acquisition (stretch, underwater, sweat). We demonstrate its versatile physiological sensing applications, including electrocardiogram recording under various disturbances, machine-learning-enabled hand-gesture recognition through electromyogram measurement, subtle radial artery pulse, and drastic knee kinematics sensing. This epidermal patch offers a promising noninvasive, long-duration, and ambulant bioelectronic interfacing with anti-interference robustness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Cheng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- The State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Ranran Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Kwok Hoe Chan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Yan Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Tianpeng Ding
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Xiao-Qiao Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Tongtao Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Ghim Wei Ho
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117583, Singapore
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22
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Wu S, Zeng T, Liu Z, Ma G, Xiong Z, Zuo L, Zhou Z. 3D Printing Technology for Smart Clothing: A Topic Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:ma15207391. [PMID: 36295455 PMCID: PMC9609778 DOI: 10.3390/ma15207391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Clothing is considered to be an important element of human social activities. With the increasing maturity of 3D printing technology, functional 3D printing technology can realize the perfect combination of clothing and electronic devices while helping smart clothing to achieve specific functions. Furthermore, the application of functional 3D printing technology in clothing not only provides people with the most comfortable and convenient wearing experience, but also completely subverts consumers' perception of traditional clothing. This paper introduced the progress of the application of 3D printing from the aspect of traditional clothing and smart clothing through two mature 3D printing technologies normally used in the field of clothing, and summarized the challenges and prospects of 3D printing technology in the field of smart clothing. Finally, according to the analysis of the gap between 3D-printed clothing and traditionally made clothing due to the material limitations, this paper predicted that the rise in intelligent materials will provide a new prospect for the development of 3D-printed clothing. This paper will provide some references for the application research of 3D printing in the field of smart clothing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangqing Wu
- College of Engineering and Design, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Taotao Zeng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Zhenhua Liu
- College of Engineering and Design, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Guozhi Ma
- College of Engineering and Design, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Zhengyu Xiong
- College of Engineering and Design, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Lin Zuo
- College of Engineering and Design, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Zeyan Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
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23
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Herbert R, Elsisy M, Rigo B, Lim HR, Kim H, Choi C, Kim S, Ye SH, Wagner WR, Chun Y, Yeo WH. Fully implantable batteryless soft platforms with printed nanomaterial-based arterial stiffness sensors for wireless continuous monitoring of restenosis in real time. NANO TODAY 2022; 46:101557. [PMID: 36855693 PMCID: PMC9970263 DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2022.101557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a common cause of coronary artery disease and a significant factor in broader cardiovascular diseases, the leading cause of death. While implantation of a stent is a prevalent treatment of coronary artery disease, a frequent complication is restenosis, where the stented artery narrows and stiffens. Although early detection of restenosis can be achieved by continuous monitoring, no available device offers such capability without surgeries. Here, we report a fully implantable soft electronic system without batteries and circuits, which still enables continuous wireless monitoring of restenosis in real-time with a set of nanomembrane strain sensors in an electronic stent. The low-profile system requires minimal invasive implantation to deploy the sensors into a blood vessel through catheterization. The entirely printed, nanomaterial-based set of soft membrane strain sensors utilizes a sliding mechanism to offer enhanced sensitivity and detection of low strain while unobtrusively integrating with an inductive stent for passive wireless sensing. The performance of the soft sensor platform is demonstrated by wireless monitoring of restenosis in an artery model and an ex-vivo study in a coronary artery of ovine hearts. The capacitive sensor-based artery implantation system offers unique advantages in wireless, real-time monitoring of stent treatments and arterial health for cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Herbert
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- IEN Center for Human-Centric Interfaces and Engineering at the Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Moataz Elsisy
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Bruno Rigo
- IEN Center for Human-Centric Interfaces and Engineering at the Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Hyo-Ryoung Lim
- Major of Human Biocovergence, Division of Smart Healthcare, College of Information Technology and Convergence, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonseok Kim
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- IEN Center for Human-Centric Interfaces and Engineering at the Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Chanyeong Choi
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- IEN Center for Human-Centric Interfaces and Engineering at the Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Seungil Kim
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
- Departments of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Sang-Ho Ye
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
- Departments of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - William R. Wagner
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
- Departments of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Youngjae Chun
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Woon-Hong Yeo
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- IEN Center for Human-Centric Interfaces and Engineering at the Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- Institute for Materials, Neural Engineering Center, Institute for Robotics and Intelligent Machines, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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24
