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Kim NH, Chae S, Yi SA, Sa DH, Oh S, Kang ES, Kim S, Choi KH, Lee J, Choi JY, Kim YH. Peptide-Assembled Single-Chain Atomic Crystal Enhances Pluripotent Stem Cell Differentiation to Neurons. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:6859-6867. [PMID: 37470721 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c00966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials hybridized with biological components have widespread applications. among many candidates, peptides are attractive in that their peptide sequences can self-assemble with the surface of target materials with high specificity without perturbing the intrinsic properties of nanomaterials. Here, a 1D hybrid nanomaterial was developed through self-assembly of a designed peptide. A hexagonal coiled-coil motif geometrically matched to the diameter of the inorganic nanomaterial was fabricated, whose hydrophobic surface was wrapped along the axis of the hydrophobic core of the coiled coil. Our morphological and spectroscopic analyses revealed rod-shaped, homogeneous peptide-inorganic nanomaterial complexes. Culturing embryonic stem cells on surfaces coated with this peptide-assembled single-chain atomic crystal increased the growth and adhesion of the embryonic stem cells. The hybridized nanomaterial also served as an ECM for brain organoids, accelerating the maturation of neurons. New methods to fabricate hybrid materials through peptide assembly can be applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam Hyeong Kim
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nano Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Sudong Chae
- School of Advanced Materials Science & Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Ah Yi
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Deok Hyang Sa
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nano Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungbae Oh
- School of Advanced Materials Science & Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Sung Kang
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nano Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Suhyeon Kim
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nano Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hwan Choi
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nano Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biohealth Regulatory Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaecheol Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Imnewrun Inc., Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Young Choi
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nano Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- School of Advanced Materials Science & Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Ho Kim
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nano Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Imnewrun Inc., Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nano Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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2
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Lee JW, Chae S, Oh S, Kim DH, Kim SH, Kim SJ, Choi JY, Lee JH, Song SY. Bioessential Inorganic Molecular Wire-Reinforced 3D-Printed Hydrogel Scaffold for Enhanced Bone Regeneration. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2201665. [PMID: 36213983 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202201665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Materials with physicochemical properties and biological activities similar to those of the natural extracellular matrix are in high demand in tissue engineering. In particular, Mo3 Se3 - inorganic molecular wire (IMW) is a promising material composed of bioessential minerals and possess nanometer-scale diameters, negatively charged surfaces, physical flexibility, and nanotopography characteristics, which are essential for interactions with cell membrane proteins. Here, an implantable 3D Mo3 Se3 - IMW enhanced gelatin-GMA/silk-GMA hydrogel (IMW-GS hydrogel) is developed for osteogenesis and bone formation, followed by biological evaluations. The mechanical properties of the 3D printed IMW-GS hydrogel are improved by noncovalent interactions between the Mo3 Se3 - IMWs and the positively charged residues of the gelatin molecules. Long-term biocompatibility with primary human osteoblast cells (HOBs) is confirmed using the IMW-GS hydrogel. The proliferation, osteogenic gene expression, collagen accumulation, and mineralization of HOBs improve remarkably with the IMW-GS hydrogel. In in vivo evaluations, the IMW-GS hydrogel implantation exhibits a significantly improved new bone regeneration of 87.8 ± 5.9% (p < 0.05) for 8 weeks, which is higher than that from the gelatin-GMA/silk-GMA hydrogel without Mo3 Se3 - IMW. These results support a new improved strategy with in vitro and in vivo performance of 3D IMW enhanced scaffolds in tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Woong Lee
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.,Research Center for Advanced Materials Technology, Core Research Institute, 16419, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sudong Chae
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungbae Oh
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Dai-Hwan Kim
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Si Hyun Kim
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology, SKKU, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Jae Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hwaseong, 18450, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Young Choi
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.,SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology, SKKU, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Heon Lee