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Lee G, Zarei M, Wei Q, Zhu Y, Lee SG. Surface Wrinkling for Flexible and Stretchable Sensors. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2203491. [PMID: 36047645 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202203491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in nanolithography, miniaturization, and material science, along with developments in wearable electronics, are pushing the frontiers of sensor technology into the large-scale fabrication of highly sensitive, flexible, stretchable, and multimodal detection systems. Various strategies, including surface engineering, have been developed to control the electrical and mechanical characteristics of sensors. In particular, surface wrinkling provides an effective alternative for improving both the sensing performance and mechanical deformability of flexible and stretchable sensors by releasing interfacial stress, preventing electrical failure, and enlarging surface areas. In this study, recent developments in the fabrication strategies of wrinkling structures for sensor applications are discussed. The fundamental mechanics, geometry control strategies, and various fabricating methods for wrinkling patterns are summarized. Furthermore, the current state of wrinkling approaches and their impacts on the development of various types of sensors, including strain, pressure, temperature, chemical, photodetectors, and multimodal sensors, are reviewed. Finally, existing wrinkling approaches, designs, and sensing strategies are extrapolated into future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giwon Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Mohammad Zarei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44776, South Korea
| | - Qingshan Wei
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Yong Zhu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Seung Goo Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44776, South Korea
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25
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Shen Z, Liu F, Huang S, Wang H, Yang C, Hang T, Tao J, Xia W, Xie X. Progress of flexible strain sensors for physiological signal monitoring. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 211:114298. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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26
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Zhu T, Wu K, Xia Y, Yang C, Chen J, Wang Y, Zhang J, Pu X, Liu G, Sun J. Topological Gradients for Metal Film-Based Strain Sensors. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:6637-6646. [PMID: 35931465 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Metal film-based stretchable strain sensors hold great promise for applications in various domains, which require superior sensitivity-stretchability-cyclic stability synergy. However, the sensitivity-stretchability trade-off has been a long-standing dilemma and the metal film-based strain sensors usually suffer from weak cyclic durability, both of which significantly limit their practical applications. Here, we propose an extremely facile, low-cost and spontaneous strategy that incorporates topological gradients in metal film-based strain sensors, composed of intrinsic (grain size and interface) and extrinsic (film thickness and wrinkle) microstructures. The topological gradient strain sensor exhibits an ultrawide stretchability of 100% while simultaneously maintaining a high sensitivity at an optimal topological gradient of 4.5, due to the topological gradients-induced multistage film cracking. Additionally, it possesses a decent cyclic stability for >10 000 cycles between 0 and 40% strain enabled by the gradient-mixed metal/elastomer interfaces. It can monitor the full-range human activities from subtle pulse signals to vigorous joint movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P.R. China
| | - Kai Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P.R. China
| | - Yun Xia
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P.R. China
| | - Chao Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, P.R. China
| | - Jiaorui Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P.R. China
| | - Yaqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P.R. China
| | - Jinyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P.R. China
| | - Xiong Pu
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, P.R. China
| | - Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P.R. China
| | - Jun Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P.R. China
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27
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Zang X, Ma H, Sun Y, Tang Y, Ji J, Xue M. Integrated Polypyrrole-Based Smart Clothing with Photothermal Conversion and Thermosensing Functions for Wearable Applications. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:9967-9973. [PMID: 35916597 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c01278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Integrated smart clothing with photothermal conversion and thermosensing functions is highly desired for next-generation smart wearable applications. Conducting polymer is a promising material that possesses efficient photothermal conversion performance, great sensitivity to temperature change, and excellent processing properties. In this study, we report a new wearable material using the conducting polymer polypyrrole (PPy) as a photothermal and thermosensing layer and nonwoven fabric as flexible textiles to fabricate integrated PPy-based smart clothing (IPSC). The surface temperature of the prepared IPSC can be as high as 68.4 °C with 808 nm near-infrared (NIR) irradiation at a power destiny of 1 kW/m2. Meanwhile, a temperature resolution of 1 °C can be achieved for IPSC. These superiorities are in favor of fabricating multifunctional smart wearables to satisfy the needs in future life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Zang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Hui Ma
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yue Sun
- Key Laboratory of Green and Precise Synthetic Chemistry and Applications, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, China
| | - Yao Tang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Junhui Ji
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Mianqi Xue
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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28
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Ultrasonic-Assisted Deposition Method for Creating Conductive Wrinkles on PDMS Surfaces. COATINGS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings12070955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Harnessing surface wrinkle surfaces in various functional devices has been a hot topic. However, rapidly creating wrinkled surfaces on elastomers of arbitrary shape (especially curved surfaces) is still a great challenge. In this work, an ultrasonic-assisted deposition method has been proposed to achieve nanomodification of the robust layer (e.g., carbon nanotubes (CNTs)) with a labyrinth wrinkle pattern on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) fiber, sheet, and porous sponge. It is found that the swelling effect of the dispersion and the ultrasonic treatment play vital roles in the surface wrinkling. As a demonstration, the conductive wrinkled CNTs@PDMS fibers were assembled as stretchable strain sensors. The initial conductivity and the strain-sensing performances could be well tuned by simply adjusting the ultrasonic treatment time. The wrinkled CNTs@PDMS fiber strain sensor exhibited remarkable stretchability (ca. 300%) and good sensitivity, which can be applied in various human motion detection, voice recognition, and air-flow monitoring. It is also expected that the facile ultrasonic-assisted deposition method for surface wrinkling can be extended to fabricate various smart devices with promoted performances.
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29
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Zhou J, Long X, Huang J, Jiang C, Zhuo F, Guo C, Li H, Fu Y, Duan H. Multiscale and hierarchical wrinkle enhanced graphene/Ecoflex sensors integrated with human-machine interfaces and cloud-platform. NPJ FLEXIBLE ELECTRONICS 2022; 6:55. [PMID: 37520266 PMCID: PMC9255543 DOI: 10.1038/s41528-022-00189-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Current state-of-the-art stretchable/flexible sensors have received stringent demands on sensitivity, flexibility, linearity, and wide-range measurement capability. Herein, we report a methodology of strain sensors based on graphene/Ecoflex composites by modulating multiscale/hierarchical wrinkles on flexible substrates. The sensor shows an ultra-high sensitivity with a gauge factor of 1078.1, a stretchability of 650%, a response time of ~140 ms, and a superior cycling durability. It can detect wide-range physiological signals including vigorous body motions, pulse monitoring and speech recognition, and be used for monitoring of human respirations in real-time using a cloud platform, showing a great potential for the healthcare internet of things. Complex gestures/sign languages can be precisely detected. Human-machine interface is demonstrated by using a sensor-integrated glove to remotely control an external manipulator to remotely defuse a bomb. This study provides strategies for real-time/long-range medical diagnosis and remote assistance to perform dangerous tasks in industry and military fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhou
- College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082 China
| | - Xinxin Long
- College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082 China
| | - Jian Huang
- College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082 China
| | - Caixuan Jiang
- College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082 China
| | - Fengling Zhuo
- College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082 China
| | - Chen Guo
- College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082 China
| | - Honglang Li
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190 China
| | - YongQing Fu
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST United Kingdom
| | - Huigao Duan
- College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082 China
- Greater Bay Area Institute for Innovation, Hunan University, Guangzhou, 511300 Guangdong Province China
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30
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Babu VJ, Anusha M, Sireesha M, Sundarrajan S, Abdul Haroon Rashid SSA, Kumar AS, Ramakrishna S. Intelligent Nanomaterials for Wearable and Stretchable Strain Sensor Applications: The Science behind Diverse Mechanisms, Fabrication Methods, and Real-Time Healthcare. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14112219. [PMID: 35683893 PMCID: PMC9182624 DOI: 10.3390/polym14112219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
It has become a scientific obligation to unveil the underlying mechanisms and the fabrication methods behind wearable/stretchable strain sensors based on intelligent nanomaterials in order to explore their possible potential in the field of biomedical and healthcare applications. This report is based on an extensive literature survey of fabrication of stretchable strain sensors (SSS) based on nanomaterials in the fields of healthcare, sports, and entertainment. Although the evolution of wearable strain sensors (WSS) is rapidly progressing, it is still at a prototype phase and various challenges need to be addressed in the future in special regard to their fabrication protocols. The biocalamity of COVID-19 has brought a drastic change in humans’ lifestyles and has negatively affected nations in all capacities. Social distancing has become a mandatory rule to practice in common places where humans interact with each other as a basic need. As social distancing cannot be ruled out as a measure to stop the spread of COVID-19 virus, wearable sensors could play a significant role in technologically impacting people’s consciousness. This review article meticulously describes the role of wearable and strain sensors in achieving such objectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veluru Jagadeesh Babu
- NUS Centre for Nanotechnology and Sustainability, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117581, Singapore; (M.S.); (S.S.A.A.H.R.); (S.R.)
- Correspondence: (V.J.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Merum Anusha
- Department of Pharmacology, S V Medical College, Dr NTR University of Health Sciences, Vijayawada 517501, India;
| | - Merum Sireesha
- NUS Centre for Nanotechnology and Sustainability, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117581, Singapore; (M.S.); (S.S.A.A.H.R.); (S.R.)
| | - Subramanian Sundarrajan
- NUS Centre for Nanotechnology and Sustainability, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117581, Singapore; (M.S.); (S.S.A.A.H.R.); (S.R.)
- Correspondence: (V.J.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Syed Sulthan Alaudeen Abdul Haroon Rashid
- NUS Centre for Nanotechnology and Sustainability, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117581, Singapore; (M.S.); (S.S.A.A.H.R.); (S.R.)
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Industrial Chemistry (CAMIC), School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - A. Senthil Kumar
- Advanced Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117581, Singapore;
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- NUS Centre for Nanotechnology and Sustainability, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117581, Singapore; (M.S.); (S.S.A.A.H.R.); (S.R.)