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.,Research Center for Advanced Materials Technology, Core Research Institute, 16419, Suwon, Republic of Korea.,SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology, SKKU, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.,Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), SKKU, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Si Young Song
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hwaseong, 18450, Republic of Korea
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Sujith C, Joseph S, Mathew T, Mathew V. Ab initio investigation of the structural and electronic properties of tantalum thallium chalcogenides TaTlX3 (X = S,Se). J SOLID STATE CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2022.123534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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4
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Oh S, Chae S, Kwon M, Ahn J, Woo C, Choi KH, Jeon J, Dong X, Kim TY, Asghar G, Kim H, Paik HJ, Yu HK, Choi JY. Organic Dispersion of Mo 3Se 3- Single-Chain Atomic Crystals Using Surface Modification Methods. ACS NANO 2022; 16:8022-8029. [PMID: 35511942 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c00965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, single-chain atomic crystals (SCACs), Mo3Se3-, which can be uniformly dispersed, with an atomically thin diameter of ∼0.6 nm were modified to disperse in an organic solvent. Various surfactants were chosen to provide steric hindrance to aqueous-dispersed Mo3Se3- by modifying the surface of Mo3Se3-. The organic dispersions of surface-modified Mo3Se3- SCACs in nonpolar solvent (toluene, benzene, and chloroform) were stable with a uniform diameter of 2 nm, and they have enhanced stability from oxidation (>10 days). With the surfactants that have a polystyrene tail group (PS-NH2), the surface-modified Mo3Se3- SCAC showed high compatibility with a polystyrene polymer matrix. Using the surface-modified Mo3Se3- SCAC, a homogeneous Mo3Se3-/polystyrene/toluene organogel was prepared. More importantly, the Mo3Se3-/polystyrene organogel exhibits significantly enhanced mechanical properties, with the improvement of 202.27% and 279.52% for tensile strength and elongation, respectively, compared with that of the pure organogel. The surface-modified Mo3Se3- had a similar structure with a polymer matrix, and the properties of the polymer can be improved even with a small addition of Mo3Se3-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungbae Oh
- School of Advanced Materials Science & Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Sudong Chae
- School of Advanced Materials Science & Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Minho Kwon
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungyoon Ahn
- School of Advanced Materials Science & Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Chaeheon Woo
- School of Advanced Materials Science & Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hwan Choi
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiho Jeon
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Xue Dong
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Yeong Kim
- School of Advanced Materials Science & Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Ghulam Asghar
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanyoung Kim
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jong Paik
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak Ki Yu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering & Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Young Choi
- School of Advanced Materials Science & Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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5
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Kim C, Lee JW, Heo JH, Park C, Kim DH, Yi GS, Kang HC, Jung HS, Shin H, Lee JH. Natural bone-mimicking nanopore-incorporated hydroxyapatite scaffolds for enhanced bone tissue regeneration. Biomater Res 2022; 26:7. [PMID: 35216625 PMCID: PMC8876184 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-022-00253-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A considerable number of studies has been carried out to develop alloplastic bone graft materials such as hydroxyapatite (HAP) that mimic the hierarchical structure of natural bones with multiple levels of pores: macro-, micro-, and nanopores. Although nanopores are known to play many essential roles in natural bones, only a few studies have focused on HAPs containing them; none of those studies investigated the functions of nanopores in biological systems. Method We developed a simple yet powerful method to introduce nanopores into alloplastic HAP bone graft materials in large quantities by simply pressing HAP nanoparticles and sintering them at a low temperature. Results The size of nanopores in HAP scaffolds can be controlled between 16.5 and 30.2 nm by changing the sintering temperature. When nanopores with a size of ~ 30.2 nm, similar to that of nanopores in natural bones, are introduced into HAP scaffolds, the mechanical strength and cell proliferation and differentiation rates are significantly increased. The developed HAP scaffolds containing nanopores (SNPs) are biocompatible, with negligible erythema and inflammatory reactions. In addition, they enhance the bone regeneration when are implanted into a rabbit model. Furthermore, the bone regeneration efficiency of the HAP-based SNP is better than that of a commercially available bone graft material. Conclusion Nanopores of HAP scaffolds are very important for improving the bone regeneration efficiency and may be one of the key factors to consider in designing highly efficient next-generation alloplastic bone graft materials. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40824-022-00253-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chansong Kim
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Woong Lee