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31
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Lin JC, Liatsis P, Alexandridis P. Flexible and Stretchable Electrically Conductive Polymer Materials for Physical Sensing Applications. POLYM REV 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2022.2059673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Chi Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Panos Liatsis
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Paschalis Alexandridis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, USA
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32
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Ji J, Zhang C, Yang S, Liu Y, Wang J, Shi Z. High Sensitivity and a Wide Sensing Range Flexible Strain Sensor Based on the V-Groove/Wrinkles Hierarchical Array. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:24059-24066. [PMID: 35544950 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c04773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Flexible strain sensors occupying a large part of human body detection and wearable electronics, which have a wide sensing range and high sensitivity, are crucial in fully monitoring human motion signals. This study proposed a strategy to construct flexible strain sensors based on the V-groove/wrinkles hierarchical array. The V-groove array was prepared on a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate through mold transfer printing. The gold film was sputtered on the prestretching PDMS substrate, and the V-groove/wrinkles hierarchical array was formed after strain release. Compared with the sensors based on single-scale wrinkle structures and a V-groove array, the fabricated strain sensor with the hierarchical array showed high sensitivity (maximum gauge factor up to 2,557.71) and a wide sensing range (up to 45%). In addition, the dynamic characteristics of the sensor were investigated in detail, indicating that the sensor had a fast response (less than 130 ms), a low detection limit (0.1% strain), and good stability (almost no performance loss after 10,000 cycles). In practical applications, the sensor was used to detect sizable physical motion and weak physiological signals, demonstrating great potential application value in human motion detection. This study could provide new ideas for preparing high-performance flexible strain sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Ji
- Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture of Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250061, China
| | - Chengpeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture of Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250061, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical Engineering Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250061, China
| | - Shaohua Yang
- Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture of Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250061, China
| | - Yongzhi Liu
- Shandong Institute of Nonmetallic Materials, Jinan 250031, Shandong, China
| | - Jilai Wang
- Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture of Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250061, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical Engineering Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250061, China
| | - Zhenyu Shi
- Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture of Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250061, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical Engineering Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250061, China
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33
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Liu A, Yao Y, Yao J, Liu T. Droplet Spreading Induced Wrinkling and Its Use for Measuring the Elastic Modulus of Polymeric Thin Films. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aishuang Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Soochow 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yanbo Yao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Soochow 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jingwen Yao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Soochow 215123, P. R. China
| | - Tao Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Soochow 215123, P. R. China
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34
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Liu X, Wang Y, Li R, Yang Y, Niu K, Fan Z, Guo R. Resistance sensing response optimization and interval loading continuity of multiwalled carbon nanotube/natural rubber composites: Experiment and simulation. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xingyao Liu
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Mechanics Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Disaster Reduction in Civil Engineering Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming China
| | - Yang Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing China
| | - Rui Li
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Mechanics Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Disaster Reduction in Civil Engineering Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming China
| | - Yang Yang
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Mechanics Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Disaster Reduction in Civil Engineering Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming China
| | - Kangmin Niu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing China
| | - Zhengming Fan
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Mechanics Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Disaster Reduction in Civil Engineering Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming China
| | - Rongxin Guo
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Mechanics Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Disaster Reduction in Civil Engineering Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming China
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35
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A 3D-printed neuromorphic humanoid hand for grasping unknown objects. iScience 2022; 25:104119. [PMID: 35391826 PMCID: PMC8980759 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Compared with conventional von Neumann's architecture-based processors, neuromorphic systems provide energy-saving in-memory computing. We present here a 3D neuromorphic humanoid hand designed for providing an artificial unconscious response based on training. The neuromorphic humanoid hand system mimics the reflex arc for a quick response by managing complex spatiotemporal information. A 3D structural humanoid hand is first integrated with 3D-printed pressure sensors and a portable neuromorphic device that was fabricated by the multi-axis robot 3D printing technology. The 3D neuromorphic robot hand provides bioinspired signal perception, including detection, signal transmission, and signal processing, together with the biomimetic reflex arc function, allowing it to hold an unknown object with an automatically increased gripping force without a conventional controlling processor. The proposed system offers a new approach for realizing an unconscious response with an artificially intelligent robot.
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36
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Wang Y, Haick H, Guo S, Wang C, Lee S, Yokota T, Someya T. Skin bioelectronics towards long-term, continuous health monitoring. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:3759-3793. [PMID: 35420617 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00207h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Skin bioelectronics are considered as an ideal platform for personalised healthcare because of their unique characteristics, such as thinness, light weight, good biocompatibility, excellent mechanical robustness, and great skin conformability. Recent advances in skin-interfaced bioelectronics have promoted various applications in healthcare and precision medicine. Particularly, skin bioelectronics for long-term, continuous health monitoring offer powerful analysis of a broad spectrum of health statuses, providing a route to early disease diagnosis and treatment. In this review, we discuss (1) representative healthcare sensing devices, (2) material and structure selection, device properties, and wireless technologies of skin bioelectronics towards long-term, continuous health monitoring, (3) healthcare applications: acquisition and analysis of electrophysiological, biophysical, and biochemical signals, and comprehensive monitoring, and (4) rational guidelines for the design of future skin bioelectronics for long-term, continuous health monitoring. Long-term, continuous health monitoring of advanced skin bioelectronics will open unprecedented opportunities for timely disease prevention, screening, diagnosis, and treatment, demonstrating great promise to revolutionise traditional medical practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology (GTIIT), Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China.,Technion-Israel Institute of Technology (IIT), Haifa 32000, Israel.,Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials and Technologies for Energy Conversion, Guangdong Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
| | - Hossam Haick
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Shuyang Guo
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Chunya Wang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Sunghoon Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Tomoyuki Yokota
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Takao Someya
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
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Dong H, Sun J, Liu X, Jiang X, Lu S. Highly Sensitive and Stretchable MXene/CNTs/TPU Composite Strain Sensor with Bilayer Conductive Structure for Human Motion Detection. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:15504-15516. [PMID: 35344347 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c23567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The universal application of wearable strain sensors in various situations for human-activity monitoring is considerably limited by the contradiction between high sensitivity and broad working range. There still remains a huge challenge to design sensors featuring simultaneous broad working range and high sensitivity. Herein, a typical bilayer-conductive structure Ti3C2Tx MXene/carbon nanotubes (CNTs)/thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) composite film was developed by a simple and scalable vacuum filtration process utilizing a porous electrospun thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) mat as a skeleton. The MXene/CNTs/TPU strain sensor is composed of two parts: a brittle densely stacked MXene upper lamella and a flexible MXene/CNT-decorated fibrous network lower layer. Benefiting from the synergetic effect of the two parts along with hydrogen-bonding interactions between the porous TPU fiber mat and MXene sheets, the MXene/CNTs/TPU strain sensor possesses both a broad working range (up to 330%) and high sensitivity (maximum gauge factor of 2911) as well as superb long-term durability (2600 cycles under the strain of 50%). Finally, the sensor can be successfully employed for human movement monitoring, from tiny facial expressions, respiration, and pulse beat to large-scale finger and elbow bending, demonstrating a promising and attractive application for wearable devices and human-machine interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Dong
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang 110136, China
| | - Jingchao Sun
- College of Science, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang 110136, China
| | - Xingmin Liu
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang 110136, China
| | - Xiaodan Jiang
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang 110136, China
| | - Shaowei Lu
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang 110136, China
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38
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Textile-based pressure sensor arrays: A novel scalable manufacturing technique. MICRO AND NANO ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mne.2022.100140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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39
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Wu K, Zhu T, Zhu L, Sun Y, Chen K, Chen J, Yuan H, Wang Y, Zhang J, Liu G, Chen X, Sun J. Reversible Mechanochromisms via Manipulating Surface Wrinkling. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:2261-2269. [PMID: 35234042 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c04494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Mechanochromic structural-colored materials have promising applications in various domains. In this Letter, we report three types of reversible mechanochromisms in simple material systems by harnessing mechano-responsive wrinkling dynamics including (i) brightness mechanochromism (BM), (ii) hue change mechanochromism (HCM), and (iii) viewable angle mechanochromism (VAM). Upon stretching, the BM device exhibits almost a constant hue but reduces light brightness due to the postbuckling mechanics-controlled deformation, while the HCM device can change the hue from blue to red with almost constant intensity because of the linear elastic mechanics-controlled deformation. The VAM device shows a constant hue because of the thin film interference effect. However, the viewable angles decrease with increasing applied strain owing to the light scattering of wrinkles. All of the mechanochromic behaviors exhibit good reversibility and durability. We clearly elucidated the underlying mechanisms for different mechanochromisms and demonstrated their potential applications in smart displays, stretchable strain sensors, and antipeeping/anticounterfeiting devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P.R. China
| | - Ting Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P.R. China
| | - Liangliang Zhu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, P.R. China
| | - Yu Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P.R. China
| | - Kai Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P.R. China
| | - Jiaorui Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P.R. China
| | - Haozhi Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P.R. China
| | - Yaqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P.R. China
| | - Jinyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P.R. China
| | - Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P.R. China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Jun Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P.R. China
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Jiang PP, Qin H, Dai J, Yu SH, Cong HP. Ultrastretchable and Self-Healing Conductors with Double Dynamic Network for Omni-Healable Capacitive Strain Sensors. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:1433-1442. [PMID: 34747171 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c03618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Skin-mountable capacitive-type strain sensors with great linearity and low hysteresis provide inspiration for the interactions between human and machine. For practicality, high sensing performance, large stretchability, and self-healing are demanded but limited by stretchable electrode and dielectric and interfacial compatibility. Here, we demonstrate an extremely stretchable and self-healing conductor via both hard and soft tactics that combine conductive nanowire assemblies with double dynamic network based on π-π attractions and Ag-S coordination bonds. The obtained conductor outperforms the reported stretchable conductors by delivering an elongation of 3250%, resistance change of 223% at 2000% strain, high durability, and multiresponsive self-healability. Especially, this conductor accommodates large strain of 1500% at extremely knotted and twisted deformations. By sandwiching hydrogel conductors with a newly developed dielectric, ultrahigh stretchability and omni-healability are simultaneously achieved for the first time for a capacitive strain sensor inspired by metal-thiolate coordination chemistry, showing great potentials in wearable electronics and soft robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan-Pan Jiang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Haili Qin