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.,Research Center for Advanced Materials Technology, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hyuk Heo
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea. .,Research Center for Advanced Materials Technology, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Cheolhyun Park
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Dai-Hwan Kim
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyu Sung Yi
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Chang Kang
- Probiomimetic Research Institute, Bundang Technopark, Seongnam, 13219, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Suk Jung
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjung Shin
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Heon Lee
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea. .,Research Center for Advanced Materials Technology, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea. .,Biomedical Institute for Convergence at Sungkyunkwan University, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea. .,Institute of Quantum Biophysics (IQB), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Qu Y, Arguilla MQ, Zhang Q, He X, Dincă M. Ultrathin, High-Aspect Ratio, and Free-Standing Magnetic Nanowires by Exfoliation of Ferromagnetic Quasi-One-Dimensional van der Waals Lattices. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:19551-19558. [PMID: 34752073 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c09607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Driven by numerous discoveries of novel physical properties and integration into functional devices, interest in one-dimensional (1D) magnetic nanostructures has grown tremendously. Traditionally, such structures are accessed with bottom-up techniques, but these require increasing sophistication to allow precise control over crystallinity, branching, aspect ratio, and surface termination, especially when approaching the subnanometer regime in magnetic phases. Here, we show that mechanical exfoliation of bulk quasi-one-dimensional crystals, a method similar to those popularized for two-dimensional van der Waals (vdW) lattices, serves as an efficient top-down method to produce ultrathin freestanding nanowires that are both magnetic and semiconducting. We use CrSbSe3 as a representative quasi-1D vdW crystal with strong magnetocrystalline anisotropy and show that it can be exfoliated into nanowires with an average cross-section of 10 ± 2.8 nm. The CrSbSe3 nanowires display reduced Curie-Weiss temperature but higher coercivity and remanence than the bulk phase. The methodology developed here for CrSbSe3, a representative for a vast class of 1D vdW lattices, serves as a blueprint for investigating confinement effects for 1D materials and accessing functional nanowires that are difficult to produce via traditional bottom-up methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Qu
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Maxx Q Arguilla
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Xin He
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Mircea Dincă
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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7
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Lee JW, Chae S, Oh S, Kim SH, Meeseepong M, Choi KH, Jeon J, Lee NE, Song SY, Lee JH, Choi JY. Bio-essential Inorganic Molecular Nanowires as a Bioactive Muscle Extracellular-Matrix-Mimicking Material. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:39135-39141. [PMID: 34374274 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c12440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Many physiochemical properties of the extracellular matrix (ECM) of muscle tissues, such as nanometer scale dimension, nanotopography, negative charge, and elasticity, must be carefully reproduced to fabricate scaffold materials mimicking muscle tissues. Hence, we developed a muscle tissue ECM-mimicking scaffold using Mo6S3I6 inorganic molecular wires (IMWs). Composed of bio-essential elements and having a nanofibrous structure with a diameter of ∼1 nm and a negative surface charge with high stability, Mo6S3I6 IMWs are ideal for mimicking natural ECM molecules. Once Mo6S3I6 IMWs were patterned on a polydimethylsiloxane surface with an elasticity of 1877.1 ± 22.2 kPa, that is, comparable to that of muscle tissues, the proliferation and α-tubulin expression of myoblasts enhanced significantly. Additionally, the repetitive one-dimensional patterns of Mo6S3I6 IMWs induced the alignment and stretching of myoblasts with enhanced α-tubulin expression and differentiation into myocytes. This study demonstrates that Mo6S3I6 IMWs are promising for mimicking the ECM of muscle tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Woong Lee
- School of Advanced Materials Science & Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Sudong Chae
- School of Advanced Materials Science & Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungbae Oh
- School of Advanced Materials Science & Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Si Hyun Kim
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Montri Meeseepong
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hwan Choi
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiho Jeon
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Nae-Eung Lee
- School of Advanced Materials Science & Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Si Young Song
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hwaseong 18450, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Heon Lee
- School of Advanced Materials Science & Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Young Choi