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Jing Dai
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Shu-Hong Yu
- Division of Nanomaterials and Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Institute of Energy, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Huai-Ping Cong
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
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Chen W, Wang Z, Wang L, Chen X. Smart Chemical Engineering-Based Lightweight and Miniaturized Attachable Systems for Advanced Drug Delivery and Diagnostics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2106701. [PMID: 34643302 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202106701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Smart attachable systems have attracted much attention owing to their capabilities in terms of body performance evaluation, disease diagnostics, and drug delivery. Recent advances in chemical and engineering techniques provide many opportunities to improve device fabrication and applications owing to the advantages of being lightweight and easy to control as well as their battery absence and functional diversity. This review highlights the latest developments in the field of chemical engineering-based lightweight and miniaturized attachable systems, which are mainly inspired by the natural world. Their applications for real-time monitoring, point-of-care sampling, biomarker detection, and controlled release are discussed thoroughly with respect to specific products/prototypes. The perspectives of the field, including persistence guarantee, burden reduction, and personality improvement, are also discussed. It is believed that chemical engineering-based lightweight and miniaturized attachable systems have good potential in both clinical and industrial fields, indicating a large potential to improve human lives in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Departments of Diagnostic Radiology and Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
- Departments of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
- Clinical Imaging Research Centre, Centre for Translational Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
- Nanomedicine Translational Research Program, NUS Center for Nanomedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
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42
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Li G, Li C, Li G, Yu D, Song Z, Wang H, Liu X, Liu H, Liu W. Development of Conductive Hydrogels for Fabricating Flexible Strain Sensors. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2101518. [PMID: 34658130 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202101518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Conductive hydrogels can be prepared by incorporating various conductive materials into polymeric network hydrogels. In recent years, conductive hydrogels have been developed and applied in the field of strain sensors owing to their unique properties, such as electrical conductivity, mechanical properties, self-healing, and anti-freezing properties. These remarkable properties allow conductive hydrogel-based strain sensors to show excellent performance for identifying external stimuli and detecting human body movement, even at subzero temperatures. This review summarizes the properties of conductive hydrogels and their application in the fabrication of strain sensors working in different modes. Finally, a brief prospectus for the development of conductive hydrogels in the future is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, Shandong, 250353, China
| | - Chenglong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, Shandong, 250353, China
| | - Guodong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, Shandong, 250353, China
| | - Dehai Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, Shandong, 250353, China
| | - Zhaoping Song
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, Shandong, 250353, China
| | - Huili Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, Shandong, 250353, China
| | - Xiaona Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, Shandong, 250353, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, University of Jinan (iAIR), Jinan, 250022, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Wenxia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, Shandong, 250353, China
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43
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Fan Q, Miao J, Liu X, Zuo X, Zhang W, Tian M, Zhu S, Qu L, Zhang X. Biomimetic Hierarchically Silver Nanowire Interwoven MXene Mesh for Flexible Transparent Electrodes and Invisible Camouflage Electronics. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:740-750. [PMID: 35019663 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c04185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Flexible transparent electrodes demand high transparency, low sheet resistance, as well as excellent mechanical flexibility simultaneously, however they still remain to be a great challenge due to"trade-off" effect. Herein, inspired by a hollow interconnected leaf vein, we developed robust transparent conductive mesh with biomimetic interwoven structure via hierarchically self-assembles silver nanowires interwoven metal carbide/nitride (MXene) sheets along directional microfibers. Strong interfacial interactions between plant fibers and conductive units facilitate hierarchically interwoven conductive mesh constructed orderly on flexible and lightweight veins while maintaining high transparency, effectively avoiding the trade-off effect between optoelectronic properties. The flexible transparent electrodes exhibit sheet resistance of 0.5 Ω sq-1 and transparency of 81.6%, with a remarkably high figure of merit of 3523. In addition, invisible camouflage sensors are further successfully developed as a proof of concept that could monitor human body motion signals in an imperceptible state. The flexible transparent conductive mesh holds great potential in high-performance wearable optoelectronics and camouflage electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Fan
- Research Center for Intelligent and Wearable Technology, College of Textiles and Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Textiles of Shandong Province, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Jinlei Miao
- Research Center for Intelligent and Wearable Technology, College of Textiles and Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Textiles of Shandong Province, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Xuhua Liu
- Research Center for Intelligent and Wearable Technology, College of Textiles and Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Textiles of Shandong Province, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Xingwei Zuo
- Research Center for Intelligent and Wearable Technology, College of Textiles and Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Textiles of Shandong Province, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Wenxiao Zhang
- Research Center for Intelligent and Wearable Technology, College of Textiles and Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Textiles of Shandong Province, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Mingwei Tian
- Research Center for Intelligent and Wearable Technology, College of Textiles and Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Textiles of Shandong Province, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Shifeng Zhu
- Research Center for Intelligent and Wearable Technology, College of Textiles and Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Textiles of Shandong Province, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Lijun Qu
- Research Center for Intelligent and Wearable Technology, College of Textiles and Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Textiles of Shandong Province, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Xueji Zhang
- Research Center for Intelligent and Wearable Technology, College of Textiles and Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Textiles of Shandong Province, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, P.R. China
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Zhao Y, Yu M, Sun J, Zhang S, Li Q, Teng L, Tian Q, Xie R, Li G, Liu L, Liu Z. Electrical Failure Mechanism in Stretchable Thin-Film Conductors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:3121-3129. [PMID: 34981914 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c22447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable thin-film conductors are basic building blocks in advanced flexible and stretchable electronics. Current research mainly focuses on strategies to improve stretchability and widen the range of applications of stretchable conductors. However, stability should not be neglected, and the electrical failure mode is one of the most common stability issues that determines the current range and duration in a circuit. In this work, we report the electrical failure mechanism of stretchable conductors. We find a special failure mode for the stretchable conductors, which can be attributed to the coupling effect between local thermal strains and dynamic resistance changes of the thin film. This creates a vicious circle that significantly differs from traditional conductors. Physical parameters related to this special failure mode are investigated in detail. It is found that this mechanism is applicable to different kinds of stretchable conductors. Based on this finding, we also explore methods to modulate the failure of stretchable conductors. The failure mechanism found here provides a fundamental understanding of the current effect of stretchable circuits and is crucial for designing stable stretchable bioelectrodes and circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Human-Machine Intelligence-Synergy Systems, Center of Neural Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Mei Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Human-Machine Intelligence-Synergy Systems, Center of Neural Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen College of Advanced Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jing Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Human-Machine Intelligence-Synergy Systems, Center of Neural Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Shenglong Zhang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
- Optics and Thermal Radiation Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Qingsong Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Human-Machine Intelligence-Synergy Systems, Center of Neural Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lijun Teng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Human-Machine Intelligence-Synergy Systems, Center of Neural Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Qiong Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Human-Machine Intelligence-Synergy Systems, Center of Neural Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ruijie Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Human-Machine Intelligence-Synergy Systems, Center of Neural Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Guanglin Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Human-Machine Intelligence-Synergy Systems, Center of Neural Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Linhua Liu
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
- Optics and Thermal Radiation Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Zhiyuan Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Human-Machine Intelligence-Synergy Systems, Center of Neural Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen 518055, China
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Liu S, Tang J, Ji F, Lin W, Chen S. Recent Advances in Zwitterionic Hydrogels: Preparation, Property, and Biomedical Application. Gels 2022; 8:46. [PMID: 35049581 PMCID: PMC8775195 DOI: 10.3390/gels8010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonspecific protein adsorption impedes the sustainability of materials in biologically related applications. Such adsorption activates the immune system by quick identification of allogeneic materials and triggers a rejection, resulting in the rapid failure of implant materials and drugs. Antifouling materials have been rapidly developed in the past 20 years, from natural polysaccharides (such as dextran) to synthetic polymers (such as polyethylene glycol, PEG). However, recent studies have shown that traditional antifouling materials, including PEG, still fail to overcome the challenges of a complex human environment. Zwitterionic materials are a class of materials that contain both cationic and anionic groups, with their overall charge being neutral. Compared with PEG materials, zwitterionic materials have much stronger hydration, which is considered the most important factor for antifouling. Among zwitterionic materials, zwitterionic hydrogels have excellent structural stability and controllable regulation capabilities for various biomedical scenarios. Here, we first describe the mechanism and structure of zwitterionic materials. Following the preparation and property of zwitterionic hydrogels, recent advances in zwitterionic hydrogels in various biomedical applications are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (S.L.); (J.T.); (F.J.)
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication of the Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jingyi Tang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (S.L.); (J.T.); (F.J.)
- Zhejiang Development & Planning Institute, Hangzhou 310030, China
| | - Fangqin Ji
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (S.L.); (J.T.); (F.J.)
- Taizhou Technician College, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Weifeng Lin
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Shengfu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (S.L.); (J.T.); (F.J.)
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China
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Luo Y, Chen X, Tian H, Li X, Lu Y, Liu Y, Shao J. Gecko-Inspired Slant Hierarchical Microstructure-Based Ultrasensitive Iontronic Pressure Sensor for Intelligent Interaction. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2022; 2022:9852138. [PMID: 35935142 PMCID: PMC9275085 DOI: 10.34133/2022/9852138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Highly sensitive flexible pressure sensors play an important role to ensure the safety and friendliness during the human-robot interaction process. Microengineering the active layer has been shown to improve performance of pressure sensors. However, the current structural strategy almost relying on axial compression deformation suffers structural stiffening, and together with the limited area growth efficiency of conformal interface, essentially limiting the maximum sensitivity. Here, inspired by the interface contact behavior of gecko's feet, we design a slant hierarchical microstructure to act as an electrode contacting with an ionic gel layer, fundamentally eliminating the pressure resistance and maximizing functional interface expansion to achieving ultrasensitive sensitivity. Such a structuring strategy dramatically improves the relative capacitance change both in the low- and high-pressure region, thereby boosting the sensitivity up to 36000 kPa-1 and effective measurement range up to 300 kPa. To verify the advantages of high sensitivity, the sensor is integrated with a soft magnetic robot to demonstrate a biomimetic Venus flytrap. The ability to perceive weak stimuli allows the sensor to be used as a sensory and feedback window, realizing the capture of small live insects and the transportation of fragile objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsong Luo
- Micro- and Nano-Technology Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xiaoliang Chen