- School of Advanced Materials Science & Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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Tai CS, Lan KC, Wang E, Chan FE, Hsieh MT, Huang CW, Weng SL, Chen PC, Chen WL. Nanotopography as Artificial Microenvironment for Accurate Visualization of Metastasis Development via Simulation of ECM Dynamics. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:1400-1411. [PMID: 33522822 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c04209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Metastatic progression is mediated by complex interactions between deregulated extracellular matrix (ECM) and cancer cells and remains a major challenge in cancer management. To investigate the role of ECM dynamics in promoting metastasis development, we developed an artificial microenvironment (AME) platform comprised of nanodot arrays of increasing diameter. Cells cultured on the platform showed increasing signs of mesenchymal-like cell transition as AME diameter increased, suggesting accurate simulation of ECM-mediated gene regulation. Gene expression was analyzed to determine genes significant to transition, which were then used to select appropriate small molecule drugs for time course treatments. Our results suggest that the platform can identify critical target genes as well as possible drug candidates. Overall, the AME platform allows for the study of intricate ECM-induced gene expression trends across metastasis development that would otherwise be difficult to visualize in vivo and may open new avenues toward successful personalized cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-San Tai
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Chun Lan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Erick Wang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Erh Chan
- Department of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ting Hsieh
- Department of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Wen Huang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Long Weng
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hsinchu MacKay Memorial Hospital, Hsinchu City, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chun Chen
- Department of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Material Science and Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen Liang Chen
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-devices (IDS2B), National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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9
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A study on the bio-applicability of aqueous-dispersed van der Waals 1-D material Nb 2Se 9 using poloxamer. Sci Rep 2021; 11:176. [PMID: 33420413 PMCID: PMC7794490 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80730-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this research, dispersion of a new type of one-dimensional inorganic material Nb2Se9, composed of van der Waals bonds, in aqueous solution for bio-application study were studied. To disperse Nb2Se9, which exhibits hydrophobic properties in water, experiments were carried out using a block copolymer (poloxamer) as a dispersant. It was confirmed that PPO, the hydrophobic portion of Poloxamer, was adsorbed onto the surface of Nb2Se9, and PEO, the hydrophilic portion, induced steric hinderance to disperse Nb2Se9 to a size of 10 nm or less. To confirm the adaptability of muscle cells C2C12 to the dispersed Nb2Se9 using poloxamer 188 as dispersant, a MTT assay and a live/dead assay were performed, demonstrating improvement in the viability and proliferation of C2C12 cells.
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10
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Biggemann J, Müller P, Köllner D, Simon S, Hoffmann P, Heik P, Lee JH, Fey T. Hierarchical Surface Texturing of Hydroxyapatite Ceramics: Influence on the Adhesive Bonding Strength of Polymeric Polycaprolactone. J Funct Biomater 2020; 11:jfb11040073. [PMID: 33023048 PMCID: PMC7712268 DOI: 10.3390/jfb11040073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The tailored manipulation of ceramic surfaces gained recent interest to optimize the performance and lifetime of composite materials used as implants. In this work, a hierarchical surface texturing of hydroxyapatite (HAp) ceramics was developed to improve the poor adhesive bonding strength in hydroxyapatite and polycaprolactone (HAp/PCL) composites. Four different types of periodic surface morphologies (grooves, cylindric pits, linear waves and Gaussian hills) were realized by a ceramic micro-transfer molding technique in the submillimeter range. A subsequent surface roughening and functionalization on a micron to nanometer scale was obtained by two different etchings with hydrochloric and tartaric acid. An ensuing silane coupling with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) enhanced the chemical adhesion between the HAp surface and PCL on the nanometer scale by the formation of dipole-dipole interactions and covalent bonds. The adhesive bonding strengths of the individual and combined surface texturings were investigated by performing single-lap compressive shear tests. All individual texturing types (macro, micro and nano) showed significantly improved HAp/PCL interface strengths compared to the non-textured HAp reference, based on an enhanced mechanical, physical and chemical adhesion. The independent effect mechanisms allow the deliberately hierarchical combination of all texturing types without negative influences. The hierarchical surface-textured HAp showed a 6.5 times higher adhesive bonding strength (7.7 ± 1.5 MPa) than the non-textured reference, proving that surface texturing is an attractive method to optimize the component adhesion in composites for potential medical implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Biggemann
- Department of Materials Science (Institute of Glass and Ceramics), University of Erlangen-Nuernberg, Martensstr. 5, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany; (P.M.); (D.K.); (S.S.); (P.H.); (P.H.)