- Micro- and Nano-Technology Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology (FIST), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Hongmiao Tian
- Micro- and Nano-Technology Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xiangming Li
- Micro- and Nano-Technology Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yangtianyu Lu
- Micro- and Nano-Technology Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Micro- and Nano-Technology Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Jinyou Shao
- Micro- and Nano-Technology Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology (FIST), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
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Shin S, Ko B, So H. Structural effects of 3D printing resolution on the gauge factor of microcrack-based strain gauges for health care monitoring. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2022; 8:12. [PMID: 35136651 PMCID: PMC8791987 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-021-00347-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of physiological parameters such as pulse rate, voice, and motion for precise health care monitoring requires highly sensitive sensors. Flexible strain gauges are useful sensors that can be used in human health care devices. In this study, we propose a crack-based strain gauge fabricated by fused deposition modeling (FDM)-based three-dimensional (3D)-printing. The strain gauge combined a 3D-printed thermoplastic polyurethane layer and a platinum layer as the flexible substrate and conductive layer, respectively. Through a layer-by-layer deposition process, self-aligned crack arrays were easily formed along the groove patterns resulting from stress concentration during stretching motions. Strain gauges with a 200-µm printing thickness exhibited the most sensitive performance (~442% increase in gauge factor compared with that of a flat sensor) and the fastest recovery time (~99% decrease in recovery time compared with that of a flat sensor). In addition, 500 cycling tests were conducted to demonstrate the reliability of the sensor. Finally, various applications of the strain gauge as wearable devices used to monitor human health and motion were demonstrated. These results support the facile fabrication of sensitive strain gauges for the development of smart devices by additive manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghun Shin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763 South Korea
| | - Byeongjo Ko
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763 South Korea
| | - Hongyun So
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763 South Korea
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763 South Korea
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Mirjalali S, Peng S, Fang Z, Wang C, Wu S. Wearable Sensors for Remote Health Monitoring: Potential Applications for Early Diagnosis of Covid-19. ADVANCED MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES 2022; 7:2100545. [PMID: 34901382 PMCID: PMC8646515 DOI: 10.1002/admt.202100545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Wearable sensors are emerging as a new technology to detect physiological and biochemical markers for remote health monitoring. By measuring vital signs such as respiratory rate, body temperature, and blood oxygen level, wearable sensors offer tremendous potential for the noninvasive and early diagnosis of numerous diseases such as Covid-19. Over the past decade, significant progress has been made to develop wearable sensors with high sensitivity, accuracy, flexibility, and stretchability, bringing to reality a new paradigm of remote health monitoring. In this review paper, the latest advances in wearable sensor systems that can measure vital signs at an accuracy level matching those of point-of-care tests are presented. In particular, the focus of this review is placed on wearable sensors for measuring respiratory behavior, body temperature, and blood oxygen level, which are identified as the critical signals for diagnosing and monitoring Covid-19. Various designs based on different materials and working mechanisms are summarized. This review is concluded by identifying the remaining challenges and future opportunities for this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheyda Mirjalali
- School of EngineeringMacquarie University SydneySydneyNSW2109Australia
| | - Shuhua Peng
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing EngineeringUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW2052Australia
| | | | - Chun‐Hui Wang
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing EngineeringUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW2052Australia
| | - Shuying Wu
- School of EngineeringMacquarie University SydneySydneyNSW2109Australia
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing EngineeringUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW2052Australia
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Sun X, Wang H, Ding Y, Yao Y, Liu Y, Tang J. Fe3+-coordination Mediated Synergistic Dual-network Conductive Hydrogel as Sensitive and Highly-stretchable Strain Sensor with Adjustable Mechanical Properties. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:1442-1452. [DOI: 10.1039/d1tb02199k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Flexible strain sensors are attracting enormous attention due to their high stretchability and sensitivity that are required for wearable devices and electronic skin. However, diverse application environments require materials whose...
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Qin R, Hu M, Li X, Liang T, Tan H, Liu J, Shan G. A new strategy for the fabrication of a flexible and highly sensitive capacitive pressure sensor. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2021; 7:100. [PMID: 34868631 PMCID: PMC8630520 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-021-00327-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The development of flexible capacitive pressure sensors has wide application prospects in the fields of electronic skin and intelligent wearable electronic devices, but it is still a great challenge to fabricate capacitive sensors with high sensitivity. Few reports have considered the use of interdigital electrode structures to improve the sensitivity of capacitive pressure sensors. In this work, a new strategy for the fabrication of a high-performance capacitive flexible pressure sensor based on MXene/polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) by an interdigital electrode is reported. By increasing the number of interdigital electrodes and selecting the appropriate dielectric layer, the sensitivity of the capacitive sensor can be improved. The capacitive sensor based on MXene/PVP here has a high sensitivity (~1.25 kPa-1), low detection limit (~0.6 Pa), wide sensing range (up to 294 kPa), fast response and recovery times (~30/15 ms) and mechanical stability of 10000 cycles. The presented sensor here can be used for various pressure detection applications, such as finger pressing, wrist pulse measuring, breathing, swallowing and speech recognition. This work provides a new method of using interdigital electrodes to fabricate a highly sensitive capacitive sensor with very promising application prospects in flexible sensors and wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruzhan Qin
- School of Instrumentation Science and Opto-electronics Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Mingjun Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Xin Li
- School of Instrumentation Science and Opto-electronics Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Te Liang
- School of Instrumentation Science and Opto-electronics Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Haoyi Tan
- School of Instrumentation Science and Opto-electronics Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Jinzhang Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Guangcun Shan
- School of Instrumentation Science and Opto-electronics Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191 China
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