- Correspondence: (J.B.); (T.F.); Tel.: +49-9131-8527561 (J.B.); +49-9131-8527546 (T.F.)
| | - Philipp Müller
- Department of Materials Science (Institute of Glass and Ceramics), University of Erlangen-Nuernberg, Martensstr. 5, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany; (P.M.); (D.K.); (S.S.); (P.H.); (P.H.)
| | - David Köllner
- Department of Materials Science (Institute of Glass and Ceramics), University of Erlangen-Nuernberg, Martensstr. 5, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany; (P.M.); (D.K.); (S.S.); (P.H.); (P.H.)
| | - Swantje Simon
- Department of Materials Science (Institute of Glass and Ceramics), University of Erlangen-Nuernberg, Martensstr. 5, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany; (P.M.); (D.K.); (S.S.); (P.H.); (P.H.)
| | - Patrizia Hoffmann
- Department of Materials Science (Institute of Glass and Ceramics), University of Erlangen-Nuernberg, Martensstr. 5, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany; (P.M.); (D.K.); (S.S.); (P.H.); (P.H.)
| | - Paula Heik
- Department of Materials Science (Institute of Glass and Ceramics), University of Erlangen-Nuernberg, Martensstr. 5, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany; (P.M.); (D.K.); (S.S.); (P.H.); (P.H.)
| | - Jung Heon Lee
- School of Advanced Materials Science & Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16149, Korea;
| | - Tobias Fey
- Department of Materials Science (Institute of Glass and Ceramics), University of Erlangen-Nuernberg, Martensstr. 5, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany; (P.M.); (D.K.); (S.S.); (P.H.); (P.H.)
- Frontier Research Institute for Materials Science, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
- Correspondence: (J.B.); (T.F.); Tel.: +49-9131-8527561 (J.B.); +49-9131-8527546 (T.F.)
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11
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Bertrand AA, Malapati SH, Yamaguchi DT, Lee JC. The Intersection of Mechanotransduction and Regenerative Osteogenic Materials. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e2000709. [PMID: 32940024 PMCID: PMC7864218 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202000709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical signals play a central role in cell fate determination and differentiation in both physiologic and pathologic circumstances. Such signals may be delivered using materials to generate discrete microenvironments for the purposes of tissue regeneration and have garnered increasing attention in recent years. Unlike the addition of progenitor cells or growth factors, delivery of a microenvironment is particularly attractive in that it may reduce the known untoward consequences of the former two strategies, such as excessive proliferation and potential malignant transformation. Additionally, the ability to spatially modulate the fabrication of materials allows for the creation of multiple microenvironments, particularly attractive for regenerating complex tissues. While many regenerative materials have been developed and tested for augmentation of specific cellular responses, the intersection between cell biology and material interactions have been difficult to dissect due to the complexity of both physical and chemical interactions. Specifically, modulating materials to target individual signaling pathways is an avenue of interdisciplinary research that may lead to a more effective method of optimizing regenerative materials. In this work, the aim is to summarize the major mechanotransduction pathways for osteogenic differentiation and to consolidate the known materials and material properties that activate such pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony A. Bertrand
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sri Harshini Malapati
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Dean T. Yamaguchi
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
- Research Service, Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Justine C. Lee
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
- Research Service, Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
- UCLA Molecular Biology Institute, Los Angeles, California
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12
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Kim KI, Yoon S, Chang J, Lee S, Cho HH, Jeong SH, Jo K, Lee JH. Multifunctional Heterogeneous Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites Assembled by DNA-Binding Peptide Anchors. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1905821. [PMID: 31898870 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201905821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Although carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are remarkable materials with many exceptional characteristics, their poor chemical functionality limits their potential applications. Herein, a strategy is proposed for functionalizing CNTs, which can be achieved with any functional group (FG) without degrading their intrinsic structure by using a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-binding peptide (DBP) anchor. By employing a DBP tagged with a certain FG, such as thiol, biotin, and carboxyl acid, it is possible to introduce any FG with a controlled density on DNA-wrapped CNTs. Additionally, different types of FGs can be introduced on CNTs simultaneously, using DBPs tagged with different FGs. This method can be used to prepare CNT nanocomposites containing different types of nanoparticles (NPs), such as Au NPs, magnetic NPs, and quantum dots. The CNT nanocomposites decorated with these NPs can be used as reusable catalase-like nanocomposites with exceptional catalytic activities, owing to the synergistic effects of all the components. Additionally, the unique DBP-DNA interaction allows the on-demand detachment of the NPs attached to the CNT surface; further, it facilitates a CNT chirality-specific NP attachment and separation using the sequence-specific programmable characteristics of oligonucleotides. The proposed method provides a novel chemistry platform for constructing new functional CNTs suitable for diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Il Kim
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokyoung Yoon
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Junhyuck Chang
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonghyun Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Program of Integrated Biotechnology, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Hui Hun Cho
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Hwan Jeong
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyubong Jo
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Program of Integrated Biotechnology, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Heon Lee
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Technology, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
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13
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Lee WG, Chae S, Chung YK, Yoon WS, Choi JY, Huh J. Indirect-To-Direct Band Gap Transition of One-Dimensional V 2Se 9: Theoretical Study with Dispersion Energy Correction. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:18392-18397. [PMID: 31720541 PMCID: PMC6844153 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b02655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we synthesized a one-dimensional (1D) structure of V2Se9. The 1D V2Se9 resembles another 1D material, Nb2Se9, which is expected to have a direct band gap. To determine the potential applications of this material, we calculated the band structures of 1D and bulk V2Se9 using density functional theory by varying the number of chains and comparing their band structures and electronic properties with those of Nb2Se9. The results showed that a small number of V2Se9 chains have a direct band gap, whereas bulk V2Se9 possesses an indirect band gap, like Nb2Se9. We expect that V2Se9 nanowires with diameters less than ∼20 Å would have direct band gaps. This indirect-to-direct band gap transition could lead to potential optoelectronic applications for this 1D material because materials with direct band gaps can absorb photons without being disturbed by phonons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weon-Gyu Lee
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Advanced Materials Science & Engineering, Department of Energy
Science, and SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Sudong Chae
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Advanced Materials Science & Engineering, Department of Energy
Science, and SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - You Kyoung Chung
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Advanced Materials Science & Engineering, Department of Energy
Science, and SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Sub Yoon
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Advanced Materials Science & Engineering, Department of Energy
Science, and SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Young Choi
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Advanced Materials Science & Engineering, Department of Energy
Science, and SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonsuk Huh
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Advanced Materials Science & Engineering, Department of Energy
Science, and SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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14
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Chen Y, Lee K, Chen Y, Yang Y, Kawazoe N, Chen G. Preparation of Stepwise Adipogenesis-Mimicking ECM-Deposited PLGA–Collagen Hybrid Meshes and Their Influence on Adipogenic Differentiation of hMSCs. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:6099-6108. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b00866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yazhou Chen
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050044, Japan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Kyubae Lee
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050044, Japan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Ying Chen
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050044, Japan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Yingnan Yang
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Naoki Kawazoe
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050044, Japan
| | - Guoping Chen
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050044, Japan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
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Jang YH, Jin X, Shankar P, Lee JH, Jo K, Lim KI. Molecular-Level Interactions between Engineered Materials and Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4142. [PMID: 31450647 PMCID: PMC6747072 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Various recent experimental observations indicate that growing cells on engineered materials can alter their physiology, function, and fate. This finding suggests that better molecular-level understanding of the interactions between cells and materials may guide the design and construction of sophisticated artificial substrates, potentially enabling control of cells for use in various biomedical applications. In this review, we introduce recent research results that shed light on molecular events and mechanisms involved in the interactions between cells and materials. We discuss the development of materials with distinct physical, chemical, and biological features, cellular sensing of the engineered materials, transfer of the sensing information to the cell nucleus, subsequent changes in physical and chemical states of genomic DNA, and finally the resulting cellular behavior changes. Ongoing efforts to advance materials engineering and the cell-material interface will eventually expand the cell-based applications in therapies and tissue regenerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Ha Jang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Korea
| | - Xuelin Jin
- Department of Chemistry and Integrated Biotechnology, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea
| | - Prabakaran Shankar
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Jung Heon Lee
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Korea.
| | - Kyubong Jo
- Department of Chemistry and Integrated Biotechnology, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea.
| | - Kwang-Il Lim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Korea.
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Kim SH, Oh S, Chae S, Lee JW, Choi KH, Lee KE, Chang J, Shi L, Choi JY, Lee JH. Exceptional Mechanical Properties of Phase-Separation-Free Mo 3Se 3--Chain-Reinforced Hydrogel Prepared by Polymer Wrapping Process. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:5717-5724. [PMID: 31369273 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b02343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
As Mo3Se3- chain nanowires have dimensions comparable to those of natural hydrogel chains (molecular-level diameters of ∼0.6 nm and lengths of several micrometers) and excellent mechanical strength and flexibility, they have large potential to reinforce hydrogels and improve their mechanical properties. When a Mo3Se3--chain-nanowire-gelatin composite hydrogel is prepared simply by mixing Mo3Se3- nanowires with gelatin, phase separation of the Mo3Se3- nanowires from the gelatin matrix occurs in the micronetwork, providing only small improvements in their mechanical properties. In contrast, when the surface of the Mo3Se3- nanowire is wrapped with the gelatin polymer, the chemical compatibility of the Mo3Se3- nanowire with the gelatin matrix is significantly improved, which enables the fabrication of a phase-separation-free Mo3Se3--reinforced gelatin hydrogel. The composite gelatin hydrogel exhibits significantly improved mechanical properties, including a tensile strength of 27.6 kPa, fracture toughness of 26.9 kJ/m3, and elastic modulus of 54.8 kPa, which are 367%, 868%, and 378% higher than those of the pure gelatin hydrogel, respectively. Furthermore, the amount of Mo3Se3- nanowires added in the composite hydrogel is as low as 0.01 wt %. The improvements in the mechanical properties are significantly larger than those for other reported composite hydrogels reinforced with one-dimensional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Hyun Kim
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT) , Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) , Suwon , Gyeonggi 16419 , Republic of Korea
| | - Seungbae Oh
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering , Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) , Suwon , Gyeonggi 16419 , Republic of Korea
| | - Sudong Chae
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering , Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) , Suwon , Gyeonggi 16419 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Woong Lee
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering , Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) , Suwon , Gyeonggi 16419 , Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hwan Choi
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT) , Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) , Suwon , Gyeonggi 16419 , Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Eun Lee
- Biomedical Research Center , Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) , Seoul 02792 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jongwha Chang
- School of Pharmacy , University of Texas , El Paso , Texas 79968 , United States
| | - Liyi Shi
- Research Center of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology , Shanghai University , Shanghai 200444 , China
| | - Jae-Young Choi
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT) , Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) , Suwon , Gyeonggi 16419 , Republic of Korea
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering , Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) , Suwon , Gyeonggi 16419 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Heon Lee
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT) , Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) , Suwon , Gyeonggi 16419 , Republic of Korea
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering , Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) , Suwon , Gyeonggi 16419 , Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS) , Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) , Suwon , Gyeonggi 16419 , Republic of Korea
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